O interesse em trabalhar nessa Tese, o estudioso da geografia pernambucana, Manuel Correia de Andrade é resultado da nossa inquietação em resgatar um pouco da trajetória de vida do cientista pernambucano que, com seus 84 anos de existência dedicou grande parte de sua vida às ciências sociais, contribuindo na formação do pensamento geográfico e para o conhecimento de seu país e de sua região, o Nordeste brasileiro. Sendo natural de Vicência, município que compõe o Vale do Siriji, procurou-se inicialmente fazer uma abordagem desse Vale, no que tange ao processo histórico de exploração e ocupação de suas terras com a cana de açúcar, os engenhos e, as usinas, salientando as novas territorialidades existentes, junto à cana ou mesmo em substituição da mesma. Em seguida, situou-se, nesse Vale, Jundiá, engenho onde nasceu o estudioso. O trabalho salienta a vida desse pesquisador no engenho e, como ter nascido em uma família da aristocracia açucareira teve influência no caminho por ele trilhado ao longo de sua vida profissional e acadêmica. A postura que assumiu durante toda a sua vida reflete o rompimento que houve do geógrafo com aquelas ideias vigentes na estrutura dominante na sociedade do açúcar e do poder. Foi realizada análise documental de grande parte de sua obra através do método de pesquisa de Paul Thompson a fim de destacar a contribuição dada por ele à geografia em algumas áreas que foram objeto de suas preocupações e consequentemente eram das mais estudadas e discutidas em suas obras e atividades acadêmicas: a questão ambiental e a regional. / The reason in taking as subject of this thesis Manuel Correia de Andrade, a scholar in the geography of Pernambuco, is the the concern of this researcher to recover a little of the life trajectory of this Pernambuco scientist who, along his 84 years of existence, dedicated much of his life to the social sciences, having contributed for the formation of the geographic thought and for the knowledge of his country and of his region, the Brazilian Northeast. As Andrade is a native of Vicência, a municipality that composes the Siriji Valley, this study initially sought to describe this valley including the historical process of exploring and occupying its lands with sugarcane, sugar mills and mills. On that occasion, the new territorialities that were formed because of the sugarcane plantation or even in substitution of it were highlighted. Next, the Jundiá mill was presented, where the scholar was born. This work emphasizes the life of this researcher in the sugar mill and the fact that as being born in a family of the sugar aristocracy had influence in the way he has traveled throughout his professional and academic life. The attitude he has taken throughout his life reflects the breakdown of the geographer with those ideas prevailing in the dominant structure in the sugar and power society at that time. As a methodology, a documentary analysis of a large part of his work was done through Paul Thompson\'s research method. The purpose was to highlight the contribution made by the scholar to Geography in areas that were the subject of his concerns and, consequently, more studied and discussed in his works and academic activities: the environmental and regional issues.

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A classificação das issues ou questões nos repositórios de manutenção de software é realizada atualmente pelos desenvolvedores de software. Entretanto, essa classificação manual não é livre de erros, os quais geram problemas na distribuição das issues para as equipes de tratamento. Isso acontece porque os desenvolvedores, geralmente os propositores das issues, possuem o mal hábito de classificá-las como bugs. Essas classificações errôneas produzem a distribuição de issues para uma equipe de tratamento de outro tipo de issue, gerando retrabalho para as equipes entre outras desvantagens. Por isso, o principal objetivo almejado com o estudo é a melhoria dessa classificação, utilizando de uma abordagem de classificação das issues realizada de maneira automatizada. Essa abordagem foi implementada com técnicas de Aprendizado de Máquina. Estas técnicas mostram que as palavras-chave discriminantes dos tipos de issues podem ser utilizadas como atributos de classificadores automáticos para a predição dessas issues. A abordagem foi avaliada sobre 5 projetos open source extraídos de 2 issue trackers conhecidos, Jira e Bugzilla. Por se tratarem de issue trackers de longa data, os projetos escolhidos forneceram boa quantidade de issues para este estudo. Essas issues, cerca de 7000, foram classificadas por especialistas humanos no trabalho [Herzig, Just e Zeller 2013], produzindo um gabarito utilizado para a realização deste estudo. Este trabalho produziu um classificador automático de issues, com acurácia de 81%, capaz de discriminá-las nos tipos bug, request for enhancement e improvement. O bom resultado de acurácia sugere que o classificador concebido possa ser utilizado em sistemas de encaminhamento de issues para as equipes de tratamento, com a Ąnalidade de diminuir retrabalho dessas equipes que ocorre em virtude da má classificação. / The classification of issues in software maintenance repositories is currently done by software developers. However, this classification is conducted manually and is not free of errors, which cause problems in the distribution of issues to the maintenance teams. This happen because the developers, which usually are the proponents of the issues, have the bad habit of classifying them as bugs. This erroneous rating generates rework and other disadvantages to the teams. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to improve this classification, using an issue classification approach conducted in an automated manner. In turn, this approach was implemented based on machine learning tecniques. These tecniques show that keywords discriminant of issues types can be used as attributes of automatic classifiers for prediction of these issues. The approach was evaluated on five open source projects extracted from two widely used issue trackers, Jira and Bugzilla. Because they are old issue trackers, the chosen projects provided good number of issues for this study. These issues, about 7.000, were classified by human experts at work [Herzig, Just e Zeller 2013], producing a feedback which was used for this study. This present work produced an automatic issues classifier, with 81% of accuracy, able to predict them in types of bug, request for enhancement and improvement. The result of accuracy obtained by this classifier suggests that it can be used in delivery systems to treatment teams with the purpose of reducing rework that occurs in these teams because of the poor issues rating. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-12-07T12:17:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 nicolealvesespadapontes.pdf: 4575290 bytes, checksum: 2cb270efed7a4b6be9e1e85e0e4ddee7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-12-22T11:27:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 nicolealvesespadapontes.pdf: 4575290 bytes, checksum: 2cb270efed7a4b6be9e1e85e0e4ddee7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-22T11:27:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 nicolealvesespadapontes.pdf: 4575290 bytes, checksum: 2cb270efed7a4b6be9e1e85e0e4ddee7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-18 / A discussão fomentada através desse trabalho visa realizar uma análise crítica da “questão ambiental” para além de seus aspectos fenomênicos, desvelando assim sua intrínseca relação com a “questão social” enquanto partes de um único processo no interior da dinâmica capitalista, produtos da reprodução das relações sociais em totalidade. Assim, haverá um recurso a autores que travam o debate em questão, evidenciando como a crescente degradação que assistimos da natureza está relacionada à lógica de reprodução do capital no interior do capitalismo contemporâneo – o qual vem determinando a cadência e os graus de destruição ambiental. A particular expressão dos “crimes ambientais”, ocorridos e agravados mundialmente, serão objeto de análise desse processo na concreticidade, sobretudo a partir do estudo de caso sobre o rompimento da barragem de rejeito mineral de “Fundão”, da empresa Samarco S.A., no distrito de Mariana, Minas Gerais. / The discussion fomented through this paper aims to realize a critical analyzes of “environmental issue” to beyond its phenomenal aspects, thus revealing its intrinsic relationship with “social issue” while parts of a unique process inside capitalism dynamics, product of the social relationships reproduction in totality. Therefore, there will be a resource to authors who catch the present debate, evidencing how growing nature degradation watched is related to capital reproduction logic inside contemporaneous capitalism – which has been determining the cadency and environmental destruction degrees. The particular expression of “environmental crimes”, happened and aggravated worldwide, will be object of analyzes of this process in concentricity, especially from case study about “Fundão” mineral tailing dam incident, from Samarco S.A. company, in Mariana district, Minas Gerais.

Work suggests detailed progress statistical acceprance products in serial story production inclusive take - over plan and operational characteristics.

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This study examines teachers' approach to controversial topics, within the subject of civics and social sciences in Swedish upper secondary school. The aim of the study is to describe and problematize the approaches chosen by teachers when controversial topics are brought up in the classroom. To achieve this, the study will examine the following questions: What do teachers consider as controversial topics? How do teachers handle situations where controversial topics arise in the classroom? Why do teachers believe controversial topics are important in education? To answer these questions, several qualitative interviews were executed. The results show that there are several topics in civics and social sciences that may strike one as being controversial. Examples of such topics are questions regarding immigration, minorities, feminism, gender, and ethnicity. In summary, the results show that teachers aspire to let controversial issues be a part of their subject, and that they see benefits with this. However, the teachers' attitudes toward their mission differ, which can also be said about their perspective on what could be the definition of “controversial topics”. The reasonings presented by teachers in this study, as to why they find these topics important, can be divided into two sections. Firstly, such topics matter to students and are engaging. Secondly, it is relevant to the subject of civics and social studies, as well as the curriculum and it’s mission to foster democracy.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the presence of first- and second-level agenda setting as well as issue ownership in the 2020 Democratic primary debates and whether there is a relationship between using strategies based on these theories and qualifying for future debates. The study seeks to answer three research questions: What is the relationship, if any, between a candidate whose statements focused primarily on the three issues considered most important by the public according to opinion polls and whether this candidate qualified for future debates? How did candidates use frames to redraw the attention of issues? What is the relationship, if any, between the extent to which a candidate’s statements discussed performance issues more than Republican-owned or Democratic-owned issues and whether this candidate qualified for future debates? The study draws mainly on the first and second level of the agenda setting theory, as well as the theory of issue ownership, and analyzes what issues candidates focus on, what attributes of these issues they emphasize, and whether they discuss performance issues like the economy or foreign policy more than issues owned by either the Republican or the Democratic Party. Through a quantitative content analysis of four candidates’ (Joe Biden, Bernie Sanders, Amy Klobuchar, & Andrew Yang) statements from three of the eleven primary debates held in the 2020 primary process, the study found no direct relationship between focusing on the public’s three most important issues and qualifying for future debates. Similarly, no such relationship was found between emphasizing certain attributes and qualifying for future debates, although the results suggest that candidates may have benefited from avoiding framing issues economically, which concurs with previous findings (Boydstun, Glazier, & Pietryka, 2013a; Boydstun, Glazier, & Phillips, 2013) and supports Vavreck’s (2009) theory that insurgent candidates should not emphasize the economy. Findings also demonstrated the contrasting ways three of the candidates framed the same issues, where Joe Biden and Amy Klobuchar tended to emphasize economic frames when discussing Medicare while Bernie Sanders emphasized effectiveness. Lastly, the findings support previous research on issue ownership since findings showed that most candidates discussed Democratic-owned issues more than other issues, while the eventual presidential nominee, Joe Biden, overall discussed performance issues more than issues owned by either party. This suggests that focusing on such issues may be beneficial for challenging candidates during an election cycle where the sitting president has been criticized for not being able to handle the job. Thus, no direct relationship could be found in the case of RQ1 or RQ2 but discussing performance issues the most overall may have benefited one candidate, suggesting there is a relationship in the case of RQ3. / Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka förekomsten av första och andra nivån av dagordningsteorin samt av issue ownership i Demokraternas primärdebatter 2020 och huruvida det finns någon relation mellan att använda strategier baserade på dessa teorier och att kvalificera sig för framtida debatter. Studien undersöker tre frågeställningar: Vad är relationen, om någon, mellan en kandidat vars uttalanden under debatterna fokuserade främst på de tre frågor som väljarna ansåg var viktigast enligt opinionsundersökningar och huruvida denna kandidat kvalificerade sig för framtida debatter? Hur använde kandidaterna ”frames” för att kontrollera diskussionen kring frågor? Vad är relationen, om någon, mellan den utsträckning en kandidats uttalanden under debatterna diskuterade så kallade ”performance issues” mer än frågor ägda av det republikanska eller demokratiska partiet och huruvida denna kandidat kvalificerade sig för framtida debatter? Studien bygger huvudsakligen på den första och andra nivån av dagordningsteorin, liksom teorin om issue ownership, och analyserar vilka frågor kandidaterna fokuserar på, vilka attribut de betonar när de talar om dessa frågor och om de diskuterar performance issues såsom ekonomi eller utrikespolitik mer än frågor som ägs av antingen republikanska eller demokratiska partiet. Genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av fyra kandidaters (Joe Biden, Bernie Sanders, Amy Klobuchar och Andrew Yang) uttalanden från tre av de elva primärdebatterna som hölls under primärprocessen 2020 fann studien ingen direkt relation mellan att fokusera på de tre frågor som väljarna ansåg var viktigast och att kvalificera sig för framtida debatter. Det hittades inte heller någon sådan relation mellan att betona vissa attribut och att kvalificera sig för framtida debatter, även om resultaten tyder på att kandidater kan ha haft nytta av att undvika att betona ekonomiska attribut, vilket överensstämmer med tidigare resultat (Boydstun, Glazier, & Pietryka, 2013a; Boydstun, Glazier, & Phillips, 2013) och stöttar Vavrecks (2009) teori att så kallade ”insurgent candidates” drar nytta av att inte diskutera ekonomin mer än nödvändigt. Resultaten visade också hur olika kandidaternas inramning av en specifik fråga var, då Joe Biden och Amy Klobuchar hade en tendens att betona ekonomiska attribut när de talade om frågor gällande Medicare medan Bernie Sanders fokuserade mer på effektivitetsattribut.  Slutligen stöder studien tidigare forskning om issue ownership då resultaten visade på att de flesta kandidater diskuterade frågor ägda av det demokratiska partiet mer än andra frågor, medan den kandidat som slutligen skulle få det demokratiska partiets presidentsnominering, Joe Biden, totalt sett diskuterade performance issues mer än frågor ägda av något av partierna. Detta tyder på att ett fokus på sådana frågor kan vara till nytta för att utmanande kandidater under en valcykel där den sittande presidenten har kritiserats för sin hantering av arbetet. Således kunde ingen direkt relation hittas när det gällde RQ1 eller RQ2, men resultaten tyder på att en kandidat kan ha gynnats av att diskutera performance issues mest över lag, vilket i sig tyder på att det finns en relation gällnade RQ3.

Titel: Prissättningen av IPOer  Författare: Cornelia Virsén och Izabel Wästlund  Handledare: Katarina Eriksson  Bakgrund och problemformulering: Prissättningen av IPOer är idag ett välstuderat forskningsområde. Tidigare forskning visar på att IPOer i olika delar av världen är underprissatta. Vilka variabler som driver prissättningen och aktiekursutvecklingen under första handelsdagen skiljer sig dock åt mellan olika forskare och än råder inte konsensus mellan tidigare forskning. I slutet av 2019 bröt Covid-19-pandemin ut, vilken föranledde samhälleliga restriktioner och en markant förändring i samhällsaktiviteten som fick en påverkan på den svenska ekonomin. Sedan april 2022 klassas Covid-19 inte längre som en pandemi vilket öppnar för möjligheten att studera huruvida det går att urskilja olikheter i förklarande variabler vid prissättning av IPOer innan, under och efter Covid-19.   Syfte: Syftet med studien är att analysera huruvida IPOer genomförda på den svenska marknaden är underprissatta. Därtill ämnar studien till att analysera likheter och skillnader i de utvalda variablernas påverkan på prissättningar av IPOer på den svenska börsen före, under och efter Covid-19.   Metod: Studien följde en kvantitativ forskningsstrategi med en deduktiv ansats. Studien tillämpade t-tester för att analysera huruvida IPOer genomförda på den svenska marknaden är underprissatta. Vidare genomfördes enkla linjärregressioner samt multipla linjärregressioner för att analysera utvalda variablers påverkan på IPOers prissättning. Urvalet uppgick till 224 IPOer vars aktiekursutveckling studerades dess första handelsdag.   Slutsats: Studiens genomförda t-tester för perioderna före Covid-19, Covid-19 och efter Covid-19 visade samtliga på icke-signifikanta resultat. De enkla linjärregressioner samt multipla linjärregressionerna visade enbart på tre signifikanta variabler under samtliga perioder som statistiskt kan sägas förklara prissättningen. Resultatet visade på att småbolagseffekten, ex-ante osäkerheter och signalering var tre teorier, vilka kan sägas förklara en IPOs prissättning. Marknadsförhållanden under studiens tidsperiod indikerade att marknaden befann sig i en cold issue market, vilket skulle kunna vara den förklarande orsaken till studiens resultat.    Nyckelord: IPO, underprissättning, beteendefinans, asymmetrisk information, hot/cold issue market, Covid-19 / Title: The Pricing of IPOs  Authors: Cornelia Virsén and Izabel Wästlund  Supervisor: Katarina Eriksson   Background and problem statement: Pricing of IPOs is currently a well-studied research area. Previous research indicates that IPOs in different parts of the world are underpriced. However, the variables driving pricing and stock price performance during the first trading day differ among researchers, and there is still no consensus in previous research. In late 2019, the Covid-19 pandemic broke out, leading to societal restrictions and a significant change in societal activity that impacted the Swedish economy. Since April 2022, Covid-19 is no longer classified as a pandemic, which opens up the opportunity to examine whether there are differences in explanatory variables in the pricing of IPOs before, during, and after Covid-19.   Purpose: The aim of this study is to analyze whether IPOs conducted in the Swedish market are underpriced. Additionally, the study intends to examine similarities and differences in the impact of selected variables on the pricing of IPOs on the Swedish stock exchange before, during and after Covid-19.   Method: The study followed a quantitative research strategy with a deductive approach. T-tests were employed to analyze whether IPOs conducted in the Swedish market are underpriced. Furthermore, simple linear regressions and multiple linear regressions were conducted to examine the impact of selected variables on the pricing of IPOs. The sample consisted of 224 IPOs which stock performance was studied on their first trading day.   Conclusion: The conducted t-tests in the study for the periods before Covid-19, Covid-19, and after Covid-19 all yielded non-significant results. The simple linear regressions and multiple linear regressions only revealed three significant variables across all periods that can be statistically considered as explanatory factors for pricing. This result demonstrated that the small firm effect, ex-ante uncertainties, and signaling were three theories that could explain the pricing of an IPO. The market conditions during the study period indicated that the market was in a cold issue market, which could potentially be the explanatory factor behind the study's findings.   Keywords: IPO, underpricing, behavioral finance, asymmetric information, hot/cold issue market, Covid-19.

Inramade politiska frågor är något de flesta medborgare frekvent exponeras för när observerareller deltar i den offentliga diskursen. I Sverige är kärnkraftsfrågan en viktig politisk frågasom präglas av flera olika inramade narrativ. I denna studie undersökes hur fyra olika vanligtförekommande kärnkrafts-inramningar påverkar svenskars attityder till Sveriges nutida ochframtida användning av kärnenergi i energiförsörjningen. Detta genomfördes via ettsurveyexperiment (n=202). Inga påtagliga effekter från ram-exponering på attityder tillkärnkraft kunde observeras för någon ram. De flesta svenska medborgarna tycks ha ganskafasta övertygelser i kärnkrafts-frågan, och låter ej sina attityder förändras med lätthet.Vänster-högerideologi identifierades som en mycket avgörande faktor i hur svenskarna ställersig i denna politiska fråga, och mycket övertygande fenomen torde krävas för att dessa skallförändra inställningarna, åtminstone på kort sikt. / Framed political issues are something most citizens are frequently exposed to when observingor participating in the public discourse. In Sweden, the nuclear power issue is an importantpolitical issue that is characterized by several different framed narratives. This study examineshow four different commonly occurring nuclear power frames affect Swedes’ attitudes towardSweden’s current and future use of nuclear energy in its energy supply. This was investigatedvia a survey experiment (n=202). No significant effect from frame-exposure to attitudestoward nuclear energy could be observed for any frame. Most Swedish citizens seems to havefairly stable beliefs in this issue, and do not let their attitudes get influences with ease. Leftrightideology was identified a decisive factor in Swedes attitudes toward this issue, and avery convincing phenomena is required to change these attitudes, at least in the short term.