This study examines the interaction between portraits by the exponent of French colourist painting Nicolas de Largillierre (1656–1745) and elite spectatorship in the early eighteenth century as enactment of the idea of painting as an art of pleasing the eye. As developed in the theory of art of Roger de Piles (1635–1709), the idea of painting as an art of pleasing the eye coexisted with the classicist view, which in turn emphasised the potential of painting to communicate discursive meanings and hence to engage the mind. The idea of painting as an art of pleasing the eye was associated with a taste that valued the pictorial effects of painting and related to the ideal of honnêteté, which expanded on the art of pleasing in polite society by means of external appearances as a sign of social distinction. The aim of the study is to explore how portraits by Nicolas de Largillierre address the spectator and how such paintings might have come to have meaning for spectators in the early eighteenth century. To do this, the study takes a performative approach and defines meaning as a product of the interplay of pictorial effects and spectatorial response, progressing from the initial encounter throughout the sustained exploration of the paintings. Building on close analyses of selected paintings and readings of texts that bear on issues of pictorial imitation, spectatorship and social interaction, the study brings into focus the interplay of cognitive and sensory activities, including verbal articulation and bodily movement, which come into play in the production of meanings through the act of spectatorial experience. The study also emphasises the interplay of the mimetic and the material aspects of the paintings as an important bearer of meanings and identifies several interrelated sites of tension in which the pictorial effectiveness of the portraits resides. The study concludes by suggesting that to infer such meanings, the spectator should be prepared to respond to the address of the paintings actively, by engaging the mind, the senses and the body. Such an interpretation of the interaction between portrait paintings and spectators proposes a complex view of the ways in which artistic and spectatorial practices in the early eighteenth century might have interacted to create meanings while reproducing at the same time social and aesthetic conventions and ideals, such as the art of pleasing the eye. / <p>Fulltexten går inte att ladda ned eller att skriva ut pga upphovsrättslliga skäl. Går endast att läsa på skärmen.</p>

Thesis (MscAgric (Horticulture))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Experiments were conducted to increase the percentage class one ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Cripps’ Pink’ apples. ‘Granny Smith’ is the most widely grown apple cultivar in South Africa, but its profitability is compromised by the high incidence of sunburn, red blush and poor green colour development. ‘Cripps’ Pink’ is a very lucrative cultivar and producers are striving to maximise the production of fruit that qualify for export. Fruit technologists and growers are debating whether it is best to maximise class one fruit in ‘Cripps’ Pink’ by increasing total yield or by increasing fruit quality. The relationship between ‘Granny Smith’ canopy position and external fruit quality was investigated. Light exposure, peel temperature, green colour development, sunburn and red blush development was followed for individual fruit from the outer, intermediate and inner canopy. Dark green fruit were exposed to moderate to high light levels (25-50% full sun) during the first half of fruit development, similar to fruit that eventually developed sunburn and red blush. The difference came in during the latter half of fruit development when dark green fruit became shaded (3% full sun). Pale green fruit contained less chlorophyll due to consistent low light levels (2% full sun). Fruit at partially shaded canopy positions had a lower occurrence of sunburn and red blush than outside fruit and better green colour development than fruit from the heavily shaded inner canopy. Based on these data, pruning strategies and mulching were evaluated to alter canopy vigour and the light environment in such a way that green colour development is promoted and the occurrence of sunburn and red blush is reduced. In an older, vigorous orchard with a dense canopy, pruning was done to increase light distribution for green colour development and to induce more growth on the side of the trees that are prone to sunburn and red blush. Pruning improved green colour development without affecting sunburn or red blush. In a younger, non-vigorous orchard, pruning and mulching were used to invigorate the canopy to increase shading of fruit and thereby decrease sunburn and red blush. However, these treatments were not effective. Further research should focus on the use of shade nets, accompanied by rigorous pruning, to reduce sunburn and red blush while not decreasing green colour. Five different crop loads were established in an exceptionally high yielding (averaging over 100 ton·ha1) ‘Cripps’ Pink’ orchard by first the thinning of clusters, then the removal of small fruit and, finally, the selective removal of fruit from the shaded inner canopy. Treatments had no effect on iv fruit quality in the first season. The most severe thinning treatment increased the percentage class one fruit in the second season by increasing the number of fruit with adequate red blush. However, seen cumulatively, the higher crop loads yielded more class one fruit per hectare than the lower crop loads, without affecting reproductive and vegetative development or fruit storability. Producers should strive for the highest crop loads allowed by the fruit size limitations in cultivars that are not prone to alternate bearing / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Eksperimente is uitgevoer om die persentasie uitvoerkwaliteit ‘Granny Smith’ en ‘Cripps Pink’ appels te verhoog. ‘Granny Smith’ maak die grootste deel uit van appel aanplantings in Suid Afrika, maar die winsgewendheid daarvan word beperk deur `n hoë voorkoms van sonbrand, rooi blos en swak groen kleurontwikkeling. ‘Cripps’ Pink’ is `n baie winsgewende kultivar en produsente streef daarna om die persentasie uitvoerkwaliteit vrugte te maksimaliseer. Vrugte tegnoloë en produsente debatteer oor die wenslikheid daarvan om uitvoerkwaliteit vrugte te maksimeer deur totale produksie te verhoog of deur vrugkwaliteit te verbeter. Die verband tussen ‘Granny Smith’ draposisie in die blaredak en eksterne vrugkwaliteit is ondersoek. Ligvlakke, skiltemperatuur, groen kleurontwikkeling, sonbrand en rooi blos ontwikkeling is deur die loop van die seisoen gevolg vir individuele vrugte aan die buitekant, binnekant en intermediêre posisies binne die blaredak. Daar is gevind dat die donkerste groen vrugte, nes vrugte wat uiteindelik sonbrand en rooi blos ontwikkel het, blootgestel was aan matige tot hoë ligvlakke (25-50% vol son) gedurende die eerste helfte van vrugontwikkeling. Donker groen vrugte is egter oorskadu (3% vol son) tydens die tweede helfte van vrugontwikkeling. Vanweë konstante lae beligting (2% vol son) het binne vrugte min chlorofiel geakkumuleer en daarom is hierdie vrugte lig van kleur. Vrugte in gedeeltelike skadu ontwikkel min sonbrand en rooi blos in vergelyking met buite vrugte en toon beter groen kleurontwikkeling as vrugte in diep skadu binne die boom. Gegrond op bogenoemde resultate is die gebruik van snoei strategieë en deklae om die groeikrag en die ligomgewing van die boom te modifiseer, ten einde groen kleur ontwikkeling te bevorder en sonbrand en rooi blos te verminder, geëvalueer. In ‘n ouer, groeikragtige boord met ‘n digte blaredak is snoei gebruik om ligverspreiding te verbeter vir groen ontwikkeling en om meer groei te stimuleer aan die buitekant van die boom wat meer geneig is tot sonbrand en rooiblos. Groen kleur is wel verbeter, maar sonbrand en rooi blos is nie geaffekteer nie. In `n jonger, minder groeikragtige boord is ‘n deklaag aangebring en eenjarige lote getop, sodoende groei te stimuleer om sonbrand en rooi blos te verminder deur oorskaduwing van vrugte. Hierdie behandelings was egter nie effektief nie. Toekomstige navorsing moet fokus op die gebruik van skadunette tesame met ‘n nougesette snoei strategie om sonbrand en rooi blos te verminder sonder om groen kleur te verswak. Vyf verskillende vrugladings is geskep in `n uitermatig produktiewe (gemiddeld meer as 100 ton·ha-1) ‘Cripps’ Pink’ boord deur eers vrugtrosse uit te dun, gevolg deur die verwydering van klein vrugte en, laastens, die selektiewe verwydering van vrugte in die diep skaduwee van die binneste blaredak. Vrugkwaliteit is nie in die eerste seisoen nie deur oeslading geaffekteer nie. Die strafste uitdunbehandeling het wel die persentasie uitvoerbare vrugte in die tweede seisoen verhoog deur die aantal vrugte met voldoende rooi blos te vermeerder. Kumulatief gesien, het die hoër oesladings egter meer klas een vrugte per hektaar opgelewer sonder om die reproduktiewe en vegetatiewe ontwikkeling of die stoorvermoë van vrugte te affekteer. Produsente moet strewe na die hoogste oesladings wat toegelaat word deur vruggrootte beperkings in kultivars wat nie geneig is tot alternerende drag nie

Syfte: Att utformning av logotyp har stor vikt för företagets identitet är allmän känt, men detär minst lika viktigt för ett företag att ha en logotyp som kan förmedla deras budskap ut tillkonsument. Syftet med detta arbete blev därmed att analysera hur de atmosfäriska stimulivariabler,färg, typografi och symbol, påverkar konsumentens uppfattning av logotypensavsedda kundbudskap inom tjänsteföretag. Metod: Detta arbete grundades på ”mixed methods”, vilket är en kombination av kvalitativoch kvantitativ forskningsmetod. Den empiriska undersökningen skedde genom fyra styckensemistrukturerade intervjuer och därefter genomfördes en webbaserad enkätundersökning.Informationen som framställdes från intervjuerna användes för att utformaenkätundersökningen, och den population enkätundersökningen omfattades uppgick tillungefär 5 695 respondenter. Sedan analyserades inkomna enkätsvar med hjälp av enkorrelationsanalys och en klusteranalys, som skapades i programmet SPSS, och jämfördesmed tidigare teori samt företagens intervjuer. Resultat &amp; slutsats: Företag kan ha budskap med goda motiveringar bakom dem, men trotsdetta finns svårigheter för respondenter att uppfatta dessa budskap genom endast en logotyp.Det är därför mycket möjligt att mer än en ensam logotyp behövs för att dessa budskap ska nåhela vägen fram, exempelvis en symbol eller slogan. Respondenterna uppfattar en logotypsom lättare att komma ihåg de gånger som färgen sticker ut, typsnittet är “utöver det vanliga”eller när logotypen innehåller en symbol. Examensarbetets bidrag: Undersökningens genomförande har tillfört både praktiska ochteoretiska bidrag, framförallt inom forskning som berör färg och typografi i logotypen. Bland annat har undersökningen visat att företag med god eftertanke och välmotiverade val kanförmedla flera budskap och deras affärsidé ut till konsument. Detta visar på att det inte endastär företags fysiska agerande som är av betydelse, utan lika stor del av konsumentensuppfattning om företaget ligger i företagets grafiska marknadsföring utåt. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ytterligare forskning kring de atmosfäriska stimulivariablernafärg, typografi och symboler i den grafiska profilen behövs. Att då undersökavilka färger som klassificeras som varma, kalla och neutrala inom olika områden, såsomSverige, Norden, Skandinavien och Europa, hade varit relevant. Likaså hade undersökning avi vilken utsträckning typsnitt med normal tjocklek och fet tjocklek påverkar läsbarheten varitintressant. / Aim: The design of a logo is of great importance to the company's identity, but it is equallyimportant for a company to have a logo that can convey their message to the consumer aswell. The purpose of this paper was thus to analyze how the atmospheric stimuli-variables,colour, typography and symbol affect the customer's perception of the logo's intendedcustomer messages within service companies. Method: This work was based on “mixed methods”, which is a combination of qualitativeand quantitative research methods. The empirical survey was conducted through foursemistructured interviews and an online survey was conducted. The information obtainedfrom the interviews was used to design the survey, and the population that the survey coveredamounted to approximately 5,695 respondents. Then, surveyed questionnaires were analyzedusing a correlation analysis and a cluster analysis, created in the SPSS-program, compared toprevious theory and corporate interviews. Result &amp; Conclusions: Companies can have messages with good motivations behind them,but despite that it is difficult for respondents to perceive them through just one logo. Therefore, it is possible that more than a single logo is needed for these messages to reach allthe way, for example with a symbol or slogan. Respondents perceive a logo as easier toremember the times the colour stands out, the font is "beyond the usual" or when the logocontains a symbol. Contribution of the thesis: The study's implementation has added both practical andtheoretical contributions, especially in research related to colour and typography in logotypes.Among other things, the survey has shown that companies with good reflection and wellmotivatedchoices can convey several messages and their business idea to consumers. Thisshows that it is not only corporate physical activity that is important, but as much is perceivedin the company's graphic marketing towards consumers. Suggestions for future research: To carry out further studies on the atmospheric stimulivariables colour, typography and symbols in the graphic profile is needed. To investigatewhich colours classified as warm, cold and neutral in different areas, such as Sweden, Nordiccountries, Scandinavia and Europe, would been relevant. Similarly, examination of the extentto which fonts of normal thickness and fat thickness affect readability would be interesting.

Misumena vatia est supposée, depuis plus d‟un siècle, adapter sa couleur à celle de son substrat pour diminuer sa probabilité d‟être détectée par des proies et des prédateurs. Il existe cependant un décalage entre la quantité de travaux sur son écologie, sa notoriété en tant qu‟experte du camouflage, et la connaissance réelle sur son camouflage et le changement de couleur. Le but de cette thèse était d‟aborder le camouflage d‟un point de vue sensoriel, à une échelle communautaire, en combinant plusieurs approches. Il a été ainsi démontré que si M. vatia était indétectable dans l‟achromatique à longue distance, le niveau de contraste chromatique à courte distance était dépendant du substrat et de l‟identité du receveur. Des études électrophysiologiques et comportementales montrent de manière convergente que M. vatia possède la vision des couleurs. Les juvéniles utilisent cette habilité pour choisir des substrats qui les rendent peu détectable pour les proies. Enfin, les résultats de cette thèse sont replacés dans un contexte évolutif et physiologique plus général. / Misumena vatia is assumed for more than a century to adapt its colouration to the colour of its substrate in order to decrease the risk of being detected by prey and predators. However, a discrepancy exists between the large quantity of works on its ecology, its fame as an expert of camouflage and the empirical knowledge about its cryspis and colour change mechanisms. The aim of this thesis was therefore to study crypsis from a community sensory perspective, using an approach combing physiology, behaviour and colour vision models. We showed that if M. vatia was undetectable at long distance through achromatic vision, the chromatic contrast value is quite dependent of both substrates and receiver identities. Electrophysiological recordings and behavioural choices all concur to show that M. vatia is able to see colours. Spiderlings use this ability for making choices among coloured backgrounds diminishing its conspicuousness to potential prey. Finally, the results of this thesis are discussed in an evolutionary and physiological context.

Synaesthesia is a variation of normal human perception. A grapheme synaesthete, for example, can experience extra sensations, such as colours when seeing letters and/or numbers. Synaesthetic ability is commonly developed at an early age, and is linked to a genetic pre-disposition; however, there is a learnt component, as one must also learn to read and write to develop grapheme synaesthesia. To explore the extent to which synaesthesia can be learnt, a training method was employed, which was first used by Colizoli, Murre and Rouw (2012). In order to learn their own coloured letters a group of non-synaesthetic individuals read colour books, which are free eBooks reproduced to have four letters consistently appear in colour. Before and after reading, the participants completed a modified Stroop-design based on Mills (1999), which was used to measure if they had learnt the two key characteristics of synaesthesia, namely an involuntary and automatic reaction to letters. Both the colour reading (n=15) and control (n=6) groups did not have a significant involuntary reaction to letters. However, it was found that the participants had significantly more automatic reactions to letters. This included the control group, who did not read in colour, which suggests that merely completing the modified Stroop test is enough to learn the automatic characteristic of grapheme synaesthesia. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) accumulation is a hallmark of atherosclerosis and vascular injury. However, fundamental aspects of proliferation and the phenotypic changes within individual VSMCs, which underlie vascular disease remain unresolved. In particular, it is not known if all VSMCs proliferate and display plasticity, or whether individual cells can switch to multiple phenotypes. To assess whether proliferation and plasticity in disease is a general characteristic of VSMCs or a feature of a subset of cells, multi-colour lineage labelling is used to demonstrate that VSMCs in injury-induced neointimal lesions and in atherosclerotic plaques are oligo-clonal, derived from few expanding cells, within mice. Lineage tracing also revealed that the progeny of individual VSMCs contribute to both alpha Smooth muscle actin (aSma)-positive fibrous cap and Mac-3-expressing macrophage-like plaque core cells. Co-staining for phenotypic markers further identified a double-positive aSma+ Mac3+ cell population, which is specific to VSMC-derived plaque cells. In contrast, VSMC-derived cells generating the neointima after vascular injury generally retained expression of VSMC markers and upregulation of Mac3 was less pronounced. Monochromatic regions in atherosclerotic plaques and injury-induced neointima did not contain VSMC-derived cells expressing a different fluorescent reporter protein, suggesting that proliferation-independent VSMC migration does not make a major contribution to VSMC accumulation in vascular disease. Similarly, VSMC proliferation was examined in an Angiotensin II perfusion model of aortic aneurysm in mice, oligo-clonal proliferation was observed in remodelling regions of the vasculature, however phenotypic changes were observed in a large proportion of VSMCs, suggesting that the majority of VSMCs have some potential to modulate their phenotype. To understand the mechanisms behind the inherent VSMC heterogeneity and observed functionality, the single cell transcriptomic techniques Smart-seq2 and the Chromium 10X system were optimized for use on VSMCs. The work within this thesis suggests that extensive proliferation of a low proportion of highly plastic VSMCs results in the observed VSMC accumulation after injury, and the atherosclerotic and aortic aneurysm models of cardiovascular disease.

The quality of the pork meat is strongly influenced by the existent gaseous composition around it. With the objective of determining the effects of mixtures of gases on meat, steaks of 100g of loin (longuissimus dorsi) and rib of swine was conditioned in plastic packages with high barrier to gases, being injected different concentrations of CO2, N2, O2 and CO. The samples were stored at 4°C for 30 days, making possible the analysis of these atmospheres on parameters as color, odour, microbial flora, pH and lipid oxidation. For this essay, the following treatments were used: 15%O2, 5%CO2 and 80%N2 (T1); 20%CO2 and 80%N2 (T2); 70%CO2, 29,5%N2 and 0,5% CO (T3) and Vacuum (T4), with the packages being opened every 4 days so that the analyses were made. It was observed that the treatment T3 was the one that best conserved the steaks colour of swine. Referring to color, the treatment T3 was the one which presented the best results, differing significantly from the other treatments and maintaining the desirable brilliant red color in meat, demonstrating the influence of CO in this factor of quality. The pork rib, due to its bone structure, presented smaller shelf-life than the loin. This way, the modified atmosphere becomes one more option for the commercialization of red meat. / A qualidade da carne suína é fortemente influenciada pela composição gasosa existente em sua volta. Com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos de misturas de gases sobre a carne, porcionados de 100g de lombo (longuissimus dorsi) e costela de suínos foram acondicionados em embalagens plásticas com alta barreira a gases, sendo injetadas diferentes concentrações de CO2, N2, O2 e CO. As amostras foram estocadas a 4°C por 30 dias, possibilitando a análise da ação destas atmosferas sobre parâmetros como cor, odor, flora microbiana, pH e oxidação lipídica. Os porcionados foram divididos em quatro tratamentos: 15%O2, 5%CO2 e 80%N2 (T1); 20%CO2 e 80%N2 (T2); 70%CO2, 29,5%N2 e 0,5% CO (T3) e Vácuo (T4), sendo as embalagens abertas a cada 4 dias para que fossem efetuadas as análises. Foi observado que o tratamento T3 foi o que melhor influenciou a cor dos porcionados de suíno, conferindo uma vida de prateleira de 26 dias sob refrigeração. No que diz respeito à cor, o tratamento T3 foi o que apresentou os melhores resultados, diferindo significativamente dos demais tratamentos e mantendo a cor vermelha brilhante desejável em carnes, demonstrando a influência do CO neste fator da qualidade. A costela suína, em decorrência de sua matriz óssea, apresentou uma vida de prateleira menor do que o lombo. Desta forma, a atmosfera modificada passa a ser mais uma opção para a comercialização de carnes vermelhas.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3039736 bytes, checksum: b5085a1b7abd18466b736a0a3c3e8de7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-09 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study proposes a digital image-based flow-batch analyzer (DIB-FBA) for the determination of Al(III) and Cr(VI) in waters. The proposed DIB-FBA uses a webcam with CCD sensor for acquisition of the images generated according to the RGB (Red-Green-Blue) colour system. The method for determination of Al(III) is based on reaction of this ion with quercetin and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, yielding a yellow complex with maximum absorption at 428 nm. Chromium(VI) determination is accomplished by reaction of this ion with 1,5-diphenylcarbazide, whose product is a violet complex with maximum absorption at 548 nm. All calibration solutions were prepared in-line, and all analytical processes completed by simply changing the operational parameters in the DIB-FBA control software. The linear response ranges from 10 to 600 μg L−1 for Al (III) and from 10 to 300 μg L−1 for Cr (VI). Linear models for analytical curves were validated using ANOVA, F-test for lack of fit and residual plots. The limits of detection and sampling rates were estimated as 3,97 μg L−1 and 137 h−1, for Al(III) and 3,40 μg L−1 and 134 h−1, for Cr(VI), respectively. DIB-FBA performance was compared with the reference methods for determination of both analytes, and no statistically significant difference was observed between results by applying the paired t-test at a 95% confidence level. / Esse estudo propõe um analisador fluxo-batelada baseado em imagem digital (DIB-FBA) para determinação de Al(III) e Cr(VI) em águas. O DIB-FBA utiliza uma webcam com sensor CCD para a aquisição das imagens geradas de acordo com o sistema de cor RGB (Red-Green-Blue). O método para a determinação de Al(III) baseia-se na reação com quercetina e o brometo de cetiltrimetilamônio, produzindo um complexo amarelo com máximo de absorção em 428 nm. A determinação de cromo é baseada na reação do íon Cr(VI) com 1,5-difenilcarbazida, cujo o produto é um complexo de coloração violeta com máximo de absorção em 548 nm. Todas as soluções de calibração foram preparadas in-line e todos os processos analíticos foram realizados simplesmente mudando os parâmetros operacionais do aplicativo de controle do DIB-FBA. A resposta linear para o Al(III) se estende de 10 a 600 μg L−1 e para o Cr(VI) de 10 a 300 μg L−1. Os modelos lineares das curvas analíticas foram validados por intermédio de ANOVA, teste F para falta de ajuste e da análise gráfica dos resíduos deixados pelos modelos. Os limites de detecção e as frequências analíticas foram estimadas como sendo, respectivamente, 3,97 μg L−1 e 137 h−1, para o Al(III) e 3,40 μg L−1 e 134 h−1, para o Cr(VI). Os resultados da aplicação do DIB-FBA foram comparados com os obtidos empregando os respectivos métodos de referência. Constatou-se que não existe nenhuma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os resultados, aplicando o teste t-pareado ao nível de confiança de 95%.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 parte1.pdf: 2505729 bytes, checksum: e872a92484e063cf1f264ba7b16d9e2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work proposes the use of digital images captured by a Webcam for determination of total acidity in red wines by means of an acid-base titration without using an external indicator. Digital images present the colour of the emergent radiation, which is complementary to the radiation absorbed by molecules of anthocyanines presents in wines. Each image, generated according to RGB system, yields a matrix of the values of the R, G and B components whose averages define a the colour value obtained as: 2R ⋅2G ⋅2B. This value was adopted as analytical response to build titrations curves based on digital images (DIB). For a more precise localization of the end point, titrations curves were generated on the basis of the second derivative values of the analytical response. Anthocyanines present different colours according to medium pH and, from the variation of the colour values of the images obtained during the titration of the red wines, the end point could be detected with precision. The official method recommends the use of potenciometric titration for determination of total acidity in red wines. This method requires a dilution of the sample before the titration that must be carried out until a fixed value of pH (8.2 8.4). In order to illustrate the feasibility of the proposed method titrations involving the determination of total acidity in ten red wines samples were carried out. Results were compared to the ones obtained by potenciometric titration used as reference method. No statistic difference has been observed between the results by applying the paired t-test at 95% confidence level. The proposed method yielded results with a better precision than the official method. These advantageous characteristics are attributed to the trivariate nature of the measures associated to digital images. / Neste trabalho, propõe-se o uso de imagens digitais, capturadas com uma Webcam, para determinação da acidez total de vinhos tintos por meio de titulação ácido-base sem a utilização de indicador externo. As imagens digitais apresentam a cor da radiação emergente que é complementar à da radiação absorvida por moléculas de antocianinas presentes nos vinhos. Cada imagem, gerada de acordo com o sistema vermelho-verde-azul (RGB), fornece uma matriz de valores dos componentes R, G e B cujas médias definem o valor de cor obtido como: 2R ⋅2G ⋅2B. Esse valor foi adotado como resposta analítica para a construção das curvas de titulação baseadas em imagens digitais (DIB). Para a localização mais precisa do ponto final, foram geradas as curvas de titulação com base nos valores da segunda derivada da resposta analítica. As antocianinas apresentam diferentes cores de acordo com o pH do meio e, a partir das variações do valor de cor das imagens obtidas durante a titulação dos vinhos tintos, o ponto final pôde ser detectado com precisão. O método oficial recomenda o uso da titulação potenciométrica para a determinação da acidez total de vinhos tintos. Este método requer diluição da amostra antes da titulação que deve ser efetuada até um valor fixo de pH (8,2-8,4). A fim de ilustrar a viabilidade do método proposto, foram realizadas titulações envolvendo a determinação da acidez total em dez amostras de vinhos tintos. Os resultados foram comparados com os obtidos pela titulação potenciométrica usada como método de referência. Constatou-se que não há diferença sistemática estatisticamente significativa entre os resultados, aplicando-se o teste t emparelhado ao nível de 95% de confiança. O método proposto produziu resultados com uma precisão melhor que a do método oficial. Essas características vantajosas da titulação DIB são atribuídas à natureza trivariada das medidas associadas às imagens digitais.

Les staphylocoques à coagulase négative (SCN) sont des bactéries fréquemment isolées de viandes et de produits carnés. Parmi les SCN, seules les deux espèces S. xylosus et S. carnosus sont utilisées comme ferments dans les produits carnés. Dans ces produits, il est d’usage d’ajouter du nitrate/nitrite pour le développement de la couleur typique des salaisons. Les staphylocoques participent au développement et à la stabilité de la couleur en réduisant le nitrate en nitrite via leur activité nitrate réductase. Le nitrite est chimiquement réduit en monoxyde d’azote (NO), qui se lie au fer de l’hème de la myoglobine pour former la nitrosomyoglobine, un pigment rouge et stable. Le contexte actuel vise à réduire l’utilisation du nitrate/nitrite afin de limiter le risque de formation de composés N-nitrosés tels que les nitrosamines. Il a été montré que les bactéries pouvaient synthétiser du NO à partir d’une oxyde nitrique synthase (NOS). Le gène nos a été identifié dans une collection de souches de SCN isolées de viande. La séquence protéique de la NOS est fortement conservée entre les espèces. Pour mettre en évidence la production de NO, un test basé sur la conversion de metmyoglobine en pigments rouges, l’oxymyoglobine et la nitrosomyoglobine, a été utilisé. Le nitrosohème contenu dans la nitrosomyoglobine a été extrait. La formation du nitrosohème, chez un mutant de délétion du gène nos de la souche S. xylosus C2a, est fortement réduite en condition limitée en oxygène et abolie en condition aérobie. De plus, la NOS de S. xylosus C2a est impliquée dans la réponse à un stress oxydant. Afin de déterminer le potentiel de production de NO de souches de S. xylosus et d’autres espèces de SCN, leur capacité à former de la nitrosomyoglobine a été évaluée. Cette formation est espèce- et souche-dépendante. Les souches de S. xylosus ont un potentiel de production de NO plus élevé que les souches des autres espèces. Ce test a également révélé que certaines souches de SCN sont capables de former de l’oxymyoglobine à partir de la metmyoglobine.Cette étude a permis de mettre en évidence l’implication de la NOS dans la production de NO chez S. xylosus et la capacité de formation de nitrosomyoglobine chez d’autres souches de SCN isolées de viande. / Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) are usually isolated from meat and meat products. In meat products, S. xylosus and S. carnosus are the only CNS species used as meat starter cultures. In these products, nitrate and nitrite are used as additives where they contribute to the development of the typical red coloration. Staphylococci contribute to the development and stability of colour through their nitrate reductase activity that reduces nitrate to nitrite. Nitrite is chemically reduced to nitric oxide (NO) which is able to bind the ferrous-heme iron to form the stable bright red nitrosomyoglobin pigment. However, the safety regarding the use of these additives on meat products has been questioned as nitrite is able to form N-nitroso compounds such as nitrosamines. Some bacteria are able to synthesize NO by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). The nos gene was identified in a collection of CNS isolated from meat. The NOS sequence is well conserved between species. NO production has been investigated based on the formation of red myoglobin derivatives from metmyoglobin such as oxymyoglobin and nitrosomyoglobin. Subsequently, the nitrosoheme was extracted from nitrosomyoglobin. Nitrosoheme formation was reduced under limited oxygenated condition while it was abolished under aerobic condition in a S. xylosus C2a nos deleted mutant. Moreover, NOS is involved in oxidative stress resistance in S. xylosus C2a. In order to determine the potential of NO production among other strains of S. xylosus and other CNS species, their potential to form nitrosomyoglobin was evaluated. Nitrosomyoglobin formation is strain- and species-dependent. This assay has also revealed that several CNS strains are able to form oxymyoglobin from metmyoglobin.This study has demonstrated NOS-dependent NO production in S. xylosus and the ability of CNS isolated from meat to form nitrosomyoglobin.