Thesis (M.A.)--University of Toronto, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 90-95).

abstract: An explanatory sequence mixed methods design was used to examine the effects of choice on the writing performance and motivation of college students (n = 242). The randomized control trial was followed by semi-structured interviews to determine the perceptions students (n = 20) held on the experiment as well the importance of choosing writing topics in college writing assignments. The effects of choice were tested as part of a real writing assignment that was included in nine sections of an introductory special education course. Results from hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) analyses found choice had a statistically significant negative effect on holistic writing quality, number of words written, and intrinsic writing motivation. Findings from the semi-structured interviews provided context for understanding the unexpected quantitative results. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Learning, Literacies and Technologies 2018

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One of the main ways in which children learn skills, such as reading and writing, and develop creativity and sociability, is through play. Researchers are thus exploring gamification, namely the use of typical game elements in different and non-gaming contexts, including the educational one. Gamification is a methodology that originates from computer and serious games, and aims at redesigning activities to be more engaging, thus also developing intrinsic motivation. Furthermore, gamification has proven effective both with typically developing children and with children with Special Educational Needs (SEN). Given that the current situation firmly indicates the need to engage and captivate learners, the present research aims to investigate whether gamification can improve motivation and reading and writing skills, in 8-to-10-years-old children. The design consists in comparing the effects of gamified Applications to that of equivalent, traditional pen-and-paper activities, in mixed and non-specific school groups. Furthermore, the effects are compared to those of an individualised clinical treatment for children with Specific Learning Disorders (SLD) — Developmental Dyslexia and Dysorthography in particular — using the same gamified Applications. In fact, although the neurocognitive causes of Developmental Dyslexia and Dysorthography are still hotly debated, researchers agree that the main challenge consists in the intervention, that is how to improve children’s reading and writing fluency and accuracy while keeping motivation high. Consequently, the research consisted of two studies. In the first study (Study A), a 12-hour gamified training at school was compared with an equivalent pen-and-paper training, both aimed at exploring the efficacy of gamified Applications and traditional activities purposefully designed to enhance linguistic skills (i.e., reading accuracy, reading speed, and writing accuracy). The results of this study showed significant improvements in linguistic fluency and correctness for both groups, with non-significantly greater effect of the experimental gamified training. Students belonging to the experimental groups also reported greater appreciation of the activities, although motivation did not act as a mediator for performance improvements in any of the groups considered. The second study (Study B) aimed to explore whether improvements, after the use of gamified Applications, differ among children with neurotypical development, children with SLD, children with unspecified Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and bilingual children. Assessments upon training completion indicated greater improvements, even if not in a significant way, in reading and writing correctness in children with SLD, suggesting that an individualised and personalised training, designed on specific difficulties, can lead to major results. Also, participants in Study B reported to have highest degree fun during the activities, but motivation did not act as a mediator for improvements in performance either. Gameful experience of the participants in both studies was also investigated through a questionnaire, the responses of which were related to improvements in learning performance. Results were not significant, but interestingly the aspects that were positively associated with learning outcomes were those related to competition and social experience dimensions, although they were the least present within the Applications used. Overall findings highlighted promising effects of the training programs on children’s linguistic skills and grade of engagement, emphasising the importance of integrated training and opening to future studies investigating the effects of gamified Applications on other skills and motivational aspects.

Syftet med studien är att genom intervjuer undersöka motivationens betydelse i skrivundervisning för en grupp elever i årskurs sex. Studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt grundas på självbestämmandeteori. Eleverna motiveras i olika grad av attityder utifrån erfarenheter, mål, yttre faktorer och intresse. Studiens forskningsbakgrund poängterar bland annat att elever behöver motivation för att lyckas i skolan. Resultatet av föreliggande studie visar att undervisningen bör utformas mer utifrån elevernas egna intressen och yttre faktorer som kan påverka eleverna för att de ska bli så motiverade som möjligt. Lärare behöver känna sina elever på individnivå för att veta vad som motiverar dem. Denna studie ger lärare en vägledning av vad elever motiveras av.

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Syftet med denna studie är att bidra med kunskap om hur folksagor praktiskt kan användas som stödmodeller för elevers skrivande av sagor i årskurs 3, samt hur elevers motivation påverkas av detta. Den tidigare forskningen belyser att stödmodeller är viktiga för elevers eget skrivande av sagor, samt att elevers motivation för att skriva påverkas av en rad olika faktorer. I studien används kvalitativa metoder i form av semistrukturerade lärarintervjuer och observationer för att samla in empiriskt material i syfte att besvara studiens frågeställningar. Den analysmetod som används för att bearbeta materialet är en tematisk analys och de teorier som ligger till grund för denna studie är motivationsteori, sociokulturella perspektiv och modellering. Genom studien framkommer det hur lärare väljer att arbeta med folksagor som stödmodeller för elevers eget skrivande, samt hur de anser att elevernas motivation påverkas av detta. Genom observationer analyseras och diskuteras de tecken på motivation som eleverna uppvisar vid undervisning. Resultatet visar att lärarna använder folksagor som stödmodeller för elevers eget skrivande på olika sätt, där lärarna anser att eleverna är motiverade av denna typ av uppgift och de kan urskilja tecken på motivation. Under observationerna kan också tydliga tecken på motivation urskiljas hos eleverna. / This study aims to contribute knowledge about how folk tales can be practically used as support models for students' writing of fairy tales in grade 3, as well as how students' motivation is affected by this. The previous research highlights that support models are important for students' writing of fairy tales, and that students' motivation to write is influenced by a number of different factors. In this study, qualitative methods in the form of semi-structured teacher interviews and observations are used to collect empirical material to answer the study's questions. The analysis method used to process the material is a thematic analysis and the theories underlying this study are motivation theory, socio-cultural perspective and modeling. The study reveals how teachers choose to work with folk tales as support models for students' own writing, as well as how they believe that students' motivation is affected by this. Through observations, the signs of motivation that the students show during teaching are analyzed and discussed. The result shows that the teachers use folk tales as support models for students' own writing in different ways, where the teachers believe that the students are motivated by this type of task, and they can distinguish different signs of motivation. During the observations, clear signs of motivation can also be discerned in the students.

現今國中學生寫作動機與作文品質不佳是國內普遍的現象，而學校是國中學生的主要學習場所，因此本研究的探討旨趣在於瞭解校園中的三個主體：學生、同儕與教師，即文化資本、同儕互動以及內化判準，與國中學生寫作動機以及作文品質間的關係；並進一步瞭解國中生的文化資本、同儕互動、內化判準對寫作動機的預測情形以及前述四者對作文品質的預測情形。 本研究以163位國中二年級學生為研究對象，研究工具包括：研究者自編的「文化資本量表」、「同儕互動量表」、「內化判準量表」、「寫作動機量表」以及「作文評定量表」。此外，本研究以因素分析、信度分析、t考驗、單因子變異數分析、皮爾遜積差相關分析、典型相關分析以及多元迴歸分析進行量表與研究假設的驗證。 研究結果顯示： 1.當國中生擁有愈多的文化資本，其寫作動機也會愈高；而國中生擁有的文化資本多寡，與其作文品質無明顯的關係存在。 2.當國中生與同儕的互動頻率愈高時，會有愈高的寫作動機，且會有愈良好的作文品質。 3.當國中生對寫作判準的認同程度愈深時，會有愈高的寫作動機，且其作文品質會愈良好。 4.當國中生的寫作動機愈高時，其作文品質也會愈良好。此外，當國中生的寫作訊息性動機愈高時，其作文中也會有愈良好的新穎性表現；而國中生的寫作內在動機與控制性外在動機對作文中的新穎性表現沒有顯著的影響。 5.國中生已認同判準以及文化資本能顯著預測國中生的寫作動機，且國中生已認同判準是最主要的預測變項。 6.國中生已認同判準、訊息性外在動機以及同儕互動能顯著預測國中生的作文品質，且國中生已認同判準是最主要的預測變項。 為促成國中學生寫作動機以及作文品質之有效提升，本研究最後根據研究結果，對國民中學與國中教師提出幾點實務上之建議： 1.國中校園應多提供豐富的語文物理環境，並鼓勵學生多加運用；此外，鼓勵學生多參與多元的活動，累積生活經驗。 2.鼓勵國中同儕間建立分享的寫作學習社群，並積極地和同儕討論生活見聞。 3.協助學生掌握寫作領域中的批判性原則與標準。 4.著重國中生之寫作訊息性外在動機以及內在動機的培養。 並從研究議題與研究設計兩方面提出建議，作為後續研究之參考。 關鍵字：文化資本、同儕互動、內化判準、寫作動機、作文品質 / Low writing motivation and inferior composition quality has been a general phenomenon for current junior high students. In view of school as the main learning field, this research is to investigate how writing motivation and composition quality are related with cultural capital, peer interaction as well as writer’s internalized criteria, how the writing motivation is predicted by cultural capital, peer interaction as well as writer’s internalized criteria, and how the composition quality is predicted by cultural capital, peer interaction, writer’s internalized criteria and writing motivation. There are 163 students of grade 8 joining in this research. Five self-reported questionnaires, which are “cultural capital scale”,“peer interaction scale”,“writer's internalized criteria scale”, “writing motivation scale” and “composition quality scale” , designed by the researcher, were utilized to measure each variable respectively. Factor analysis, Cronbach alpha, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson relation coefficient, canonical correlation analysis and multiple regression were conducted to validate the questionnaires and verify the hypotheses. The results were as follows: 1. The more cultural capital, the higher the writing motivation were. However, cultural capital was not related with composition quality. 2. The junior high students, who interacted with classmates more frequently, have higher writing motivation and better composition quality. 3. The more important students identified the writing criteria, the better composition quality were. 4. When students owned higher writing motivation, their compositions also have better quality. Besides, when students have higher informational extrinsic motivation, their compositions were found more novel. However, neither of the intrinsic writing motivation nor controlling extrinsic motivation impacted the novel performance. 5. Both identified writing criteria and cultural capital were able to predict writing motivation significantly, the former variable is the most important one. 6. Composition quality was able to be explained by identified writing criteria, information extrinsic motivation and peer interaction significantly. Identified writing criteria is the most important variable among them. Based on our results, several suggestions were raised for the practical application of teachers. 1. The campus should be generated as an abundant linguistic surroundings and the school should encourage students to utilize those resources more frequently. Besides, school should inspired students to participate the various activities so as to enrich the living experiences. 2. The writing community should be encouraged to establish for sake of share of learning experience. The discussion regarding living experiences among classmates should also be promoted. 3. To help the students mater the critical principles and standard in writing field. 4. To generate both intrinsic and informational extrinsic motivation for junior high students. Keywords: cultural capital, peer interaction, writer's internalized criteria, writing motivation, composition quality