Submitted by Felipe Ramos (felipe.pitaro@gmail.com) on 2015-02-09T16:16:40Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Injustiça Ambiental - Ramos, Felipe Pitaro.pdf: 2483003 bytes, checksum: 2bdcb868986d2191d0be62e5570b3c3e (MD5) Folha de assinaturas.pdf: 332405 bytes, checksum: 58d777ab2604036de99b855cd50e55f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rafael Aguiar (rafael.aguiar@fgv.br) on 2015-02-20T13:07:43Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Injustiça Ambiental - Ramos, Felipe Pitaro.pdf: 2483003 bytes, checksum: 2bdcb868986d2191d0be62e5570b3c3e (MD5) Folha de assinaturas.pdf: 332405 bytes, checksum: 58d777ab2604036de99b855cd50e55f8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-02-24T12:31:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Injustiça Ambiental - Ramos, Felipe Pitaro.pdf: 2483003 bytes, checksum: 2bdcb868986d2191d0be62e5570b3c3e (MD5) Folha de assinaturas.pdf: 332405 bytes, checksum: 58d777ab2604036de99b855cd50e55f8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T12:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Injustiça Ambiental - Ramos, Felipe Pitaro.pdf: 2483003 bytes, checksum: 2bdcb868986d2191d0be62e5570b3c3e (MD5) Folha de assinaturas.pdf: 332405 bytes, checksum: 58d777ab2604036de99b855cd50e55f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-08 / Since the end of the monarchic period, and at the birth of the Republic, the social problem of poverty and slums have impact the formation of the city of Rio de Janeiro. Over the years, the question has many faces and many speeches. From the moment in which the Governments of the State and the municipality, since the years of 1950, made the popular representations of the slums part of its political representations, the power of discussion, participation and claim this portion of the population was diminished and dispersed. This fact paved the way for handling investments and public policies that have increased social inequality and, consequently, in places such as the neighborhood of Caju, promoted business growth policies, so intense and predatory who created in concomitance to social problems, severe environmental injustice frames. In search for the strengthening of this stage of debate, this research seeks to collaborate with the portrait of a region barely visible in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, and that since its occupation as housing area, has been transformed into environmental scanning utility territory, where inequalities arise and imprison an increasing population in the circuits of social and environmental risk. The result is a fragile reality display, and the deeper discussion about the social and environmental situation in the neighborhood of Caju / Desde o final do período monárquico, e já no nascimento da república, o problema social da pobreza e das favelas já impactava a formação da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Ao longo dos anos, a questão adotou muitas faces e muitos discursos. A partir do momento em que os governos do Estado e do Município, desde os anos de 1950, tornaram as representações populares das favelas parte de suas representações políticas, o poder de discussão, participação e reivindicação dessa parcela da população foi diminuído e disperso. Tal fato abriu caminho para a manipulação de investimentos e políticas públicas que aumentaram a desigualdade social e, por conseguinte, em locais como o bairro do Caju, promoveram políticas de crescimento empresarial tão intensas e predatórias, que criaram, em concomitância aos problemas sociais, graves quadros de injustiça ambiental. Na busca pelo fortalecimento deste palco de debates, esta pesquisa pretende colaborar com a composição do retrato de uma região, pouco visível no município do Rio de Janeiro, que, desde sua ocupação como área de moradia, vem sendo transformada em território utilitário de exploração ambiental. Nela, as desigualdades afloram e aprisionam uma população cada vez maior nos circuitos de risco social e ambiental. O resultado desta pesquisa é a exposição de uma realidade frágil e a discussão mais profunda sobre a situação social e ambiental do bairro do Caju.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-07-14T12:32:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8841136 bytes, checksum: aaa642f094b0481f15236b39854feb0a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-14T12:32:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 8841136 bytes, checksum: aaa642f094b0481f15236b39854feb0a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-16 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This is a study of Environmental Education, management and participation. It is the analysis of a situation of degradation and, at the same time, the revitalization of the “Piabas” Stream, in Campina Grande, PB. It was felt as an environmental injustice and the main concepts that guided the study were perception, (in) environmental justice, environmental education and management, from the perspective of citizenship and participation. The general objective: to Investigate the advances and limitations of the mobilization process/inter-institutional articulation by revitalising the Piabas Stream, in Campina Grande, PB; The specific goals were defined as follows: Analyze the perception and motivation of the Community in the process of revitalization, as well as the existence of channels of access in regards to the public; Characterize the main environmental problems in the riverside communities of the Piabas Stream from the point of view of local residents; Gather information about environmental actions carried out in the area, especially those regarding the Social Environmental mobilization revitalising the Stream of Piabas. As we tried to understand the complexity of the question, we have outlined a methodological path based on bibliographic and documentary research. In addition, we used the technique of participant observation, the application of semi-structured questionnaires and a photographic record. The analysis of the data took place from categories such as satisfaction regarding the situation of pollution, the diagnosis of the situation, and desire for change, critical to the public powers that be, such as State, Legislative, Executive and Judiciary, as well as suggestions for improvement and self-criticism. The results point to the fact that there is a potential conflict, that the definition of roles and responsibilities is not yet clear for the majority, that the public power has been relatively silent, that the schools, the teachers and children are actors with potential for transformation are essential, that the Community, despite being dissatisfied, has little if mobilized and that the linkage came to formalize and to unite forces in a movement of resistance some years ago, but who needs the strength of Community willing to enter and stay in the fight and, above all, modify their way of working and relationship with the environment in which they live, because that is the only way that there will be no transformation and revitalisation of the Piabas Stream and the dignity of the population contingent. / Este é um estudo de Educação Ambiental, gestão e participação. Trata-se da análise de uma situação de degradação e de, ao mesmo tempo, revitalização do Riacho das Piabas, em Campina Grande-PB. Entendeu-se como uma situação de injustiça ambiental e os conceitos principais que nortearam o estudo foram percepção, (in) justiça ambiental, educação ambiental e gestão, na perspectiva da cidadania e da participação. O objetivo geral: Investigar os avanços e limites do processo de mobilização/articulação interinstitucional pela revitalização do Riacho das Piabas, em Campina Grande-PB; Os objetivos específicos foram assim definidos: Analisar a percepção e motivação dos comunitários no processo de revitalização, assim como a (in)existência de canais de acesso à esfera pública; Caracterizar os principais problemas ambientais nas comunidades ribeirinhas do Riacho das Piabas sob o ponto de vista dos moradores locais; Levantar informações acerca das ações socioambientais realizadas na área, especialmente aquelas referentes à mobilização socioambiental pela revitalização do Riacho das Piabas. Como buscou-se compreender a complexidade em questão traçou-se um caminho metodológico baseado em pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Além disso, utilizou-se a técnica de observação participante, a aplicação de questionários semiestruturados e o registro fotográfico. A análise dos dados deu-se a partir de categorias como (in)satisfação quanto à situação de poluição, ao diagnóstico da situação, desejo de mudança, críticas ao poder público, sugestões de melhoria e autocrítica. Os resultados apontam para o fato de que existe um conflito potencial, que a definição de papéis e responsabilidades ainda não está clara para a maioria, que o poder público tem sido relativamente omisso as escolas, os educadores e as crianças são atores com potencial de transformação imprescindíveis, que os comunitários apesar de estarem insatisfeitos pouco tem se mobilizado e que a articulação veio para formalizar e somar forças em um movimento que resiste há anos, mas que precisa da força de comunitários dispostos a entrar e permanecer na luta e, acima de tudo, modificar sua forma de atuação e relação com o meio em que vivem, pois só assim haverá transformação e revitalização do Riacho das Piabas e da dignidade daquele contingente populacional.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotal.pdf: 2546280 bytes, checksum: 2d9b81564057e39f98e52fb63c67e389 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The research analyzed the performance of the Judiciary Power through the exam of the current judicial decisions of public civil action proposed by the Federal Public prosecution of the of Paraíba and Amazon before an environmental damage. The focus of it analyzes is the human and environmental relationship with emphasis in the environmental subject not just in preservation terms, but distribution and justice. For so much, the research dove in the new universe of the political ecology and of the movement for environmental justice that you relate environmental problems and social inequalities as originated of a model of unjust development, where the negative environmental damages relapse, in his majority, for the poorest populations and discriminated. This environmental focus differs of the traditional ecological studies about shortage and preservation of natural resources, there be to analyze the environment and the social actors jointly. He took place, in the first chapter, a literature revision on the environment and the environmental damage, the origin of the movement for environmental justice, through authors of the field of the right, environmental sociology, political ecology and ecological economy, and later the relationship of the movement with the development of a nation. In a second moment, it was studied the environmental conflicts as form of environmental injustice, through the approach of the social sciences, being outstanding the concept, the types of conflicts, the currents that look for solutions for the conflicts and the methodological bases in political ecology for the environmental conflicts. In the third chapter the research was accomplished, through the analysis of public civil actions environmental proposed by the Public prosecution service of the state of Paraíba and Amazon, being the results distributed in tables and graphs that indicate that the state in the state of Paraíba there are still few environmental actions when compared with Amazon; that the more predominant environmental conflict is the space that it elapses of the human action; the larger time of the conflicts is the ones that elapse of territorial disputes and the ones that involve great enterprises; the request of the Public prosecution service and the judicial decision tend her an obligation of to do or not to do to repair the damage environmental with condemnation in money and the Judiciary Power of the state of Amazon related environmental degradation and risks to the human beings in most of their actions, taking communion with the premises of the movement for environmental justice and political ecology that analyze the environment and populations for the consequences. / A pesquisa analisou a atuação do Poder Judiciário através do exame das decisões judiciais decorrentes de ação civil pública proposta pelo Ministério Público Federal do Estado da Paraíba e Amazonas diante de um dano ambiental. O foco de analise é a relação humana e ambiental com ênfase na questão ambiental não apenas em termos de preservação, mas distribuição e justiça. Para tanto, a pesquisa mergulhou no novo universo da ecologia política e do movimento por justiça ambiental que relacionam problemas ambientais e desigualdades sociais como originadas de um modelo de desenvolvimento injusto, onde os danos ambientais negativos recaem, em sua maioria, para as populações mais pobres e discriminadas. Este enfoque ambiental diferencia-se dos tradicionais estudos ecológicos sobre escassez e preservação de recursos naturais, haja analisar o meio ambiente e os atores sociais conjuntamente. Realizou-se, no primeiro capítulo, uma revisão de literatura sobre o meio ambiente e o dano ambiental, a origem do movimento por justiça ambiental, através de autores do campo do direito, sociologia ambiental, ecologia política e economia ecológica, e posteriormente a relação do movimento com o desenvolvimento de uma nação. Em um segundo momento, estudou-se os conflitos ambientais como forma de injustiça socioambiental, através da abordagem das ciências sociais, sendo destacado o conceito, os tipos de conflitos, as correntes que buscam soluções para os conflitos e as bases metodológicas em ecologia política para os conflitos ambientais. No terceiro capítulo foi realizada a pesquisa propriamente dita, através da análise de ações civis públicas ambientais propostas pelo Ministério Público Federal do Estado da Paraíba e Amazonas, sendo os resultados distribuídos em tabelas e gráficos que indicam que o estado no Estado da Paraíba ainda há poucas ações ambientais quando comparado com o Amazonas; que o conflito ambiental mais predominante é o espacial que decorre da ação humana; o tempo maior dos conflitos são os que decorrem de disputas territoriais e os que envolvem grandes empreendimentos; o pedido do Ministério Público e a decisão judicial tendem a uma obrigação de fazer ou não fazer para reparar o dano ambiental cumulada com condenação em dinheiro e o Poder Judiciário do Estado do Amazonas relacionou degradação ambiental e riscos aos seres humanos na maioria de suas ações, comungando com as premissas do movimento por justiça ambiental e ecologia política que analisam o meio ambiente e suas consequências para as populações.

Submitted by Milenna Moraes Figueiredo (milennasjn@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T19:35:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 eugeniadias.pdf: 3106149 bytes, checksum: e6b1b41d0262a88649f1048bc8a69dbb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T19:35:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 eugeniadias.pdf: 3106149 bytes, checksum: e6b1b41d0262a88649f1048bc8a69dbb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / A apropriação privada e degradante da natureza é desigual, pois exclui as classes oprimidas, fenômeno denominado de injustiça ambiental. A natureza é privatizada via licenciamento ambiental, mediante atuação articulada entre Estado e capital, respaldados pelo mito do Desenvolvimento Sustentável promotor da aliança impossível entre crescimento e proteção ambiental, discurso amortecedor de resistências e maquiador de impactos e conflitos ambientais, processo que desenha a crise ecológica e sua relação direta com o modelo hegemônico capitalista. Valendo-se do método dialético, mediante revisão bibliográfica e pesquisa documental em documentos públicos relativos ao processo licenciamento ambiental da duplicação da rodovia BR-116/392 no RS, de informativos produzidos pelo licenciado (DNIT) e de jornais locais, a pesquisa objetivou identificar limites e potencialidades da Educação Ambiental (EA) na gestão ambiental pública como medida mitigadora e compensatória de impactos ambientais e sociais, e suas implicâncias na participação das comunidades atingidas para o controle social do Estado e na distribuição do ônus e do bônus de obras e/ou atividades efetivas ou potencialmente poluidoras, na perspectiva do enfrentamento da injustiça ambiental. Para tanto, especificidades da EA neste cenário foram identificadas e relacionadas com a sua potência em manter (EA Conservadora) ou superar a injustiça ambiental e a degradação na natureza (EA Transformadora) aproveitando-se do caráter contraditório do Estado. Destacou-se a influência do Liberalismo e do Neoliberalismo no arcabouço legal brasileiro, apontando o papel contraditório e atuante do Estado frente aos ímpetos da acumulação do capital concluindo-se que as políticas ambientais, onde está inserida a EA, em geral não tem obtido êxito em mitigar e/ou compensar a crise ecológica na escala necessária, mas tão somente regular a degradação e a apropriação privada da natureza, reificando quem ganha e quem perde neste processo. Por fim, são apontados aperfeiçoamentos a EA vinculada ao licenciamento ambiental. / The private appropriation of nature and degrading is uneven, as it excludes the oppressed classes, called environmental injustice phenomenon. Nature is privatized via environmental licensing by the articulation between state and capital, backed by the myth of Sustainable Development promoter alliance impossible between growth and environmental protection, shock resistance and speech makeup of environmental impacts and conflicts, a process that draws the ecological crisis and its direct relationship with the hegemonic capitalist model. Making use of the dialectical method, through literature review and documentary research in public documents relating to the licensing process of doubling the highway BR- 116/392 in RS, licensed by the produced information (DNIT) and local newspapers, the survey aimed to identify limits and potential of environmental education (EE) in public management as mitigation and compensatory measure environmental and social impacts and their implications on the participation of affected communities for social control of the state and distribution of the burden and the bonus works and/or effective activities or potentially polluting, in view of the environmental injustice confrontation. Therefore, specific EE in this scenario were identified and related to its power to keep (EE Conservative) or exceed environmental injustice and degradation in nature (EE Manufacturing) taking advantage of the contradictory character of the state. Highlighted the influence of liberalism and neoliberalism in the Brazilian legal framework, pointing the contradictory and active role of the state to the front of capital accumulation outbursts concluding that environmental policies, where it operates the EE in general has not been successful to mitigate and/or compensate for the ecological crisis on the scale required, but only regulate the degradation and the private appropriation of nature, reifying who wins and who loses in this process. Finally, improvements are pointed EE linked to environmental licensing.

To what extent does individuals’ personal opinions influence their professional behaviour? There has been an extensive field experiment on the existence of ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labour market. There are statistics data showing that people with Swedish or occidental-sounding names have an advantage over other ethnicities when it comes to being called in for job interviews. Similarly, the wage gaps between Swedes and other ethnicities are on the rise. Rising occurrences of ethnic discrimination in recruitment is an increasing concern in the Swedish labour market. This has significant implications for ethnic minorities and the prospect of a prosperous life.This paper was based on the study of the recruiters’ approach, perception of the phenomenon of ethnic discrimination. The purpose of the study was to shed light on the presence of ethnic discrimination in the recruitment process. Using a qualitative approach and qualitative interview as a method for data sampling, this study analysed recruiters’ attitudes and understanding of ethnic discrimination in the Swedish labour market. This study answers questions regarding societal norms and perceptions, which were found to play the greatest role in facilitating the spread of ethnic discrimination and stereotyping and categorising of ethnic minorities. These behaviours were found to be indirect discriminations based on implicit bias towards other groups. / <p>2020-06-08</p>

African American males experience homicides significantly higher than other groups throughout the United States. More African Americans are victims of violence, especially deadly violence, compared to any other racial or ethnic group. While research has been conducted on the association between perceptions of police and violence among African American men ages 18 to 44, no research exists on whether social media use moderates this association among African American men ages 18 to 44. This quantitative, cross-sectional study included 45 African American men. The Past Feelings and Act of Violence (PFAV) instrument, the Perceptions of Police (POP), and the Social Media Use Integration Scale were used to measure violence, perceptions of police and social media use, respectively. Overall, participants did not have high levels of violence, had poor perceptions of police, and did not have high dependence on social media use. Study results showed a significant association between perceptions of police (F=5.271; p=.027) and community violence, where perceptions of police explained 30% of the variance in community violence scores. This study also showed that social media use did not moderate the association between perceptions of police and violence. In addition to continuing to research what factors moderate the association between perceptions of police and community violence, findings in this study could inform strategies and interventions that seek to change African American men's perceptions of police. Interventions should focus on improving relationships between African American men and law enforcement, as well as work to improve perceptions that African American men have regarding police.

Information system security literature has primarily focused on cognitive processes and their impact on information security policy noncompliance behavior. Specific cognitive theories that have been applied include planned behavior, rational choice, deterrence, neutralization, and protection motivation. However, affective processes may better determine misuse or information security policy noncompliance than cognitive processes. The purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate the impact of affective absorption (i.e. the trait or disposition to become deeply involved with one’s emotions) and affective flow (i.e. a state of deep involvement with one’s emotions) on cognitive processes in the context of attitude toward and compliance with information security policies. In essence, individuals with high levels of negative affective absorption may be more prone to experience negative affective flow which may lead to deviant behavior such as misuse of organizational information or noncompliance with information security policy. The proposed conceptual model is evaluated using the classical experimental design through a laboratory experiment. A preliminary investigation (e.g. expert panel reviews, pre-test, and pilot studies) is conducted to ensure measurement validity. During the main investigation, the proposed model and hypotheses are tested. Driven by theory, an alternative model is proposed and tested. The findings of this study underscore the need for understanding affective processes with regard to information security policy compliance behavior. By evaluating both cognitive and affective processes, we gain a more holistic understanding pertaining to information security decision making. This study contributes to information systems security literature by introducing two new constructs, affective absorption and affective flow. In addition, it asserts the need to capture actual behavior in information security research. The findings also contribute to practice by indicating that organizations should (1) include affect in their security, education, training, and awareness programs, (2) focus on eliminating frustrating tasks or reducing frustration caused by these tasks, and (3) induce positive affect through monitoring employee affect levels, identifying areas that need correction, and quickly responding to issues prior to deviance.

[pt] Esta tese aborda a temática do direito da mulher à herança, através da análise exegética, social e teológica de Nm 27,1-11 e 36,1-12. A produção exegética recente tem envidado esforços na realização de análises literárias, formais e culturais numa perspectiva diacrônica desses textos, nem sempre aberta para a pesquisa na perspectiva sincrônica e da análise do substrato teológico subjacente às narrativas. A presente pesquisa reconhece esse desiderato na pesquisa e foca na exegese sincrônica e na análise teológica. Em Nm 27,1-11, narra-se o pedido das filhas de Salfaad de participação na herança do pai, após perceberem injustiças e lacunas na legislação vigente, que resultavam na extinção do nome, da memória e do patrimônio familiar. A narrativa destaca o acolhimento dessa reivindicação por YHWH através de uma inovação jurídica. Em Nm 36,1-12, os chefes das famílias, às quais as filhas de Salfaad pertenciam, registram, por sua vez, consequências jurídicas negativas da permissão à herança de mulheres, a saber, a desintegração e perda das posses tribais. Também essa reivindicação é atendida por YHWH mediante exigência do casamento endogâmico. Os dois textos chamam a atenção por registrarem o surgimento de inovações jurídicas a partir das decisões de YHWH que acolhem pleitos por justiça e que alteram práticas consuetudinárias aplicadas em todo o Antigo Oriente Próximo. A abordagem sociológica contemplou uma análise da prática do direito à herança para mulheres nas diversas sociedades do Antigo Oriente Próximo e nos textos bíblicos. Levou à conclusão de que o fator subjacente à permissão jurídica do direito à herança das mulheres era a preservação do patrimônio e garantia da continuidade da descendência agnática. Já a análise teológica resultou na conclusão de que a permissão de YHWH para a herança das mulheres tem como pano de fundo a lógica promessa-cumprimento da terra dada a todos os filhos de Israel e que está teologicamente ancorada nas declarações divinas da igualdade entre mulheres e homens registradas nos relatos da criação, em Gn 1,26-28 e 2,18-23, perspectiva presente em outras narrativas e na legislação do antigo Israel. / [en] This thesis approaches the issue of the woman s right to inheritance, through the exegetical, social and theological analysis of Nm 27,1-11 and 36,1-12. Recent exegetical production has made efforts to carry out literary, formal and cultural analyzes in a diachronic perspective of these texts, not always open to research in the synchronic perspective and the analysis of the theological substrate underlying the narratives.The present research recognizes this research desideratum and focuses on synchronic exegesis and theological analysis. In Num 27,1-11, the request of Salfaad s daughters to share in their father s inheritance is narrated, after realizing injustices and gaps in the current legislation, which resulted in the extinction of the name, memory and family heritage. The narrative highlights the acceptance of this claim by YHWH through a legal innovation. In Num 36:1-12, the heads of the families to which the daughters of Salfaad belonged, in turn, record the negative legal consequences of allowing women to inherit, namely, the disintegration and loss of women tribal possessions. This claim, too, is met by YHWH through the requirement of endogamous marriage. Both texts draw attention for registering the emergence of legal innovations from YHWH s decisions that welcome claims for justice and that change customary practices applied throughout the AOP. The sociological approach included an analysis of the practice of the right to inheritance for women in the different societies of the ANE and in the biblical texts. It led to the conclusion that the underlying factor in the juridical permission of women s right to inheritance was the preservation of the patrimony and guarantee of the continuity of agnatic descent. The theological analysis resulted in the conclusion that YHWH s permission for the inheritance of women has as a theological background the promise of the land given to all Israelites and which is theologically anchored in the divine declarations of equality between women and men recorded in the creation narratives, in Gn 1,26-28 and 2,18-23, perspective present in other narratives and in the legislation of the OT.

Level: Bachelor thesis in Business and Administration  Institution: School of business, Society and engineering, Mälardalen University Authors: Ikram Mohamedbrhan, Safia Nyandwi, Dima Saadallah Title: The effects of Fraud and Embezzlement in the organizational structures Supervisor: Stylianos Papaioannou  Keywords: Fraud and Embezzlement, Organizational structure, Organizational Change Management (OCM), Corruption inequality /injustice, Ethic and transparency Research question: How does embezzlement and fraud affect the disparities in organizational structures? Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the effect of fraud and embezzlement in organizational structures specifically focusing on the disparities of the tall and flat organizational structures. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted as part of the thesis' qualitative research methodology. The data was then analyzed on a thematic level. Conclusion:  The study concludes that the effects of embezzlement and fraud are more severe in the tall organizational structure than in the flat organizational structure. The data show that reporting misconduct is simpler under flat organizational structures.  Resulting, a disparate equilibrium regarding corruption in organizational structures.

No description available.