Submitted by Dilene Paulo (dilene.fatima@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-16T15:00:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO HENRIQUE LEITE QUINTELA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2016.pdf: 3975153 bytes, checksum: 257f1154ea4502e70913fe7937bf8a3f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-16T15:00:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PAULO HENRIQUE LEITE QUINTELA - TESE (PPGEQ) 2016.pdf: 3975153 bytes, checksum: 257f1154ea4502e70913fe7937bf8a3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Capes / A MCM-22 é uma zeólita com estrutura porosa identificada pelo código MWW, cuja cristalização ocorre mediante a formação de um precursor lamelar. Embora a síntese da MCM-22 tenha sido extensivamente investigada, alguns parâmetros importantes para sua obtenção ainda não foram sistematicamente estudados. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a influência da fonte de alumínio e da presença dos cátions sódio e potássio na mistura reacional sobre a cristalização da MCM-22 e desenvolver catalisadores ácidos com topologia MWW modificada a partir da dessilicação da MCM-22 e da deslaminação do precursor lamelar. O método hidrotérmico foi utilizado para sintetizar a referida zeólita, variando-se a fonte de alumínio (hidróxido de alumínio, aluminato de sódio e pseudoboemita) e a quantidade relativa de sódio e potássio presente na mistura reacional, em condições estáticas. O processo de dessilicação foi efetuado utilizando soluções de hidróxido de sódio com diferentes concentrações, enquanto a deslaminação foi realizada via intumescimento do precursor lamelar e posterior esfoliação por sonicação. A acidez dos catalisadores foi avaliada por dessorção termoprogramada de amônia. Os resultados de DRX revelaram que entre as fontes de alumínio utilizadas o hidróxido de alumínio foi mais eficaz para sintetizar a MCM-22 nas condições experimentais empregadas, e que a presença simultânea de sódio e potássio na mistura reacional aumentou a cristalinidade e a taxa de cristalização da zeólita,quando o potássio correspondeu a 45% do total de metais alcalinos em base molar. As micrografias das amostras de MCM-22 mostraram que a morfologia e o tamanho das partículas foram afetados pelas diferentes proporções entre sódio e potássio avaliadas. As análises de DRX, adsorção física de N2 e MEV dos materiais dessilicados e deslaminados evidenciaram a sensibilidade da topologia MWW a tratamentos alcalinos e que o processo de esfoliação das monocamadas do precursor lamelar não ocorreu de forma integral. Os catalisadores ácidos com estruturas modificadas pelos processos de dessilicação e deslaminação apresentaram menor acidez e sítios ácidos mais fracos quando comparados à MCM-22 sem alterações estruturais, sendo a maior redução observada para o catalisador parcialmente esfoliado. / MCM-22 is a zeolite with a porous structure identified by the MWW code, which crystallization occurs through the formation of a lamellar precursor. Although the MCM-22 synthesis has been extensively investigated, some important parameters for its preparation have not yet been systematically studied. In this context, the present work aimed to evaluate the influence of the aluminum source and the presence of sodium and potassium cations in the reaction mixture on the MCM-22 crystallization and develop acid catalysts with MWW topology modified by MCM-22 desilication and delamination of its lamellar precursor. The hydrothermal method was used to synthesize the said zeolite, varying the aluminum source (aluminum hydroxide, sodium aluminate, and pseudoboehmite) and the relative amount of sodium and potassium present in the reaction mixture, under static conditions. The desilication process was conducted using sodium hydroxide solutions with different concentrations, whereas delamination was performed by swelling of the lamellar precursor and subsequent exfoliation by sonication. The catalysts acidity were evaluated by ammonia thermal programmed desorption. The XRD results showed that among the aluminum sources used the aluminum hydroxide was more effective to synthesize MCM-22 under the experimental conditions employed, and that the simultaneous presence of sodium and potassium in the reaction mixture increased zeolite crystallinity and crystallization rate, when potassium corresponded to 45% of the total alkali metal on a molar basis. The micrographs of MCM-22 samples showed that the morphology and particle size were affected by the different ratios between sodium and potassium evaluated. The XRD, N2 physical adsorption and SEM analyses of the desilicated and delaminated materials evidenced the MWW topology sensitivity to alkaline treatments and that the lamellar precursor monolayers exfoliation process did not occur integrally. The acid catalysts with structures modified by desilication and delamination processes presented lower acidity and weaker acid sites compared to the MCM-22 without structural changes, with the greatest reduction being observed in the partially exfoliated catalyst.

Orientador: Devaney Ribeiro do Carmo / Resumo: O presente trabalho descreve a preparação, caracterização e aplicação eletroanalítica de um metalosilsesquioxano ligado em uma sílica mesoporosa (MCM-41) e em uma zeólita (H-FAU-Si/Al 40) com hexacianoferrato de níquel adsorvido em sua superfície. Algumas técnicas espectroscópicas como: Espectroscopia no infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS) e Voltametria cíclica, foram utilizadas na caracterização dos materiais formados. Os espectros na região do Infravermelho para o MTTiPNiH e ZTTiPNiH apresentaram as bandas de seus precursores (TTiP, MCM-41 e H-FAU-Si/Al 40), apenas duas absorções diferiram dos demais espectros, uma em, aproximadamente, 2168 cm-1 e outra a 2098 cm-1, tais resultados foram atribuídos ao estiramento ν (C≡N). Para o MTTIPNiH, através das micrografias pode-se observar partículas com tamanhos variados, entre 0,30 µm a 0,60 µm. Para o ZTTiPNiH as micrografias apresentaram um pequeno aumento no tamanho de partículas, aproximadamente de 50 nm, quando comparado a seus precursores. O EDS determinou a composição química semi-quantitativa dos elementos carbono, oxigênio, silício, titânio, fósforo, níquel e ferro, presentes em ambas as amostras. O eletrodo de pasta de grafite exibiu um par redox bem definido com potencial de médio padrão (E°’) de +0,53 V e +0,51 V para o MTTiPNiH e ZTTiPNiH, respectivamente, atribuído ao processo redox FeII(CN)6 / FeIII(CN)6 em... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This research describes the preparation, characterization and electroanalytical application of a metalosilsesquioxane bonded in mesoporous silica (MCM-41) and in zeolite (H-FAU-Si/Al 40) with nickel hexacyanoferrate adsorbed on their surface. Techniques as fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and cyclic voltammetry were used in the characterization of the synthesized materials. The spectra in the infrared region for MTTiPNiH and ZTTiPNiH showed the bands of their precursors (TTiP, MCM-41 and H-FAU Si/Al 40), only two absorption differed from the others spectra, one at, approximately, 2168 cm-1 and another at 2098 cm-1 , which were attributed to stretching ν(C≡N). For MTTIPNiH through the micrographs can be observed particles with varied sizes between 0.30 µM to 0.60 µm. For ZTTiPNiH the micrographs showed a small increase in particle size, approximately, 50 nm, as compared to their precursors. EDS determined the semi-quantitative chemical composition of carbon, oxygen, silicon, titanium, phosphorus, nickel and iron present in both samples. The carbon paste electrode exhibited a well-defined redox couple with E°' = +0.53 V and +0.51 V for MTTiPNiH and ZTTiPNiH, respectively, attributed to the redox process FeII(CN)6 / FeIII(CN)6 in presence of nickel. Carbon paste electrode modified with MTTiPNiH showed electrocatalytic activity to dipyrone and sulfite. However the carbon paste electrode... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:01:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MayaraOL_DISSERT.pdf: 2406797 bytes, checksum: e542f1e52029a933cac4b8af8d311ef3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / This work depicts a study of the adsorption of carbon dioxide on zeolite 13X. The activities were divided into four stages: study batch adsorption capacity of the adsorbent with synthetic CO2 (4%), fixed bed dynamic evaluation with the commercial mixture of gases (4% CO2, 1.11% CO, 1 2% H2, 0.233% CH4, 0.1% C3, 0.0233% C4 argon as inert closing balance), fixed bed dynamic modeling and evaluation of the breakthrough curve of CO2 originated from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge. The sewage sludge and the adsorbent were characterized by analysis TG / DTA, SEM, XRF and BET. Adsorption studies were carried out under the following operating conditions: temperature 40 ?C (for the pyrolysis of the sludge T = 600 ?C), pressures of 0.55 to 5.05 bar (batch process), flow rate of the gaseous mixture between 50 - 72 ml/min and the adsorbent masses of 10, 15 and 20 g (fixed bed process). The time for the adsorption batch was 7 h and on the fixed bed was around 180 min. The results of this study showed that in batch adsorption process step with zeolite 13X is efficient and the mass of adsorbed CO2 increases with the increases pressure, decreases with temperature increases and rises due the increase of activation temperature adsorbent. In the batch process were evaluated the breakthrough curves, which were compared with adsorption isotherms represented by the models of Langmuir, Fre?ndlich and Toth. All models well adjusted to the experimental points, but the Langmuir model was chosen in view of its use in the dynamic model does not have implications for adsorption (indeterminacy and larger number of parameters such as occurred with others) in solving the equation. In the fixed bed dynamic study with the synthetic gas mixture, 20 g of mass adsorbent showed the maximum adsorption percentage 46.7% at 40 ?C temperature and 50 mL/min of flow rate. The model was satisfactorily fitted to the three breakthrough curves and the parameters were: axial dispersion coefficient (0.0165 dm2/min), effective diffusivity inside the particle (dm2/min 0.0884) and external transfer coefficient mass (0.45 dm/min). The breakthrough curve for CO2 in the process of pyrolysis of the sludge showed a fast saturation with traces of aerosols presents in the gas phase into the fixed bed under the reaction process / O presente trabalho retrata um estudo da adsor??o de di?xido de carbono em ze?lita comercial do tipo 13X. As atividades desenvolvidas foram divididas em quatro etapas: estudo em batelada da capacidade de adsor??o do adsorvente com o CO2 sint?tico (4%), avalia??o din?mica em leito fixo com a mistura sint?tica de gases (4% CO2, 1,11% CO, 1,2% H2, 0,233% CH4, 0,1% C3, 0,0233% C4 e arg?nio como inerte fechando o balan?o), modelagem din?mica em leito fixo e avalia??o em leito fixo da curva de ruptura do CO2 com o g?s de pir?lise do lodo de esgoto. O lodo e o adsorvente foram caraterizados por an?lises TG/DTA, MEV, FRX e BET. Os estudos de adsor??o foram realizados nas seguintes condi??es operat?rias: temperatura de 40 ?C (para a pir?lise do lodo T = 600 ?C), press?o de 0,55 5,05 bar (processo batelada), vaz?o da mistura gasosa entre 50 72 mL/min e massa de adsorvente igual a 10, 15 e 20 g (processo em leito fixo). O tempo do processo de adsor??o em batelada foi de 7h e em leito fixo foi em torno de 180 min. Os resultados obtidos nesta etapa mostraram que no estudo batelada o processo de adsor??o com a ze?lita 13X ? eficiente e que a massa adsorvida do CO2 aumenta com o crescimento da press?o, diminui com o aumento da temperatura e se eleva com a temperatura de ativa??o do adsorvente. No processo din?mico foram avaliadas as curvas de rupturas, as quais foram comparadas ?s isotermas de adsor??o representadas pelos modelos de Langmuir, Fre?ndlich e Toth. Todos os modelos se ajustaram bem aos pontos experimentais, por?m o modelo de Langmuir foi o escolhido tendo em vista sua utiliza??o no modelo din?mico de adsor??o n?o apresentar implica??es (indetermina??o e maior n?mero de par?metros como ocorreu com os demais) na resolu??o da equa??o. No estudo din?mico em leito fixo com a mistura de gases sint?ticos e diferentes massas de adsorvente, a massa de 20 g apresentou maior percentual de adsor??o 46,7% na temperatura de 40 oC e vaz?o da mistura gasosa de 50 mL/min. O modelo se ajustou satisfatoriamente para as tr?s curvas de ruptura e os par?metros avaliados foram: coeficiente de dispers?o axial (0,0165 dm2/min), difusividade efetiva no interior da part?cula (0,0884 dm2/min) e coeficiente externo de transfer?ncia de massa (0,45 dm/min). A curva de ruptura para o CO2 constru?da no processo de pir?lise do lodo mostrou uma r?pida satura??o do leito proveniente de tra?os de aeross?is, presentes na fase gasosa, decorrentes do processo reacional

Environmental problems generated due the widespread use of fossil fuels has led the search for new energy alternatives. In this context, the biodiesel emerged as a product of great interest. However, the increase in the biofuel production leads to the production of large amounts of glycerol, which emerges as a cheap raw material with high functionality to produce different products such acrolein (currently it is obtained by selective propylene oxidation), 1,2-propanediol and others. In this study, previously, was performed a theorical and thermodynamic study of acrolein production from glycerol and others products. Catalytic tests from glycerol under different acid solid catalysts, such as materials based on alumina, niobium and zeolite, temperatures between 275 and 350°C and atmospheric pressure were performed. The catalysts were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and temperature programmed oxidation (TPO). The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of catalysts and reaction temperature influence, in the formation of products as acrolein and acetol, main products of the reaction of dehydration of glycerol. / Problemas ambientais gerados devido ao uso generalizado de combustíveis fósseis têm levado a busca por novas alternativas energéticas. Nesse contexto, o biodiesel, surge como um combustível de grande interesse. Entretanto, o aumento na produção deste biocombustível acarreta a produção de grandes quantidades de glicerol, que por sua vez, desponta como uma matéria-prima com baixo valor de mercado e de grande funcionalidade para produção de diferentes produtos, tais como a acroleína (atualmente obtido pela oxidação seletiva do propeno), 1,2-propanodiol, entre outros. Neste trabalho, previamente foi realizado um estudo teórico e termodinâmico da reação de formação da acroleína e outras possíveis reações que podem ocorrer no sistema reacional. Testes catalíticos a partir do glicerol sob diferentes catalisadores sólidos ácidos, tais como materiais a base de alumina, nióbio e zeólita, temperaturas entre 275 e 350°C e pressão ambiente foram realizados. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por fisissorção de nitrogênio, difratometria de raio-x (DRX), dessorção à temperatura programada (TPD) e oxidação à temperatura programada (TPO). O objetivo deste trabalho é a avaliação do desempenho de catalisadores e da influência da temperatura reacional na formação de produtos como a acroléina e acetol, principais produtos da reação de desidratação do glicerol. / Mestre em Engenharia Química

La consommation continue de matières plastiques a conduit, jusqu’à 2015, à l'accumulation de 6,3 milliards de tonnes de déchets plastiques. En Europe, le recyclage des plastiques ramassés ne dépasse pas les 30% pour des raisons logistiques et économiques liées à cette filière. La valorisation énergétique de ces déchets, non valables pour le recyclage, est alors préférée aux autres modes de gestion. L’incinération étant controversée pour son bilan énergétique et environnemental, d’autres moyens de valorisation tels que la pyrolyse sont privilégiés. Les travaux de recherche menés dans cette thèse ont été focalisés sur la pyrolyse des polyoléfines, le polyéthylène (PE) et le polypropylène (PP), en raison de leur forte présence dans les déchets plastiques municipaux. L’influence de la zéolithe Ultrastable Y (USY) sur la pyrolyse du PP et du PE, récupérés d’une déchèterie, a été étudiée par une analyse thermogravimétrique (ATG) puis sur un réacteur en batch à lit fixe et un réacteur continu. L’étude cinétique dedécomposition thermique des mélanges de PP et de PE a été réalisée, les paramètres cinétiques ont été déterminés et les interactions entre les différents composants du mélange ont été analysées. La quantité de zéolithe a été optimisée et le rapport catalyseur/plastique de 1:10 a été adopté durant les essais expérimentaux. L’utilisation de l’USY comme catalyseur a conduit à une distribution plus ciblée de composés et des temps de réaction plus courts. Les liquides de pyrolyse obtenus ont été séparés en différentes fractions de carburants compatibles avec les normes Européennes EN 590 et EN 228. Afin de réduire le coût de production de ces carburants, une étude de régénération du catalyseur a été menée et a montré que son niveau d’activité a diminué au bout de 14 cycles de régénération. A la fin de la thèse, un bilan d’énergie et de masse du procédé a été effectué puis les perspectives d’amélioration sont présentées afin de transposer l’étude à l’échelle industrielle. / Continuous consumption of plastics led, until 2015, to the accumulation of 6.3 billion tons of plastic waste. In Europe, the recycling of collected plastics does not exceed 30% for logistical and economic reasons related to this sector. The energy recoveryof this waste, which is not valid for recycling, is then preferred to other management methods. Incineration is controversial for its energy and environmental balance; other means of recovery such as pyrolysis are preferred. The research carried out in this thesis focused on the pyrolysis of polyolefins, polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP), because of their strong presence in municipal plastic waste. The influence of the ultrastable Y zeolite (USY) on the pyrolysis of PP and PE, recovered from a waste collection center, was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and then on a fixed bed batch reactor and a continuous reactor. The kinetic study of thermal decomposition of the PP and PE mixtures was carried out, the kinetic parameters were determined and the interactions between the various components of the mixture were analyzed. The amount of zeolite was optimized and the catalyst/plastic ratio of 1:10 was adopted during the experimental tests. The use of USY as a catalyst has led to a more targeted distribution of compounds and shorter reaction times. The pyrolysis liquids obtained were separated into different fuel fractions compatible with the European standards EN 590 and EN 228. In order to reduce the production cost of these fuels, a catalystregeneration study was conducted and showed that its activity level decreased after 14 cycles of regeneration. At the end of the thesis, an energy and mass balance of the process was carried out and the prospects for improvement are presented in order to transpose the study on an industrial scale.

Os processos anaeróbios têm sido recentemente adotados como unidades principais em sistemas de tratamento de efluentes, em virtude das inúmeras vantagens que apresentam. Este trabalho de pesquisa, no entanto, visa possibilitar a obtenção de fonte de carbono prontamente degradável a partir de uma das primeiras aplicações da biotecnologia anaeróbia: a digestão de lodo. A partir de um digestor hidrolítico e acidogênico de lodo primário foi possível a obtenção de efluentes com altas concentrações de DQO solúvel (da ordem de 4.000 mg/L) e ácidos graxos voláteis – AGV – (da ordem de 600 mg/L). Porém, foi necessária a aplicação de um processo de troca iônica para a remoção das altas concentrações de 'NH IND.4'POT.+' (da ordem de 480 mg/L) no efluente do DHL. A utilização de zeólitas – minerais de silício e alumínio – permitiu a remoção de íons amônio, através de experimentos em bateladas e colunas. As capacidades de adsorção de 'NH IND.4'POT.+' por massa de zeólitas atingidas foram de 8,0 mg 'NH IND.4'POT.+'/g. Adicionalmente, foi realizado o estudo da regeneração do mineral, através de processo biológico de nitrificação e posterior aplicação do mineral regenerado para remoção de 'NH IND.4'POT.+'. O processo resultou na obtenção de minerais com capacidades próximas às atingidas por amostras de zeólitas virgens. Além de restaurar grande parte da capacidade inicial de troca iônica do mineral (87% da capacidade inicial), o processo de regeneração biológica permite a obtenção de efluente com altas concentrações de nitrato (da ordem de 400 mg/L), podendo ser aproveitado para correção de solos com deficiência deste nutriente. O processo como um todo envolve conceitos de sustentabilidade aplicada aos sistemas de tratamento de efluentes, pois promove a utilização de subproduto de estações de tratamento, bem como a reutilização do mineral aplicado no processo de troca iônica. / Anaerobic processes have recently been widely adopted as core units in sewage treatment systems, due to several advantages inherent in these processes. However, this research aims at the acquisition of readily degradable carbon source by means of a primary application of anaerobic biotechnology: the sludge digestion. The use of a hidrolitic and acidogenic digester of primary sludge made it possible to achieve high concentrations for soluble COD (around 4.000 mg/L) and volatile fatty acids – VFA - (around 600 mg/L). Along with high concentrations of soluble COD and VFA, the effluent of the hidrolitic and acidogenic digester also presented undesirable significant amount of ammonium (480 mg 'NH IND.4'POT.+'/L), which was removed by the application of ion-exchange process. Natural zeolites were employed as the cation exchanger, achieving values of 8.0 mg 'NH IND.4'POT.+'/g for ammonium removal per unit mass of zeolite. The zeolite saturated with 'NH IND.4'POT.+' ions was biologically regenerated by nitrifying sludge. Regenerated zeolite samples were then reused for ammonium removal and presented removal capacities close to the ones achieved by fresh samples. The whole process (primary sludge digestion followed by ion-exchange process for ammonium removal and biological regeneration of saturated zeolite samples) comprises several sustainability concepts, as it promotes, concomitantly, primary sludge pre-digestion and the reutilization of the zeolite employed as cation exchanger for 'NH IND.4'POT.+' ions removal. In addition to partially recovering original exchange capacity (87% of original capacity), biological regeneration of saturated zeolite also produced, as effluent, highly nitrate concentrated solution (around 400 mg/L), which could be used as nitrogen source for soil enrichment.

La Réduction Catalytique Sélective (SCR) par l'ammoniac, ou l'urée, est un procédé connu de post-traitement permettant de réduire efficacement les oxydes d'azote émis par les motorisations Diesel, en azote et en eau. Les zéolithes échangées au cuivre sont parmi les meilleures formulations pour une application sur véhicules légers, puisque efficaces sur une large zone de température. Le but de cette thèse était d'étudier la stabilité hydrothermale de ce type de catalyseur. L'approche utilisée au cours de ce travail repose sur l'étude des différentes fonctionnalités d'un catalyseur commercial de NH3-SCR présent sous forme de monolithe, à l'état frais et pour différentes conditions de vieillissement, au Banc Gaz Synthétique couplée à une analyse physico-chimique précise de la phase active du catalyseur. Ceci nous a permis de comprendre les phénomènes de désactivation intervenant au cours d'un vieillissement hydrothermal et de mesurer leur impact sur l'activité et la sélectivité de ce type de catalyseur. Après traitement hydrothermal, on assiste à une désalumination plus ou moins importante de la zéolithe, pouvant conduire à l'effondrement de sa structure, ainsi que d'importantes modifications au niveau du cuivre dès les plus faibles températures de vieillissements. Les résultats ont montré l'importance de maintenir une teneur minimal de cuivre en position d'échange, afin de conserver une capacité de stockage en ammoniac suffisante, mais surtout pour garantir une bonne efficacité à basse température en SCR du NO. Le maintien de la structure de la zéolithe semble essentiel pour que le catalyseur conserve une bonne efficacité et sélectivité au cours du temps. / The Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) by ammonia, or urea, is a well-known after-treatment process used for converting efficiently the nitrogen oxides, emitted by Diesel engines, into nitrogen and water. Copper-exchanged zeolites are among the most efficient formulations for light-duty applications, since effective over a wide temperature-range. The aim of this thesis is to study the hydrothermal stability of this type of catalyst. The approach used is this work is based on the study of the catalytic properties of a fresh commercial monolith catalyst for NH3-SCR in fresh and after different ageing conditions, at synthetic gas test bench, coupled with a comprehensive physicochemical analysis of the catalyst active phase. This allowed us to understand the deactivation phenomena occurring during a hydrothermal ageing and the impact on the catalyst activity and selectivity. A hydrothermal treatment induces a dealumination of the zeolite, into a more or less significant extent, which can lead to its collapse, as well as important modifications of the copper sites, even at low ageing. The results showed the importance to maintain a minimal copper content into exchanged sites, in order to retain a sufficient ammonia storage capacity, and especially to provide a good efficiency for the SCR of NO at low temperature. The preservation of the zeolite structure seems to be essential in order to maintain the catalyst efficiency and selectivity over time.

Le réchauffement de la planète, en partie dû à l'augmentation des teneurs du dioxyde de carbone (CO2) dans l'atmosphère, pousse les scientifiques à trouver des méthodes et des techniques performantes pour limiter les émissions de ce gaz. L'objectif de ce travail est d'améliorer le piégeage du CO2 sur des adsorbants à base de zéolithe et d'optimiser la désorption dans une gamme de température peu élevée (35 – 350°C). Afin d'apprécier l'influence de la méthode de synthèse, des échanges cationiques (K+, Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+ et Ba2+), des mélanges mécaniques (MgO), et des imprégnations (Mg et Ca) ont été réalisés sur la faujasite NaX.L'étude de la désorption en température (-60 à 200°C) du CO2 indique une augmentation des quantités physisorbées entre 35 – 60°C sur les adsorbants préparés. Les proportions sont de l'ordre de 5 à 20% supérieures à celles de la zéolithe de référence NaX. Quelques échantillons à faible teneur en oxyde montrent aussi une augmentation des quantités entre 60 – 120°C, en particulier la zéolithe imprégnée à 5% en acétate de magnésium avec une amélioration de 15%. Ainsi, une augmentation des interactions CO2 / structure zéolithique sur les échantillons est confirmée. En adsorption dynamique à lit fixe, le mélange mécanique à 2% d’oxyde apparaît piéger plus de CO2 que la zéolithe NaX. Des études du piégeage du CO2 ont aussi été menées en absence et en présence d'humidité puis avec des mélanges gazeux (CH4 ou C3H8). En présence d'humidité, les capacités d'adsorption du CO2 sont fortement affectées. En présence de méthane ou de propane, aucune modification des capacités d'adsorption n'est visible sur la zéolithe échangée à 100% au baryum. / Due to increase of the carbon dioxide concentration, the global warning pushes scientists to find the processes to limit these emissions. The aim of this work is to increase the CO2 storage on the materials mainly constituted of zeolite and to optimize the desorption in the temperature range between 35 – 350°C. In order to investigate the synthesis method, various samples were obtained using either the cationic exchanges (K+, Li+, Mg2+, Ca2+ et Ba2+), mechanical mixtures (MgO) or the impregnation process (Mg(CH3COO)2 and Ca(CH3COO)2).CO2 Thermal desorption study (-60 – 600°C) indicates an increase of the physisorbed compounds between 35 – 60°C on the synthesized samples. The amounts are of about 5 to 20% higher compared to the NaX reference zeolite. Few samples with low oxide amount show also an increase between 60 – 120°C, especially the zeolite impregnated (5%) which desorbs 15% more than NaX. Thus, an increase of the CO2 / zeolite interactions is confirmed.In fixed bed dynamic adsorption, the mechanical mixture with 2% of oxide traps more CO2 than the reference zeolite. These studies were also been performed in presence / absence of humidity using gaseous mixture (CH4 or C3H8). With water, the CO2 adsorption capacities are strongly affected. In presence of methane or propane, no change of adsorption capacities is observed with the baryum exchanged zeolite.

La méthode à privilégier pour améliorer dans les zéolithes la diffusion des réactifs, des intermédiaires réactionnels et des produits est de raccourcir la longueur du chemin diffusionnel, c'est-à-dire de diminuer la taille des cristaux. La croissance des cristallites est fonction de la composition du gel de synthèse, du temps de cristallisation, de la température, etc. La maîtrise de cette croissance permet d'obtenir un large éventail de taille pouvant aller de plusieurs micromètres à seulement quelques dizaines de nanomètres. Dorénavant, il est possible de limiter le chemin diffusionnel à seulement 3 mailles élémentaires en inhibant lors de la synthèse hydrothermale la croissance des cristaux dans une direction privilégiée. Pour cela l'utilisation d'agent structurant organique très particulier de type géminé s'avère indispensable et donne dans le cas de la zéolithe de type *BEA un matériau hiérarchisé avec des cristaux zéolithiques de 4 nm d'épaisseur séparés par des mésopores structurés et réguliers. La morphologie de ce matériau ressemble à une éponge de mer.<br>Deux réactions modèles, hydroisomérisation du n-héxadécane et transformation de l'éthanol en hydrocarbures, démontrent que la diffusion des réactifs et des produits sont optimisées dans les nanoéponges de bêta. La stabilité et la sélectivité du catalyseur se trouvent alors améliorées au détriment, étonnamment, de l'activité. Cela vient du fait que l'extrême diminution de l'épaisseur des cristallites conduit à une augmentation du nombre d'aluminium en bouche de pores qui sont, bien que très accessibles, incapables de catalyser les réactions d'isomérisation et de craquage. Les aluminium proche de la surface externe, contrairement à ceux situés au cœur du cristal ne bénéficient pas des effets longues distances ce qui les rend moins forts. / The method to ameliorate the diffusion of reactants, reaction intermediates, and products inside the zeolite is by shortening the diffusion path length, i.e., crystals size. The growth of the crystals is a function of gel composition synthesis, crystallization time, temperature, etc. The mastering of this growth allows to obtain a wide range of the size which ranges from several micrometers to a few tens of nanometers. It is possible now to limit the diffusion path to only three unit cells by inhibiting the crystals' growth in one direction during the hydrothermal synthesis. For that, the use of a peculiar organic surfactant geminate is indispensable, it gives a hierarchical material with zeolitic crystals of 4 nm thickness separated by structured and regular mesopores in the case of *BEA type zeolite. The morphology of this material resembles a sea sponge.<br>Two reaction models, n-hexadecane hydroisomerization and ethanol transformation to hydrocarbons, demonstrate that the reactants and the products diffusion was optimized in the beta nanosponges. Surprisingly the catalyst stability and selectivity were improved instead of activity. In fact this is due to the extreme reducing of the zeolite crystals’ thickness that leads to increase the aluminum number in the pore mouth, which although very accessible, but incapable to catalyze the isomerization and cracking reactions. The aluminums near the external surface, in contrary to those in the crystal heart, do not benefit from the long distance effects, which makes them weaker.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Propylene is a chemical compound with high value added, widely used in the industry and usually obtained from petroleum. However, there is the need of the development of alternative routes for the production of this compound from renewable sources. The use of acetone for the production of propylene is a good option, because this oxygenated compound can be obtained by biomass conversion. The use of a one step process also adds an advantage to the propylene production from acetone, uniting in a single reactor two consecutive reactions: acetone hydrogenation, followed by dehydration of the formed isopropanol. For this, there are necessary two catalysts with distinct properties, one containing metallic sites, for hydrogenation, and another where there are acidic sites, for dehydration. The main objective of this work is to obtain propylene from acetone in one single step, using Cu/Zn/Al mixed oxide derived from hydrotalcite-like compounds and acid form of Beta zeolite as catalysts. For that, the catalysts were obtained by the coprecipitation method at variable pH followed by calcination, for the mixed oxide, and by hydrothermal synthesis, for the zeolite. The catalysts were also characterized as their with distinct properties. The hydrogenation and dehydration reactions have been studied individually and together by varying the catalyst or mixture of catalysts employed and the composition and flow rate of the feed. First, they were evaluated the thermodynamic boundaries of the reaction systems in which was observed that the acetone hydrogenation is strongly limited by the equilibrium and which are the preferential products of each reaction. For the reaction test, it was used the factorial experimental design, where the feeding conditions and reaction temperature were varied, and as response variables it was obtained the composition of the organic fraction at the reactor outlet. In the hydrogenation reaction, only isopropanol was obtained and the acetone conversion was close to that of equilibrium. In the dehydration reaction of isopropanol, propylene was preferably formed, with only small concentrations of diisopropyl ether at low temperatures, being obtained complete alcohol conversion in some experimental conditions. The complete process of acetone conversion into propylene was carried out at eleven distinct experimental conditions and the olefin fraction was up to 65 % of the organic fraction. It was possible the parameters estimation of simplified kinetic models, considering the Langmuir-Hinshelwood hypothesis, appropriate to the prediction of the molar fractions of the compounds in the organic fraction for both individual as simultaneous reactions. The kinetic models were used to the analysis of the effect of process variables on the reaction products in the three reaction systems considered. / O propeno é um composto químico de alto valor agregado, largamente empregado na indústria e obtido, geralmente, a partir do petróleo. Entretanto, há a necessidade do desenvolvimento de rotas alternativas para a produção deste composto a partir de fontes renováveis. A utilização de acetona para a produção de propeno é uma boa opção, pois este composto oxigenado pode ser obtido através de conversão da biomassa. A utilização de processo em uma única etapa acrescenta, ainda, mais uma vantagem à produção de propeno a partir de acetona, unindo em um único reator duas reações consecutivas: hidrogenação de acetona, seguida da desidratação do isopropanol formado. Para tanto, são necessários dois catalisadores com propriedades distintas, um deles contendo sítios metálicos, para a hidrogenação, e outro onde haja sítios ácidos, para a desidratação. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é a obtenção de propeno a partir de acetona em uma única etapa, utilizando óxido misto de Cu/Zn/Al derivado de material do tipo hidrotalcita e forma ácida da zeólita Beta como catalisadores. Para isso, os catalisadores foram obtidos pelo método de coprecipitação a pH variável seguido de calcinação, para o óxido misto, e pela síntese hidrotérmica, para a zeólita. Os catalisadores foram, ainda, caracterizados quanto às suas propriedades físicoquímicas. As reações de hidrogenação e desidratação foram estudadas individualmente e em conjunto variando-se o catalisador ou mistura de catalisadores empregados e a composição e vazão da alimentação. Primeiramente, foram avaliados os limites termodinâmicos dos sistemas reacionais, em que se observou que a hidrogenação de acetona é fortemente limitada pelo equilíbrio e quais são os produtos preferenciais de cada reação. Para os testes reacionais foi utilizado planejamento de experimentos fatorial, onde as condições de alimentação e temperatura de reação foram variadas, e como variáveis resposta obteve-se a composição da fração orgânica na saída do reator. Na reação de hidrogenação, apenas isopropanol foi obtido e a conversão de acetona foi próxima daquela de equilíbrio. Na reação de desidratação de isopropanol, o propeno foi formado preferencialmente, com apenas pequenas concentrações de éter di-isopropílico a baixas temperaturas, sendo obtidas conversões completas do álcool em algumas condições experimentais. O processo completo de conversão de acetona em propeno foi realizado em onze condições experimentais distintas e a fração de olefina foi de até 65 % da fração orgânica. Foi possível a estimação dos parâmetros de modelos cinéticos simplificados, considerando as hipóteses de Langmuir-Hinshelwood, adequados à predição das frações molares dos compostos na fração orgânica tanto para as reações individuais como simultâneas. Os modelos cinéticos foram utilizados para a análise do efeito das variáveis de processo sobre os produtos de reação nos três sistemas reacionais considerados.