Schizophrenia is a serious neuropsychiatric disease with a lifetime prevalence of 1% and it disrupts almost all mental functions. It manifests with many symptoms, which can be roughly classified into three main classes - positive, negative and cognitive dysfunctions. The psychosis, which can be often seen in schizophrenia, is a very serious problem that along with all other symptoms influences the patients' clinical status as well as quality of their life. As no direct causes or causal treatments for schizophrenia are known, scientist often focus on animal models of schizophrenia as tools for investigating mechanisms that can take a part in real disease and for seeking novel antipsychotics. This thesis aims at investigating two-week subchronic treatment with dizocilpine (MK-801), a non-competitive antagonist of NMDA receptors, in Wistar and Long-Evans rats aged 30 (PND 30) and 60 days (PND 60) at the onset of the treatment. Subsequently, long-term neurobehavioral consequences of this experimental psychosis were studied by testing rats at three behavioral tasks: the Elevated-plus maze (EPM), the Morris water maze (MWM) and active place avoidance on a rotating arena (Carousel). The Western blot method was used to determine post-mortem changes in expression of the NR1, NR2A and NR2B subunits of the...

Temporal and spatial cognition constitute basic elements of the cognitive function. Both of these competences are important for the individual's orientation and survival and there are likely to be different interactions between them. Perception of time, unlike spatial navigation and memory, is less explored. Impairments of interval timing occur in many neurodegenera- tive and neuropsychiatric disorders. According to current studies it is evident that timing is impaired even in patients with schizophrenia, but the results are still ambiguous. The aim of our work was to test the AAPA task in the time-place integration in the ani- mal model of schizophrenia. In the future, it could help to clarify the impairments of the time perception in patients with schizophrenia. In contrast to the classic AAPA task, our version included alternating of phases of light and darkness. The assumption of the experiment was that the solution of the task by rats in the dark is more dependent on the timing strategy than the solution of the task during the light, which is dependent on the spatial orientation. In the first phase of the experiment, the rats adopted both strategies - spatial (during the light phase of the session) and timing (during the dark phase). In the next phase of the experiment, we tested the animal...

Current clinical practice of resective surgery in focal epilepsy involves electroencephalogram (EEG) brain source imaging to localize irritative brain areas from where Inter-ictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) emerge, useful to localize the seizures-onset zones. Unfortunately, there are no previous systematic studies to characterize the pathophysiological mechanisms and abnormal cellular substrates in these irritative areas since histological data are available only from the final resective zones. To address this issue we applied a combination of EEG brain imaging described by Bae et al. (2015) using cutting-edge technology for high-density scalp EEG in rodents and histological analysis on a chronic rat model of focal cortical dysplasia. Post-mortem brain sections were stained for anatomical, functional and inflammatory biomarkers. Abnormal anatomical structures and increased expression of inflammatory biomarkers were found in the irritative regions. We conclude that IED-based brain source imaging can help to localize abnormal tissues highly prospective for epileptogenesis.

A human safe, Alhydrogel adjuvanted whole cell Trichomonas vaginalis vaccine was tested for efficacy in a BALB/c mouse model of vaginal infection. Additionally, the systemic and local immune response were measured. Vaccination reduced incidence and increased clearance of infection, and induced both systemic and local humoral immune responses. CD4+ cells were detected in vaginal tissues following intravaginal challenge with T. vaginalis, but were not seen in uninfected mice. CD4+ cells were detected more often, earlier, and in greater numbers in vaccinated vaginal tissues compared to unvaccinated controls. Presence of CD4+ T cells following infection can have significant implications of increasing HIV susceptibility and transmission. These data suggest that the vaccine induces local and systemic immune responses, and confers significantly greater protection against vaginal challenge than unvaccinated vaginal challenge. These data support the potential for a human vaccine against T. vaginalis infection that could also impact the incidence of HIV infections.

Les Henipavirus sont des paramyxovirus zoonotiques émergents hautement pathogènes. Ils sont capables d’infecter un large spectre d’hôtes incluant notamment la chauve-souris frugivore (réservoir naturel), le porc et l’homme. Etant donné leur très grande dangerosité et en l’absence de traitements curatifs ou prophylactiques efficaces, ces virus doivent être manipulés dans un laboratoire de classe P4. Dans une première partie, nous étudions l’effet de composés glyco-amino-glycanes sur l’infection par les Henipavirus ainsi que leur potentielle application en tant que traitement. Dans une seconde partie, nous nous attachons à comprendre les interactions entre le système immunitaire de l’hôte et le virus. Afin de mieux comprendre ces interactions, nous avons utilisé une approche basée sur l’utilisation de souris déficientes pour certaines voies de l’immunité. En effet, bien que les récepteurs cellulaires au virus (EFN B2 et B3) soient fonctionnels chez la souris, celle-ci est résistante à l’infection par voie intrapéritonéale. Nous avons analysé la susceptibilité au virus Nipah (NiV) de souris privées de différentes voies du système immunitaire inné et adaptatif. Les résultats obtenus permettent d’envisager certaines lignées de ces souris comme nouveaux modèles animaux pour l’étude de l’immunopathogénèse du NiV. Cette étude suggère aussi que le système interféron de type I joue un rôle crucial dans la limitation de la propagation virale vers le cerveau et que les lymphocytes T sont nécessaires à la complète élimination du virus. Les macrophages jouent, quant à eux, un rôle central et indispensable, à l’interface entre système inné et adaptatif. Enfin, nous abordons les prémices d’un projet visant à identifier les différences d’interactions au niveau moléculaire entre les protéines non-structurales du virus et les protéines du système immunitaire inné chez l’Homme et la souris afin de voir s’il se dégage des différences d’interactions pouvant expliquer les différences de pathogénie. Ces travaux ont donc permis d’identifier de nouveaux modèles animaux et de mieux caractériser les interactions entre le pathogène et le système immunitaire de l’hôte, de l’échelle moléculaire à l’échelle de l’organisme entier. Néanmoins, les mécanismes précis de ces interactions restent à élucider et permettront certainement de mieux comprendre la grande diversité de pathogénie des Henipavirus. / Henipaviruses are highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic paramyxoviruses. They can infect a broad spectrum of mammals including flying foxes (Pteropus fruit bats), its reservoir, pigs and humans. As there are neither therapeutic drugs nor efficient prophylactic treatment towards these highly lethal viruses, they have to be manipulated in biosafety level-4 laboratories. In the first part of this thesis, we study the role of glyco-amino-glycans on Henipavirus infection and their potential use as treatment. In the second part, we describe the interaction between the host immune system and the pathogen. To investigate these interactions, we took advantage of different transgenic mouse models deficient for some immune pathways. Indeed, although mice possess the viral entry receptor for Henipaviruses, they do not succumbed to intraperitoneal infection. We analyzed the susceptibility to Nipah virus (NiV) infection of mice deleted for different components of innate and adaptive immune systems. Obtained results showed that some of these mice can be used as new models for NiV immunopathogenesis study. This study also suggests that type I interferon system plays a major role in limitation of viral spreading to the brain and that T cells are necessary for full viral clearance. Macrophages act at the crossroad of immunity, between innate and adaptive system. Finally, we deal with the preliminary phases of a project which aims to identify the differences, at a molecular level, of interaction between non-structural viral proteins and innate immunity proteins in mice and human. Such differences could explain the different clinical patterns that are observed in these species. In conclusion, this thesis allowed to identify new animal models and to better characterize host-pathogen interactions, from molecular to whole organism level. However, the precise mecanisms of these interactions remain to be elucidated and would probably help to understand the great diversity of pathogeny of Henipaviruses.

Le cancer colorectal est un problème de santé publique majeur à travers le monde. Les données épidémiologiques mettent en avant une association positive entre consommation de viande rouge et risque de cancer colorectal. En 2007, le fond mondial de recherche contre le cancer (WCRF) et l’institut américain de recherche contre le cancer (AICR) ont établi deux recommandations fortes qui sont de limiter la consommation de viande rouge à 500 g par semaine et d’éviter la consommation de charcuterie. Cependant, la viande rouge possède des qualités nutritionnelles intéressantes. De plus, les recommandations alimentaires sont très peu suivies par les populations appartenant aux catégories socio-professionnelles inférieures, qui consomment le plus de produits à base de viande et sont donc les plus à risque. Deux mécanismes semblent expliquer l’effet promoteur de la viande : la peroxydation des acides gras alimentaires et la formation de composés N-nitrosés, ces deux réactions étant catalysées par le fer héminique provenant de la viande rouge. Dans ce contexte, le projet SécuriViande a été mis en place afin de développer de nouveaux moyens de production qui permettraient, à terme, de diminuer le risque de cancer colorectal en inhibant les deux réactions catalysées par l’hème. Cette thèse a permis de valider expérimentalement l’association épidémiologique en montrant que la consommation de viande rouge et de charcuteries modèles induit la promotion de la cancérogenèse colorectale dans deux modèles animaux : le rat initié à l’azoxyméthane et la souris Min. De plus, mariner la viande bovine avec un mélange aqueux de raisin-olive est efficace pour diminuer le nombre de lésions précancéreuses chez le rat initié et les biomarqueurs associés à la cancérogenèse hème-induite dans les deux modèles. Cette thèse a également permis de proposer de nouveaux mécanismes pouvant expliquer l’effet promoteur de l’hème. Ainsi, le microbiote intestinal participe à la lipoperoxydation induite par le fer héminique. De plus la consommation d’hème, via la production d’aldéhydes issus de la lipoperoxydation, induit une augmentation de la perméabilité, de l’inflammation et de la génotoxicité au niveau de la muqueuse intestinale. En conclusion, cette thèse apporte : (i) une validation expérimentale de l’effet promoteur de la consommation de viande rouge et de charcuterie fraîches, (ii) un mode de prévention par la marinade de la viande bovine avec des extraits d’un mélange d’antioxydants raisin-olive, (iii) la mise en évidence de l’implication du microbiote dans la lipoperoxydation hème-induite et (iv) une meilleure caractérisation des conséquences de la consommation de fer héminique sur la muqueuse intestinale, via la formation d’aldéhydes. A terme, ces résultats pourraient être utilisés afin de mettre sur le marché des produits à base de viande plus sains vis-à-vis du risque de cancer colorectal, sans modifier les habitudes des consommateurs et ainsi de diminuer l’incidence du cancer colorectal. / Colorectal cancer is a real health issue worldwide. Epidemiological studies show positive association between red meat intake and colorectal cancer risk. In 2007, the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) and the American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR) made two strong recommendations: reduce fresh red meat intake less than 500 g per week and avoid cured meat. Nevertheless, red meat has nutritional interest and dietary recommendations are poorly followed by people in the lowest socio-professional category, who consume the most meat products and so who have the highest risk. Two mechanisms appear to explain promoting effect of meat: dietary fatty acids peroxidation and N-nitroso compounds formation, both reactions being catalyzed by heme iron from red meat. In this context, SécuriViande project was set up to develop new production ways which could lead to reduced colorectal cancer risk inhibiting the two reactions catalyzed by heme. This thesis has shown that fresh red meat and cured-meat intake induce colorectal carcinogenesis promotion in two animal models: azoxymethane induced-rats and Min mice. Marinate beef with an aqueous mixture of grape-olive is effective to reduce the number of precancer lesions in rats and biomarkers associated with heme-induced carcinogenesis in both models. This thesis also highlights new potential mechanisms of promoting effect of heme. Thus, microbiota is involved in heme-induced lipid peroxidation. Moreover, heme iron intake increases intestinal mucosa permeability, inflammation and genotoxicity, via aldehydes produced by lipoperoxidation. In conclusion, this thesis provides (i) an experimental validation of fresh red meat and cured meat promoting effect, (ii) a way to prevent this promoting effect by marinating beef with extracts of grape-olive antioxidants, (iii) the demonstration of microbiota involvement in heme-induced lipoperoxidation and (iv) a better characterization of heme iron intake consequences on intestinal mucosa via aldehydes formation. Ultimately, these findings could be used to market safer meat products, without changing consumer habits and so reduce colorectal cancer incidence.

O enfisema pulmonar é caracterizado pela destruição das paredes alveolares, sendo a fumaça de cigarro o principal agente etiológico. Pretendeu-se, neste estudo, comparar os efeitos terapêuticos do transplante de células mononucleares da medula óssea (BMMC) e células mesenquimais (CTM) em animais com enfisema pulmonar induzido por exposição à fumaça de cigarro. Camundongos fêmeas da linhagem C57Bl6/J foram expostos à fumaça de cigarro durante 90 dias e, 21 dias após o término do período de exposição, receberam BMMC ou CTM derivadas da medula óssea de camundongos machos da linhagem C57Bl6/J, expressando a proteína GFP. As análises morfométricas mostraram que os tratamentos com BMMC e CTM foram eficientes na recuperação do parênquima pulmonar dos animais expostos à fumaça de cigarro. Testes de fluorescência direta e PCR mostraram a migração de BMMC e CTM para o pulmão. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que, morfologicamente, a terapia celular com BMMC ou CTM é eficaz no tratamento do enfisema pulmonar resultante da exposição à fumaça de cigarro em modelo animal. / Pulmonary emphysema is characterized by destruction of alveolar walls, and the cigarette smoking is the main etiologic agent. It was intended in this study to compare the therapeutic effects of the transplantation of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in animals with pulmonary emphysema induced by exposure to cigarette smoke. C57Bl6/J female mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for 90 days and 21 days after the end of the exposure time, received BMMC or MSC derived from bone marrow of C57Bl6/J male mice expressing the GFP protein. The morphometric analysis showed that treatments with BMMC and MSC were efficient in recovering the lung of animals exposed to cigarette smoke. Fluorescence and PCR tests showed the migration of BMMC and MSC to the lung. Thus, it is concluded the cell therapy with BMMC or CTM is morphologically effective in the treatment of pulmonary emphysema resulting from exposure to cigarette smoke in an animal model.

Apesar do grande avanço da laringologia nas últimas décadas, o tratamento da rigidez da prega vocal continua sendo um desafio. A rigidez da prega vocal pode estar associada a alterações estruturais mínimas como no sulco vocal profundo ou decorrente da fibrose cicatricial como nos casos de cicatriz pós-operatória. Em ambos os casos, há perda dos elementos da matriz extracelular da camada superficial da lâmina própria (Espaço de Reinke) que se encontra substituída por tecido cicatricial. O objetivo do tratamento é recuperar a deficiência volumétrica e restabelecer a microarquitetura histológica da prega vocal. O tecido areolar perifascial constitui uma excelente alternativa por suas propriedades viscoelásticas semelhantes à da camada superficial da lâmina própria, por sua fácil obtenção e baixo custo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações histológicas que ocorrem no enxerto e na prega vocal enxertada e comparar os resultados encontrados com a prega vocal contralateral, submetida apenas à manipulação cirúrgica. Trinta coelhos foram submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico que consistiu na confecção de um bolsão na lâmina própria de ambas as pregas vocais. O enxerto foi colocado na prega vocal direita e a prega esquerda utilizada como controle. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente em três grupos diferindo no tempo da análise histológica: 15 dias (Grupo I), três meses (Grupo II) e seis meses (Grupo III). As lâminas foram coradas com hematoxicilina-eosina e pelo Sírius-red, uma coloração específica para fibras colágenas. Observou-se uma mudança gradual do enxerto com aumento progressivo da densidade das fibras colágenas no interior do enxerto e uma mudança progressiva do padrão de birrefringência das mesmas, de um predomínio de fibras colágenas amarelo-esverdeadas para um predomínio de fibras laranja-avermelhadas. A laplicação do teste estatístico Anova one-way mostrou um aumento estatisticamente significativo da densidade de colágeno total no interior do enxerto entre os animais dos Grupos I e II (p=0,004) e um aumento significativo da porcentagem de fibras laranja-avermelhadas entre o Grupo II e III (p=0,011). A densidade do colágeno na região adjacente ao enxerto na prega vocal enxertada foi estatisticamente maior que a densidade de colágeno na incisão cirúrgica na prega vocal controle em todos os grupos de estudo (p 0,001). A aplicação do Teste de Fisher na análise semiquantitativa do processo inflamatório não evidenciou diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a prega vocal enxertada e a prega vocal controle em nenhum dos tempos estudados. Entretanto, quando avaliamos o processo inflamatório temporalmente para cada prega vocal evidenciamos uma diminuição significativa do processo inflamatório entre os animais do grupo de 15 dias e três meses (p=0,032 para o grupo enxertado e p=0,035 para o grupo controle). Nossos achados sugerem que o tecido areolar perifascial apresenta baixa tendência a promover reação inflamatória e permanece na prega vocal do coelho por pelo menos seis meses. Entretanto, há uma importante mudança da composição do colágeno dentro do enxerto e no tecido ao redor deste sugerindo não ser um tecido ideal para substituir a lâmina própria. Outros estudos devem ser realizados para avaliar o seu papel no tratamento da rigidez da prega vocal. / Besides the great development of phonosurgery over the previous decades, vocal fold stiffness is a difficult disease that remains a therapeutic challenge. It may be either caused by cicatricial fibrosis or be associated with minor structural alterations of the vocal fold mucosa, mainly represented by deep sulcus vocalis. In both cases, there is loss and disorganization of extracellular matrix components of the superficial layer of the lamina propria (Reinkes Space), which is replaced by fibrotic tissue. The treatment goal is to re-establish the physical volume and the microarchitecture of the vocal folds. The perifascial tissue consists of a loose areolar tissue with viscoelasticity properties close to those of the superficial layer of the lamina propria. Thus, the aim of this experiment was to evaluate the histological changes of the graft and in the host tissue after placing a strip of this tissue into rabbits vocal folds. Thirty rabbits were operated. The graft was implanted in pockets surgically created in the right vocal fold. The left vocal fold was used as control. The animals were randomically divided in three groups for evaluation at 15 days (Group I), 3 months (Group II) and 6 months (Group III) and their larynx reviewed histologically. Histological sections underwent hematoxylin-eosin and specific staining method to quantify collagen fibers (Picrosirius-polarization method). Histological changes of the graft were observed since 15 days post-operatively and were characterized by a progressive increase of the density of collagen fibers and decrease of vascularization. Examination of Picrosirius-red stained section with polarizing microscopy revealed a gradual change of collagen fibers pattern with a predominance of greenish-yellow range observed in the original tissue and in Group I and mostly redish-orange range in the grafts of Group II and III. Statistical analysis (Anova one-way) showed a significant increase of the liitotal collagen density in the graft between Group I and II (p=0.004) and a significant predominance of redish-orange pattern between Groups II e III (p=0.011). The collagen density of the surrounding area of the graft in the implanted vocal fold was significantly increased when compared to control in all periods (p 0.001). The inflammatory process was not statistically different between the implanted vocal folds and controls according to Fisher´s test for any of the studied groups. Nonetheless, when the inflammatory process of each vocal fold was individually assessed on a long-term basis, a significant decrease of the inflammatory process was seen in the host (p=0.032) and control vocal fold (p=0.035) between Group I and II. Our findings suggest that the PAT has some advantages as a substance for vocal fold augmentation: it has low tendency to promote inflammatory response and low rate of absorption since it remains in the vocal fold for at least six months. However, the histological changes that take place in the graft and in the host tissue suggest that the PAT is not an ideal material as a substitute for the lamina propria and new studies are needed to determine its role on the treatment of vocal fold scarring.

L’addiction aux drogues d’abus est un désordre psychiatrique caractérisé par une consommation compulsive de toxiques, au détriment d’activités alternatives plus bénéfiques à long terme, et malgré les conséquences négatives associées. Cette psychopathologie est ainsi de plus en plus conceptualisée comme le résultat d’une prise de décision pathologique, et l’un des plus grands enjeux de la recherche en addiction est de comprendre les bases neurobiologiques et physiopathologiques de ce dysfonctionnement. Devant les contraintes éthiques, techniques et pratiques inhérentes aux études neurobiologiques chez l’homme, il est important d’utiliser en parallèle des modèles animaux d’addiction. Malheureusement, la validité de la plupart de ces modèles est incertaine. En effet, la prise de drogue est bien trop souvent étudiée dans une situation où la drogue est la seule récompense disponible. Ainsi, dans ces conditions, il est difficile de déterminer si l’animal s’auto-administre une drogue par compulsion, ou simplement parce qu’il n’a pas d’autre activité alternative valable. Une série d’expériences menées dans notre laboratoire depuis plusieurs années a montré que lorsqu’un choix est donné entre une injection intraveineuse de cocaïne ou d’héroïne et un accès à une boisson sucrée, la vaste majorité des rats préfèrent l’eau sucrée. Une minorité de rats persévère cependant dans le choix de la drogue au détriment de l’accès à la boisson sucrée, et constituerait ainsi une population d’individus vulnérables à l’addiction. Au cours de ma thèse, mon principal objectif a été d’étudier les déterminants du choix entre prise de drogue (cocaïne et héroïne) et récompense alternative. Mes travaux de recherche ont permis de déterminer les mécanismes de choix utilisés par le rat, en testant la validité prédictive relative de plusieurs modèles de prise de décision. J’ai également contribué à la mise en évidence d’une interaction forte entre le contexte de choix, les effets directs de la drogue et les capacités cognitives spécifiques au rat. Cette interaction exerce une influence considérable sur le choix de la drogue chez le rat. Cette découverte pourrait conduire à une réinterprétation des expériences de choix menées chez le rat et soulève aussi des interrogations importantes sur la validité relative des procédures de choix pour modéliser l’addiction aux drogues. / Drug addiction is defined as a psychiatric disorder involving compulsive drug use, despite negative consequences, and is increasingly conceptualized as resulting from poor decision making with a preference bias towards the drug at the expense of other socially-valued behaviors. The most important challenge in current addiction research is to understand the physiopathology of this disorder. Animal models are important tools in addiction research, since they are less ethically and technically limited than human studies. However, preclinical research on drug addiction is typically performed in laboratory rats that are given ready access to drugs for intravenous self-administration but without other options. The lack of choice during drug access limits its validity for understanding the physiopathology of addiction. A series of studies from our laboratory has previously shown that when offered a mutually exclusive choice between pressing a lever to get sweet water or an alternative lever to receive an intravenous dose of cocaine or heroin, most rats prefer sweet water. Only a minority of rats persists in drug taking despite the availability of an alternative reward, and thus, appears to be more vulnerable to drug addiction. During my thesis, my main objective was to determine the psychological and behavioral determinants of choice between drugs of abuse (cocaine and heroin) and sweet water. This research allowed us to determine the decision-making processes underlying this choice, by testing the predictive validity of different decision-making models. Additionally, we evidenced a strong interaction between the choice setting, the drug’ direct effects and rats’ specific cognitive abilities that reliably influences drug choices in rats. This finding should lead to a novel interpretation of drug choice studies in rats and also raises important issues regarding the relative validity of choice procedures for modelling drug addiction.

L’infection à Helicobacter pylori est responsable d’une inflammation gastrique chronique qui pourrait contribuer à l’apparition ou l’aggravation de pathologies extradigestives comme la maladie d’Alzheimer (MA). A partir des données de la cohorte PAQUID explorant les facteurs de risque de démence dans une population de patients de plus de 65 ans, nous avons montré que la prévalence de la démence augmentait chez les sujets infectés. Après 20 ans de suivi, l’infection à H. pylori était associée à une augmentation de l’incidence de démence après ajustement aux facteurs de risque connus de MA. Dans une deuxième étude incluant 53 patients atteints de MA, l’infection à H. pylori était associée à des performances cognitives plus sévères et le taux d’homocystéine était positivement corrélé aux lésions cérébrovasculaires et au taux d’anticorps anti-­‐H. pylori. Pour s’affranchir de possibles biais confondant comme le niveau socio-­‐économique, nous avons ensuite évalué l’impact de l’infection à H pylori sur le cerveau de souris sauvages (C57BL/6J) non prédisposées à la MA. Après 18 mois d’infection, alors que l’infection était associée à une inflammation gastrique importante, il n’a pas été retrouvé de plaque amyloïde ou de majoration de la neuroinflammation. Pour aller plus loin, nous avons étudié l’impact de l’infection à H. pylori sur le comportement et les lésions cérébrales de souris transgéniques prédisposées à la MA (APPswe/PS1dE9). Après 6 mois d’infection, les souris transgéniques présentaient plus de plaques amyloïdes sans majoration de la neuroinflammation ni des troubles du comportement.Bien que les études épidémiologiques apportent de nouveaux éléments en faveur d’une association entre la MA et l’infection à H. pylori, les études sur modèle animal ne mettent pas en évidence de majoration des troubles cognitifs ni de la neuroinflammation des souris infectées malgré une majoration du nombre de plaques amyloïdes. D’autres études sont nécessaires pour conclure à une association. / Helicobacter pylori infection seems to play a critical role in extra-­‐gastric diseases including Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). Chronic H. pylori infection could worsen AD lesions via atherosclerosis and inflammation.In a cohort study with 603 non-­‐institutionalized individuals aged 65 and older followed from 1989 to 2008, dementia was more prevalent in the H. pylori-­‐positive group at baseline compared to non-­‐infected group. After 20 years of follow-­‐up, H. pylori infection was determined to be a risk factor for developing dementia after controlling for AD risk factors. In a second study, including 53 AD patients, H. pylori infection was associated with a more pronounced cognitive impairment. Homocysteine levels were positively correlated to cerebrovascular lesions and to H. pylori immunoglobulin levels. To bypass possible confounding biases concerning socio-­‐economic conditions for instance, we evaluated the impact of H. pylori infection on the brain of non-­‐AD predisposed C57BL/6J mice. After an 18-­‐month infection, H. pylori SS1 and H. felis induced a significant gastric inflammation but no brain Aβ deposit was observed in their brain and the infection did not lead to neuroinflammation. To go further, we studied the impact of Helicobacter species infection on cerebral lesions and behaviour of AD transgenic (APPswe/PS1dE9) mice and their wild type littermates. H. pylori infection was associated with an increased number of brain amyloid plaques, but not with an increased neuroinflammation nor a worsening behaviour at 6 and 10 months of age.Although epidemiological studies provided new elements for an association between AD and H. pylori infection, animal model studies did not display a worsening behaviour or an increased neuroinflammation despite an increased number of amyloid plaques. More studies are needed to firmly conclude that there is an association between H. pylori infection and AD.