Magnetic photocatalysts were synthesised by coating a magnetic core with a layer of photoactive titanium dioxide. This magnetic photocatalyst is for use in slurry-type reactors in which the catalyst can be easily recovered by the application of an external magnetic field. The first attempt at producing this magnetic photocatalyst involved the direct deposition of titanium dioxide onto the surface of magnetic iron oxide particles. The photoactivity of these Fe3O4/TiO2 was lower than that of single-phase TiO2 and was found to decrease with an increase in the heat treatment. These observations were explained in terms of an unfavourable heterojunction between the titanium dioxide and the iron oxide core. Fe ion diffusion from the iron oxide core into the titanium dioxide matrix upon heat treatment, leading to a highly doped TiO2 lattice, was also contributing to the observed low activities of these samples. These Fe3O4/TiO2 particles were found to be unstable, with photodissolution of the iron oxide phase being encountered. This photodissolution was dependent on the heat treatment applied, the greater the extent of the heat treatment, the lower the incidence of photodissolution. This was explained in terms of the stability of the iron oxide phases present, as well as the lower photoactivity of the titanium dioxide matrix. In fact, the observed photodissolution was found to be induced-photodissolution. That is, the photogenerated electrons in the titanium dioxide phase were being injected into the lower lying conduction band of the iron oxide core, leading to its reduction and then dissolution. Thus, the approach of directly depositing TiO2 onto the surface of a magnetic iron oxide core proved ineffective in producing a stable magnetic photocatalyst. The introduction of an intermediate passive SiO2 layer between the titanium dioxide phase and the iron oxide phase inhibited the direct electrical contact and hence prevented the photodissolution of the iron oxide phase. Improvements in the photoactivity were seen to be due to the inhibition of both the electronic and chemical interactions between the iron oxide and titanium dioxide phases. Preliminary optimisation experiments revealed that a thin SiO2 layer is sufficient for inhibiting the photodissolution. The thickness of the TiO2 coating was found not to have a significant effect on the photocatalytic performance of the coated particles. Finally, heat treating for 20 minutes at 450??C was sufficient for converting the titanium dioxide into a photoactive phase, longer heating times had no beneficial effect on the photoactivity.

Τα τελευταία χρόνια έχουν ενταθεί οι προσπάθειες για την ανάπτυξη νέων και φιλικών προς το περιβάλλον τεχνολογιών για την παραγωγή ενέργειας από ανανεώσιμες πηγές, όπως η ηλιακή ενέργεια, με χρήση ευρέως διαθέσιμων και χαμηλού κόστους πρώτων υλών, όπως το νερό και η βιομάζα. Μια πολλά υποσχόμενη διεργασία στην κατεύθυνση αυτή είναι η παραγωγή υδρογόνου μέσω της φωτοκαταλυτικής αναμόρφωσης προϊόντων και παραγώγων βιομάζας σε υδατικά αιωρήματα ημιαγωγών, κυρίως διοξειδίου του τιτανίου (TiO2). Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετάται η δυνατότητα ανάπτυξης φωτοκαταλυτών με βάση το TiO2, οι οποίοι θα χαρακτηρίζονται από υψηλότερη απόκριση στο ορατό και μεγαλύτερη ενεργότητα στην αντίδραση αναμόρφωσης των οργανικών ενώσεων. Οι φωτοκαταλύτες που μελετήθηκαν ήταν TiO2 (Degussa P25) ενισχυμένο με μικρές ποσότητες αμετάλλων (N, P) ή μετάλλων (Li, Na, K, Cs, Ca). Στα υλικά αυτά εναποτέθηκε λευκόχρυσος (0.5 wt.%) με στόχο τη μελέτη της επίδρασής του στη φωτοκαταλυτική ενεργότητα και εκλεκτικότητα Επιπρόσθετα, πραγματοποιήθηκε κινητική μελέτη της αντίδρασης της φωτοκαταλυτικής αναμόρφωσης της γλυκερόλης (εξ.1) σε αιώρημα καταλύτη 0.5% Pt/TiO2, το οποίο ακτινοβολείται με φως στην περιοχή που απορροφά το TiO2. (1) Από τα αποτελέσματα προκύπτει οτι :  H προσθήκη των αμετάλλων (Ν-Ρ) παρότι προκαλεί αύξηση της απόκρισης του φωτοκαταλύτη στο ορατό έχει αρνητικές επιπτώσεις στο ρυθμό παραγωγής υδρογόνου.  H προσθήκη του CaΟ οδηγεί στη δημιουργία νέων ζωνών στο ενεργειακό χάσμα του ημιαγωγού μετατοπίζοντας έτσι την περιοχή απορρόφησης του σε μήκη κύματος που αντιστοιχούν στο ορατό φάσμα, χωρίς όμως η μετατόπιση αυτή να συνοδεύεται από τη δημιουργία ημιαγωγών με βελτιωμένη φωτοκαταλυτική ενεργότητα.  H φωτοκαταλυτική ενεργότητα του TiO2 βελτιώνεται με την προσθήκη αλκαλίων σύμφωνα με την ακόλουθη σειρά TiO2<Na<Cs<Li<K.  Με άυξηση τόσο της έντασης της προσπίπτουσας ακτινοβολίας, όσο και της συγκέντρωσης της γλυκερόλης αλλά και του φωτοκαταλύτη, ο ρυθμός παραγωγής υδρογόνου αυξάνεται / During the last years, intensive efforts have been made for the development of new and environmentally friendly technologies for energy production from renewable sources such as solar energy, using widely available and low cost raw materials, such as water and biomass. A well promising procedure to achieve this goal is the production of hydrogen through the photocatalytic reforming of products and derivatives of biomass in aqueous suspensions, mainly titanium dioxide (TiO2). In the present study, we investigated the potential of developing photocatalysts based on TiO2, that could be characterized by higher response to visible light and higher photocatalytic activity in the reforming of organic compounds. The photocatalysts studied were based on TiO2 (Degussa P25) dopped with small quantities of non-metals (N, P) or metals (Li, Na, K, Cs, Ca). The above were impregnated with platinum (Pt) 0.5 wt.%, in order to study its effect on the photocatalytic activity and selectivity. Moreover, a kinetic study of the reaction of glycerol reforming (Eq.1) in suspension of 0.5% Pt/TiO2 catalyst, irradiated by light in the absorption area of TiO2 was further performed (1) The results show that :  Although the addition of non-metals (N,P) causes an increase in the response of the photocatalyst in visible light, it also has a negative effect on the hydrogen production rate.  The addition of CaΟ results in the formation of new band gap zones of the semiconductor, shifting its absorption area into wavelengths that correspond to visible light, although this shift was not associated with the formation of semiconductors with improved photocatalytic activity.  The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 was improved by the addition of alkali according to the following order TiO2<Na<Cs<Li<K.  The rate of hydrogen production increases by increasing both the power of the induced irradiation, as well as the concentration of glycerol and photocatalyst.

Le but de la thèse est d'étudier l'influence de la microstructure des composites ZnO/TiO2 sur leurs propriétés dans la dégradation photocatalytique des polluants organiques et dans l'oxydation de l'eau photoassistée. Pour réaliser cette étude, nous avons choisi la conception basée sur des nano bâtonnets ZnO supportés sur une électrode de verre recouverte d'ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). Les nano bâtonnets de ZnO ont ensuite été recouverts d'une couche de TiO2 dans différentes conditions. La composition et la microstructure des composites ZnO(cœur)/TiO2(coquille) ont été modifiées dans le but d'élucider comment ces paramètres influencent leur activité photocatalytique. La couche TiO2 de morphologie différente (discontinue ou compacte) a été élaborée. Nous avons montré que le composite contenant la couche de TiO2 discontinue possède une activité plus élevée dans la dégradation de MB et dans l'oxydation de H2O sous 400 nm. Cette photoactivité améliorée a été attribuée à une meilleure accessibilité pour les réactifs de l'interface ZnO/TiO2 à travers la couche de TiO2. Aussi nous avons pu améliorer l'activité des composites sous la lumière visible. Dans ce but, les composites constitués de nano bâtonnets de ZnO supportés sur ITO ont été recouverts de TiO2 dopé à l'azote et décorés de nanoparticules d'or. Il a été trouvé que même une faible charge d'or (0,37% at.) permet une augmentation de 60% de la vitesse de décoloration photocatalytique du MB sous la lumière visible par rapport à l'échantillon sans or en raison de l'effet plasmonique. Un dopage simultané à l'azote et à l'or a permis également de multiplier par trois le photocourant dans l'oxydation photoassistée de l'eau. / The aim of the thesis is to study the influence of microstructure of ZnO/TiO2 composites on their properties in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants, and in photoassisted water oxidation. To realize such study we chose the design based on ZnO nanorods supported on ITO (Indium Tin Oxide)-coated glass electrode. The ZnO nanorods were then covered with a layer of TiO2 under different conditions. The composition and microstructure of the obtained ZnO(core)/TiO2(shell) composites were modified in the aim to elucidate how these parameters influence their photocatalytic activity. The results of studies lead to elaboration of two most distinctive variants of sol-gel procedure that allow to deposit TiO2 layers of controlled thicknesses and different morphology (rugged or compact). The composite containing the rugged TiO2 layer was shown to possess significantly higher activity in MB degradation and in photoassisted H2O oxidation under 400 nm. This improved photoactivity was attributed to a higher porosity and better accessibility of ZnO/TiO2 interface region through the rugged TiO2 layer by the reagents. The effort was also made to enhance the visible light activity of the composites. To this aim the composites consisting of ITO-supported ZnO nanorods covered with nitrogen-doped titanium dioxide and decorated with Au nanoparticles. It was found that even a low Au loading (0.37% at.) resulted in 60% enhancement of photocatalytic decolorization of MB under visible light with respect to the Au-free sample owing to plasmonic effects. A simultaneous N-doping and Au decoration allowed also to multiply by three the photocurrent in photoassited water oxidation.

La dépollution est aujourd’hui un enjeu majeur pour la protection de l’environnement et un développement durable. Les technologies membranaires et les procédés d’oxydation avancée jouent un rôle de plus en plus important dans le traitement de l'eau que ce soit pour la production d’eau potable que pour le traitement des eaux usées urbaines ou industrielles. La photocatalyse hétérogène est un procédé d’oxydation avancée permettant la génération des espèces très oxydantes comme les radicaux OH•, en présence d’eau et de dioxygène, lors de l’irradiation de certains solides semi-conducteurs au premier rang desquels on retrouve le dioxyde de titane. L’objectif final visé dans cette thèse est le développement de filtres photocatalytiques performants mis en œuvre dans des procédés hybrides couplant séparation et photodégradation. Le mode d’élaboration envisagé pour ces filtres photocatalytiques est basé sur une voie de synthèse en rupture utilisant un polymère biosourcé, la cellulose, à la fois comme réactif (source d’oxygène) et support mécanique pour la croissance de nanoparticules de TiO2 à partir de tétrachlorure de titane. La première partie de la thèse est dédiée à une revue bibliographique qui porte principalement sur les procédés membranaires et hybrides, le dioxyde de titane et ses propriétés photocatalytiques et sur les propriétés chimiques, structurales et microstructurales et l’évolution thermique de la cellulose. Après un descriptif des matériels et méthodes mis en œuvre dans l’étude expérimentale sont d’abord présentés et discutés les résultats obtenus sur la préparation et la caractérisation de poudres purement minérales, à base de TiO2, et de poudres composites TiO2-carbone. L’effet du dopage du TiO2 par différents métaux de transition afin d’améliorer ses propriétés fonctionnelles est ensuite examiné. Une simplification du procédé de synthèse consistant à éliminer tout usage de solvant est exposée dans le chapitre suivant. S’appuyant sur le savoir-faire précédemment acquis en matière de synthèse et sur les performances photocatalytiques préalablement mesurées, le dernier chapitre est consacré aux travaux préliminaires menés sur la préparation de filtres photocatalytiques et sur l’évaluation leurs performances fonctionnelles. / The pollution is definitely a major issue for environmental protection and sustainable development. Membrane technologies and advanced oxidation processes play more and more a key-role in the treatment of water both for the production of drinking water and for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewaters. Heterogeneous photocatalysis is an advanced oxidation process for generating highly oxidizing species such as OH• in the presence of water and dioxygen, under irradiation of some semiconducting solids like titania (TiO2). The targeted objective for this PhD work is the development of efficient photocatalytic filters to be implemented in hybrid processes coupling separation and photodegradation. The innovative route investigated for preparing such photocatalytic filters is based on the use of a bio-based polymer, i.e. the cellulose, both as reactant (oxygen source) and mechanical support for the growth of titania nanoparticles from titanium tetrachloride. The first part of the thesis is dedicated to a literature review mainly focused on membrane and hybrid processes, on titanium dioxide and its photocatalytic properties and on the chemical, structural, microstructural and thermal behaviour of cellulose. After a description of the experimental procedures, the second part of this manuscript is first dedicated to the presentation and the discussion of the experimental results on the preparation and characterization of pure titania powders and of TiO2-carbon composite powders. The effect of titania doping by different transition metals in order to improve its functional properties is then examined. Simplification of the synthesis process by removing any is described in the next chapter. From the previously developed know-how on synthesis and photocatalytic performance, the last chapter is devoted to preliminary work on the preparation of photocatalytic filters and on the assessment of their functional properties.

Le nitrure de carbone graphitique (gCN) est un semi-conducteur organique ayant dernièrement attiré l'attention par sa capacité à photocatalyser la séparation de l'eau. Il a récemment été montré que le gCN était un polymère basé sur le cycle heptazine C6N7, mais son arrangement tridimensionnel reste encore très peu connu. En effet, sa faible solubilité empêche l'utilisation des techniques de caractérisation classiques, et le terme gCN recouvre en réalité une large gamme de composés différents, selon les conditions de synthèse utilisées (choix du précurseur, température…). L'obtention de modèles moléculaires, de structures maîtrisées et bien définies, serait donc d'une grande aide dans la compréhension du lien structure-propriétés. Ceci est le but des travaux présentés dans ce manuscrit. La réactivité du chlorure de cyaméluryle, un précurseur monomérique, a été étudiée, et un protocole de substitution sélective quantitative par les amines secondaire aliphatique a été déterminé. L'utilisation de synthèses par déprotonation ou par activation thermique ont permis l'obtention de deux dimères et d'un trimère linéaire solubles. Les oligomères synthétisés ont été caractérisés par de nombreuses techniques (diffraction des rayons X, RMN, IR, absorption UV-vis, fluorescence, électrochimie), et les valeurs obtenues ont été corroborées à celle obtenues par DFT. De façon générale, une diminution des énergies des transitions électronique est observée quand la taille de chaîne augmente, et l'application de méthodes d'extrapolation suggère que les oligomères linéaires sont des bon modèle moléculaire du gCN. / Graphitic carbon nitride (gCN) is an organic semi-conductor which has lately attracted a lot of attention when its photocatalytic properties were highlighted for water splitting. It has been recently shown to be based on the heptazine core, but its three-dimensional structure remains elusive. This is first due to its poor solubility which prevents the use of classical characterization techniques, and second to the fact that changes in synthesis experimental conditions (precursors, temperature…) yield different materials. The synthesis of tailored and well-defined molecular models would therefore certainly be of great interest to better understand the structure-properties relationship of this material. This is the aim of the work presented in this manuscript. The reactivity of cyameluryl chloride, a monomeric precursor, has been studied, and a protocol for a quantitative selective substitution by aliphatic secondary amines has been determined. The use of deprotonation by a strong base or thermal treatment yielded two dimers and one linear trimer. The oligomers have been characterized by several technique (X-ray diffraction, NMR, IR, UV-vis absorption, emission, electrochemistry), and the obtained data were in close agreement to the ones observed in DFT. As a rule of thumb, a decrease of the electronic transition energies is observed for an increasing chain length. The application of extrapolation methods to the experimental data suggests that oligomers are relevant molecular models for gCN.

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte général de la valorisation du CO2 et relate une recherche fondamentale, visant à trouver de nouveaux catalyseurs moléculaires pour réaliser la conversion du CO2. Les résultats obtenus apportent des connaissances au vu de développer un processus efficace et sélectif de catalyse pour la réduction du CO2. Le premier Chapitre présente d’abord des généralités sur l'utilisation du CO2 et fait un point bibliographique sur les catalyseurs moléculaires pour l’électro et la photo-réduction du CO2. Cette courte revue montre la grande variété de complexes de métaux de transition utilisés comme catalyseurs, en particulier ceux à base de rhénium. Ensuite une analyse ciblée sur l'état de l’art de la réduction du CO2 par des catalyseurs moléculaires du type complexes carbonyle de manganèse est relatée. Dans le Chapitre II, la discussion débute par un bref aperçu de la recherche développée relative à de nouveaux complexes de formule générale: [Mn(L)(CO)3(X)] (X = Br, n = 0 ou CH3CN, n = 1; L = terpyridine et dérivés). L'intérêt de ces complexes est double, car leurs propriétés physico-chimiques leur confèrent des applications potentielles en catalyse de réduction du CO2, et dans le domaine des molécules pour le relargage contrôlé de CO. Le développement de nouveaux complexes à base de ligands dérivés de la terpy est l'une des routes qui a été choisie pour l'optimisation et l'amélioration des performances des catalyseurs. Dans ce contexte, de nouveaux complexes de Mn ont été synthétisés, leurs propriétés photo- et électrochimiques étudiées en détail, avant de tester leur activité vis-à-vis de la réduction catalytique du CO2. Le résultat le plus remarquable, provient de la capacité unique de ces espèces à libérer de façon contrôlée l'un des ligands carbonyle, ce qui a conduit à la découverte de complexes originaux de Mn à deux ligands carbonyle, catalyseurs sélectifs pour la réduction du CO2, mais aussi de molécules applicables pour le relargage de faibles quantités de CO à des fins thérapeutiques. Le chapitre III couvre l'étude du complexe [Mn(phendione)(CO)3(X)]n+ (X = Br, n = 0 ou CH3CN, n = 1). Ce complexe a été synthétisé en ayant comme objectif l’obtention de catalyseurs solubles en milieux aqueux. Bien que l’objectif visé soit ambitieux, il a été constaté que cette espèce ne présente pas d'activité catalytique pour la réduction de CO2 en milieu aqueux. Malgré tout, son activité électrocatalytique a été mise en évidence en milieux hydro-organiques et son application en photocatalyse, en milieux organiques, s’est avérée prometteuse. Ce travail a permis d’acquérir une meilleure compréhension des propriétés physicochimiques et des mécanismes catalytiques d’un complexe de Mn contenant un ligand redox-actif. Les résultats présentés dans le chapitre IV sont basés sur l’étude d’une autre famille de nouveaux complexes carbonyle de Mn. L’étude a été concentrée principalement sur le complexe [Mn (pyperNH)(CO)3(CH3CN)]+. Le ligand pyperNH, de par son système aromatique et de sa fonction NH, joue un rôle majeur et est redox-actif. Après une partie dédiée à la synthèse et à la caractérisation, ce chapitre consacre une part importante au rôle que peuvent jouer différents paramètres expérimentaux sur l’efficacité de la réaction catalytique de la réduction du CO2. Les complexes de Mn, décrits dans ce chapitre, possèdent des propriétés rédox remarquables. Une étude préliminaire de leur activité catalytique pour la réduction du CO2 a permis de donner une première hypothèse sur le rôle que pourrait avoir la fonction N-H du ligand sur le mécanisme de la catalyse et sur la sélectivité de la réaction. Cette recherche a été étendue au-delà du ligand pyperNH, à une nouvelle famille de complexes de ligands de structures similaires, les résultats préliminaires rapportés sont très originaux et prometteurs et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives. / The general context of this thesis is on CO2 valorisation, and recounts fundamental research aimed at finding new molecular catalysts in order to achieve CO2 conversion. The results obtained provide additional knowledge in view of developing an efficient and selective catalytic CO2 reduction process. The first chapter begins with the general picture of CO2 utilisation and contains a bibliographical overview on the use of molecular catalysts for CO2 photo- and electroreduction. This short review demonstrates the wide variety of transition metal complexes used as catalysts, in particularly those based on rhenium. An analysis on the current state of CO2 reduction research using molecular catalyst complexes of the manganese carbonyl type is then reported. In Chapter II, the discussion begins with a brief overview of the research developed during this thesis relating to new complexes of the general formula: [Mn(L)(CO)3(X)] (X = Br, n = 0 ou CH3CN, n = 1; L = terpyridine derivatives). The interest in these complexes is twofold, as their physico-chemical properties give them potential catalytic CO2 reduction applications, as well as applications in the field relating to controlled CO release molecules. Developing new complexes based on ligands derived from terpy is one of the main routes that were chosen for catalyst performance optimisation and improvement. In this context, Mn complexes were synthesised, their photo- and electrochemical properties were studied in detail, before testing their activity with respect to catalytic CO2 reduction. The most remarkable result comes from the unique ability of these species to release one of their carbonyl ligands in a controlled fashion, which led to the discovery of novel Mn dicarbonyl complexes which are selective catalysts for CO2 reduction, and also to new molecules which are applicable in the release of small quantities of CO for therapeutic purposes.Chapter III covers the study of the complex [Mn(phen-dione)(CO)3(X)]n+ (X = Br, n = 0 ou CH3CN, n = 1). This complex was synthesised with the aim in mind of obtaining complexes soluble in aqueous media. While this objective was ambitious, it was soon found that these species showed no catalytic activity for CO2 reduction in the target aqueous medium. Nevertheless, electrocatalytic activity was demonstrated in hydro-organic media and photocatalytic applications in organic media proved promising. This work allowed us to gain a better understanding of the physicochemical properties and catalytic mechanisms of a Mn complex containing a redox-active ligand.The results presented in Chapter IV are based on the study of another new Mn carbonyl complex family. The study concentrated mainly on the complex [Mn(pyperNH)(CO)3(CH3CN)]+. The pyperNH ligand, with its aromatic system and NH functional group, plays a major role and is redox-active. After a section dedicated to its synthesis and characterisation, this chapter devotes a large part to the role that different experimental parameters can play on the efficiency of the catalytic CO2 reduction reaction. The Mn complexes described in this chapter have remarkable redox properties. A preliminary study of the catalytic activity of these complexes for CO2 reduction has allowed us to have an initial idea about the potential role of the N-H functional group of the ligand on the catalytic mechanism and reaction selectivity. This research was extended beyond the pyperNH ligand into a complex class of similar ligand structures, and the preliminary results obtained are original and promising, and open the way towards new perspectives.

abstract: Disinfection byproducts are the result of reactions between natural organic matter (NOM) and a disinfectant. The formation and speciation of DBP formation is largely dependent on the disinfectant used and the natural organic matter (NOM) concentration and composition. This study examined the use of photocatalysis with titanium dioxide for the oxidation and removal of DBP precursors (NOM) and the inhibition of DBP formation. Water sources were collected from various points in the treatment process, treated with photocatalysis, and chlorinated to analyze the implications on total trihalomethane (TTHM) and the five haloacetic acids (HAA5) formations. The three sub-objectives for this study included: the comparison of enhanced and standard coagulation to photocatalysis for the removal of DBP precursors; the analysis of photocatalysis and characterization of organic matter using size exclusion chromatography and fluorescence spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrices; and the analysis of photocatalysis before GAC filtration. There were consistencies in the trends for each objective including reduced DBP precursors, measured as dissolved organic carbon DOC concentration and UV absorbance at 254 nm. Both of these parameters decreased with increased photocatalytic treatment and could be due in part to the adsorption to as well as the oxidation of NOM on the TiO2 surface. This resulted in lower THM and HAA concentrations at Medium and High photocatalytic treatment levels. However, at No UV exposure and Low photocatalytic treatment levels where oxidation reactions were inherently incomplete, there was an increase in THM and HAA formation potential, in most cases being significantly greater than those found in the raw water or Control samples. The size exclusion chromatography (SEC) results suggest that photocatalysis preferentially degrades the higher molecular mass fraction of NOM releasing lower molecular mass (LMM) compounds that have not been completely oxidized. The molecular weight distributions could explain the THM and HAA formation potentials that decreased at the No UV exposure samples but increased at Low photocatalytic treatment levels. The use of photocatalysis before GAC adsorption appears to increase bed life of the contactors; however, higher photocatalytic treatment levels have been shown to completely mineralize NOM and would therefore not require additional GAC adsorption after photocatalysis. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2011

As fachadas das edificações, ao longo de sua vida útil, sofrem degradação devido a ataques de agentes químicos e à deposição de partículas na sua superfície. Como consequências, há perdas no desempenho de seus materiais e a desfiguração estética das fachadas por meio de manchas, implicando em ações de reparo que envolvem custos elevados. Os produtos atualmente disponíveis no mercado brasileiro com objetivo de evitar o manchamento de fachadas têm baixa eficiência, sendo que os principais deles adotam a técnica do pós-tratamento com hidrofugantes, os quais geralmente alteram a coloração do substrato e podem ser a origem de novas patologias. Usufruindo de novas tecnologias, o dióxido de titânio (TiO2) apresenta-se como material nanométrico amplamente estudado na área científica, sendo potencialmente utilizado como fotocalisador. O presente trabalho verificou a possibilidade de obtenção de superfícies autolimpantes a partir da adição de TiO2 em revestimentos de argamassa branca. Estas, a partir de propriedades fotocatalíticas do TiO2 podem ser tornar autolimpantes sob ação da radiação solar (UV) e da chuva. Foram confeccionadas argamassas de traço 1:2 e 1:3, com adições de 0%, 5% e 10% de TiO2 em relação à massa de cimento, com consistência fixa. As amostras foram aspergidas com diferentes agentes manchantes: azul de metileno, particulado de poluição, produto de corrosão, pichação; e sem manchamento (referência). Após, estas amostras foram expostas nas condições ambientais da cidade de Porto Alegre. Ao longo de 84 dias, foram realizadas leituras com espectrofotômetro portátil para avaliar o efeito autolimpante. Também foram verificadas as propriedades físico-mecânicas das argamassas. Os resultados apontaram que argamassas com adição de TiO2 necessitaram maior quantidade de água, apresentaram maior densidade no estado fresco e menor teor de ar incorporado. Ainda, a resistência à compressão foi elevada para o traço mais rico (1:2) e mantida constante para o traço pobre (1:3). Além disso, se mostraram mais claras/brancas quanto maior a porcentagem de adição. O efeito autolimpante pode ser percebido mais facilmente na mancha de azul de metileno, porém, a limpeza ocorreu tanto em argamassas com adição de TiO2, quanto em argamassas sem a adição. Em manchas que geraram uma película sobre a placa, o efeito autolimpante foi dificultado. / The facades of buildings, during their lifespan, suffer degradation due to attacks of chemical agents and due to deposition of particles on their surface. As consequences, there are losses on the performance of their materials and aesthetics disfiguration of the facades by stains, implying repairing actions involving high costs. The products available nowadays on the brasilian market with the purpose to avoid the staining of the facades have low efficiency, and the main products between them adopt the technique of post-treatment with hydrophobing, which generally modify the colour of the substrate and which can originate new pathologies. Taking advantage of new technologies, the titanium dioxide (TiO2) appears as a nanometric material widely studied in the scientific area, being pottentialy used as photocatalyser. The present work has verified the possibility of obtention of self-cleaning surfaces after addition of TiO2 in white mortar coverings. Those, from photocatalyser properties of the TiO2 can become self-cleaning under the action of solar radiation (UV) and rain. There were prepared mortars of trace 1:2 and 1:3, with additions of 0%, 5% and 10% of TiO2 in relation of the cement weight, with steady consistency. The samples were sprinkled with different staining agents: methylene blue, pollution particulates, corrosion product, graffiti; and without stains (reference). After that, these samples were exposed to the ambiental conditions of the city of Porto Alegre. Through 84 days, scannings were made with portable spectrophotometer to evaluate the self-cleaning effect. The physicalmechanical properties of the mortars were also verified. The results point out that mortars with addition of TiO2 required a bigger amount of water, they presented bigger density in the fresh state and smaller contents of incorporated air. Besides, the compression resistance was high to the richest trace (1:2) and remained constant to the poor trace (1:3). Moreover, they have showed themselves more clear/white as bigger was the percentage of addition. The self-cleaning effect can be more easily noticed on the methylene blue stain, however, the cleaning occurred both in mortars with addition of TiO2 and in mortars without the addition. In stains which generate a film above the plate, the self-cleaning effect was hampered.

O cromo hexavalente – Cr(VI) – presente nos efluentes das indústrias galvânicas, entre outras, é tóxico para maioria dos micro-organismos e potencialmente danoso para a saúde humana. No presente trabalho se estuda a redução de Cr(VI) pelos processos fotoquímicos com álcoois e fotocatálise heterogênea, primeiramente em um reator batelada, com objetivo de obter o melhor processo para aplicação industrial. Na sequência, foram realizados experimentos com efluente industrial, contendo Cr(VI), proveniente de uma indústria galvânica. Após, foram projetados e construídos dois reatores contínuos, o reator em forma de espiral e o reator tubular (radiação artificial e luz solar), com intuito de viabilizar a aplicação industrial do melhor processo de redução de Cr(VI). As reações de redução fotocatalítica de Cr(VI), sob radiação UV, alcançaram reduções totais de Cr(VI) de 66,5% e 56,7% para os catalisadores TiO2 e ZnO, respectivamente, indicando que o catalisador TiO2 foi mais eficiente que o catalisador ZnO. As reações de redução fotoquímica de Cr(VI) com etanol apresentaram altos valores de redução total de Cr(VI), sendo que as reações sob radiação UV (96,1%) foram mais eficientes que as reações sob radiação visível (48,1%). Na redução fotocatalítica de Cr(VI) com TiO2, na presença de etanol, sob radiação UV, foi observada uma redução de Cr(VI) de 92,9% maior do que a redução obtida nas reações fotocatalíticas com TiO2 sob radiação UV (66,5%), evidenciando o efeito sinérgico entre a oxidação do etanol e a redução do Cr(VI). Quando usados com efluente industrial, estes processos mostraram-se eficientes e obtiveram altos valores de redução total de Cr(VI), possibilitando o uso destes tratamentos para remoção de Cr(VI) presente em efluentes de indústrias galvânicas. Entretanto, dentre estes processos estudados, o mais indicado para aplicação industrial foi a fotoquímica com etanol sob radiação UV, pois dispensa o uso de processos de separação do catalisador e apresenta menores custos com reagentes, sendo o etanol de baixo custo, não tóxico e de fácil aquisição. O reator contínuo espiral, projetado e construído, mostrou-se mais eficiente do que o reator batelada, apresentando uma eficiência fotônica de 2,5% comparada a 1,4% para o reator batelada. Ainda, este reator mostrou-se eficiente quando usado com efluente industrial, apresentando uma redução total de Cr(VI) de 51,8%, em 6 horas de reação, sendo sua configuração considerada suscetível para um scale-up. Assim, um reator tubular (radiação artificial e luz solar) foi projetado e construído em escala semi-piloto. Este reator apresentou uma remediação de Cr(VI), presente no efluente industrial, de 86,7% em 6 horas de reação sob luz solar e mostrou uma eficiência fotônica maior do que o reator contínuo espiral. Ainda, o reator tubular apresentou eficiência fotônica similar quando usado com lâmpadas (5,6%) ou luz solar (5,5%), porém as reações sob luz solar mostraram uma maior redução total de Cr(VI) quando comparadas com as reações sob radiação artificial. Assim, o reator tubular, projetado e construído, mostrou-se eficiente quando aplicado para o tratamento de efluente industrial contendo Cr(VI), pelo processo de redução fotoquímica. Além disso, o uso do reator tubular solar minimiza a quantidade de energia elétrica necessária para a reação, reduzindo não somente os custos do processo, como também se tornando uma tecnologia ambientalmente sustentável. / Hexavalent chromium – Cr(VI) – present in wastewater discharge of galvanic industries is toxic to most microorganisms and potentially harmful to human health. In this work were studied Cr(VI) reduction by heterogeneous photocatalysis and photochemistry with alcohols processes, firstly in a batch reactor, in order to obtain the best process for industrial application. Subsequently, experiments were conducted using real wastewater from an electroplating plant. In order to feasible the industrial application of best Cr(VI) reduction process were designed and built two continuous reactors, the spiral shaped reactor and the tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight). The photocatalytic reduction reaction of Cr(VI) under UV radiation achieved total Cr(VI) reduction of 66.5% and 56.7% for TiO2 and ZnO catalysts, respectively, indicating that the TiO2 catalyst was more efficient than ZnO catalyst. The photochemical reduction reaction of Cr(VI) with ethanol presented high values of total Cr(VI) reduction, and the reactions under UV radiation (96.10%) were more efficient than the reactions under visible radiation (48.1%). In the photocatalytic reduction reaction of Cr(VI) with TiO2 in the presence of ethanol under UV radiation was observed a Cr(VI) reduction of 92.9% greater than the reduction obtained in the photocatalytic reactions with TiO2 under UV radiation (66.5%), demonstrating the synergistic effect between ethanol oxidation and Cr(VI) reduction. When used with real wastewater these processes proved to be efficient and showed high values of total Cr(VI) reduction, enabling the use of these treatments for removal of Cr(VI) present in wastewater discharge of galvanic industries. However, among these processes studied, the most suitable for industrial application appears to be photochemistry with ethanol under UV radiation, because it does not require catalyst separation processes and presents lower reagent costs, since ethanol is inexpensive, non-toxic and easy to purchase. The spiral shaped reactor, which was designed and built, showed more efficient than the batch reactor, presenting a photonic efficiency of 2.5% compared to 1.4% for the batch reactor. Additionally, this reactor was effective when applied to real wastewater, presenting a total Cr(VI) reduction of 51.8% in 6 hours of reaction, and its configuration is suitable for scale up. Thus, a tubular reactor (artificial radiation and sunlight) was designed and built in semi-pilot scale. This reactor presented a Cr(VI) remediation of 86.7% in 6 hours of reaction under sunlight and showed a photonic efficiency higher than spiral shaped reactor. Additionally, the tubular reactor presented similar photonic efficiency when used with either lamps (5.6%) or sunlight (5.5%), however the reactions under sunlight showed a greater total Cr(VI) reduction when compared to the reactions under artificial radiation. Therefore, the tubular reactor, which was designed and built, proved to be efficient when applied to treatment of real wastewater containing Cr(VI) by photochemical reduction process. Furthermore, the use of a solar tubular reactor minimizes the amount of electricity required for the reaction, which not only reduces process costs, but also makes the technology more environmentally sustainable.

Submitted by Jos? Henrique Henrique (jose.neves@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-07-27T21:01:57Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tatiana_santos_andrade.pdf: 1604049 bytes, checksum: bb2c3cf0ac4aa6046bb0b61a72490f8e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2018-10-05T19:08:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tatiana_santos_andrade.pdf: 1604049 bytes, checksum: bb2c3cf0ac4aa6046bb0b61a72490f8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-05T19:08:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) tatiana_santos_andrade.pdf: 1604049 bytes, checksum: bb2c3cf0ac4aa6046bb0b61a72490f8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / Com a crescente relev?ncia da produ??o do biodiesel no cen?rio atual, intensifica-se tamb?m a gera??o de glicerol bruto. O glicerol ? formado em abund?ncia nessa cadeia produtiva, representando 10% em peso do produto final. Dessa forma, a fim de permitir maior competitividade para a ind?stria do biodiesel, faz-se imprescind?vel a investiga??o por alternativas que visem o aproveitamento desse subproduto. Entre as poss?veis transforma??es promissoras para o glicerol bruto, encontra-se o emprego de c?lulas fotoeletroqu?micas. Nessas c?lulas, solu??es aquosas de glicerol s?o convertidas em hidrog?nio gasoso quando energia luminosa suficiente ? incidida sobre o fotocatalisador. Apesar do grande potencial das c?lulas fotoeletroqu?micas para o aproveitamento do glicerol, o desafio prevalecente ? sintetizar um fotocatalisador que gere uma alta corrente fotovoltaica nas condi??es envolvidas, e tenha uma alta estabilidade e capacidade de absor??o da luz v?sivel. Neste trabalho, sintetizou-se fotocatalisadores ? base de BiVO4, WO3 e V2O5 por m?todo drop coating, a fim de avaliar seu potencial emprego em c?lulas fotoeletroqu?micas em solu??es de glicerol. As propriedades fotoeletroqu?micas dos materiais foram investigadas por voltametria c?clica, imped?ncia eletroqu?mica, Mott-Schottky, cronoamperometria e cronopotenciometria em solu??es de Na2SO4 e Na2SO3. Al?m disso, caracterizou-se os materiais por reflect?ncia difusa (DRS), Difra??o de Raios-X (DRX) e microscopia eletr?nica de varredura (MEV). Os resultados mostram que as heterojun??es sintetizadas s?o fotocatalisadores eficientes para clivagem da ?gua. Particularmente, a heterojun??o de BiVO4/WO3/V2O5 se destaca pela gera??o de alta corrente fotovoltaica e boas propriedades fotoeletroqu?micas, mostrando que a jun??o dos tr?s materiais foi realizada com ?xito. Testes em solu??es de glicerina geraram resultados ainda melhores, enaltecendo o desempenho dessa heterojun??o em c?lulas fotoeletroqu?micas para aproveitamento de glicerol. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Biocombust?veis, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2018. / The growing relevance of biodiesel production in the current scenario, it also intensifies the generation of crude glycerol. Crude glycerol is formed in abundance in this productive chain, representing 10% by weight of the final product. Thus, in order to allow greater competitiveness for biodiesel industry, it is essential to search for alternatives that aim at new applications for this by-product. Among possible promising transformations for crude glycerol, it can be used in photoelectrochemical cells. In these cells, aqueous solutions of glycerol can be converted into gaseous hydrogen if sufficient light energy is irradiated on the photocatalyst. Despite the great potential of photoelectrochemical cells, the most challenge issue is to synthesize a photocatalyst that generates a high photovoltaic current, has a good stability and excellent light absorption capacity. In this work, photocatalysts based on BiVO4, WO3 and V2O5 were synthesized by drop coating technique, in order to evaluate their potential in photoelectrochemical cells containing glycerol aqueous solutions. To evaluate their photoelectrical properties, electrochemical impedance, Mott-Schottky, chronoamperometry and chronopotentiometry were performed in Na2SO4 and Na2SO3 solutions. In addition, the semiconductors were characterized by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results show that the heterojunctions formed are promising photocatalysts. Particularly, the BiVO4/WO3/V2O5 heterejunction stands out for the generation of high photovoltaic current and good properties, showing that this triple junction was successfully made. Tests in glycerol solutions generated even better results, highlighting the performance of this material for photoelectrochemical cells using glycerol.