Ce mémoire présente une étude des travaux de Young sur « Les cinq faces de l’oppression » dans le but d’explorer plus en détail certains enjeux contemporains, en se concentrant particulièrement sur les manifestations discrètes ou invisibilisées des injustices, analysées à travers le prisme de « trois faces de l’oppression ». La pensée politique de Young critique les tendances réductionnistes du paradigme libéral rawlsien en philosophie politique anglo-américaine, qui tend à occulter les expériences singulières de l’oppression en simplifiant leur complexité jusqu’à des questions de redistribution. Bien que Young ne nie jamais l’importance de la justice distributive, ses travaux mettent en lumière des concepts tels que la marginalisation, l’impuissance et l’impérialisme culturel, soulignant leur importance comme outils analytiques pour identifier et comprendre d'autres dimensions de l’injustice dans le monde contemporain. Tout d’abord, ce mémoire expose la manière dont la marginalisation prive les groupes sociaux de ressources essentielles et d’opportunités, confinant les individus à des rôles qui limitent leur autonomie et alimentent des sentiments d'inutilité, d'ennui et de dévalorisation personnelle. Ensuite, cette étude traite de l'impuissance vécue par les non-professionnels, souvent privés de pouvoir décisionnel et de respectabilité dans la division contemporaine du travail. Finalement, l'analyse de l'impérialisme culturel révèle la façon dont l'universalisation des expériences et des valeurs du groupe dominant peut subjuguer les identités culturelles et les réalités sociales des groupes subordonnés, produisant ainsi des injustices épistémiques. En affinant notre analyse des diverses dimensions de l’injustice, ce mémoire aspire à enrichir notre compréhension de la justice sociale / This thesis conducts a study on Young's "Five Faces of Oppression," aiming to delve into contemporary issues, especially focusing on subtle or overlooked injustices through the lens of "three faces of oppression." It critiques the reductionist tendencies of the Rawlsian liberal paradigm in Anglo-American political philosophy for oversimplifying oppression to mere questions of redistribution. Young highlights concepts like marginalization, powerlessness, and cultural imperialism as analytical tools to understand different dimensions of injustice. The thesis discusses how marginalization deprives social groups of essential resources and autonomy, explores the powerlessness of non-professionals in the labor division, and examines how cultural imperialism can subjugate subordinate groups' identities, leading to epistemic injustices. This study aims to deepen the understanding of social justice by refining the analysis of injustice's varied dimensions.

Si on contemple l’abondante production du dramaturge, on réalise à quel point l’Égypte est omniprésente dans ses écrits et dans sa vie. Elle couronne l’ensemble de son oeuvre littéraire qui met en lumière chacun des différents aspects de ce pays : social, historique, culturel et politique. Cependant, dans cette étude, nous allons essayer de limiter notre sujet de l’Image de l’Égypte dans l’oeuvre de T. al-Ḥakīm à deux époques celle de la révolution de 1919, et celle de 1952. Ses écrits retracent clairement ces deux évènements importants. Sa façon de penser, d’écrire, de critiquer et d’analyser avant et après la révolution de 1919 n’est plus la même après la révolution de 1952. D’un écrivain rêveur, idéaliste, il en devient un autre plus réaliste et engagé littérairement. Notre problématique globale s’articulera autour des questions suivantes : quelle représentation l’oeuvre de Tawfīq al-Ḥakīm donne-t-elle de l’Égypte ? Peut-on considérer son retour aux mythes anciens comme une continuité entre l’Égypte moderne etl’Égypte ancienne ? Dans une première partie nous traitons les deux révolutions qui ont eu des répercussions sur ses écrits et sa vision politique. La deuxième partie, abordera la société de son roman ‛Awdat al-rūḥ, (l’Âme retrouvée), 1933, dans lequel il décrit une Égypte vue par un égyptien de souche et les liens forts qui unissent ce peuple à sa nation. La troisième partie sera réservée à la femme et au fallāḥ qui ont énormément inspiré l’écrivain. La quatrième partie sera consacrée à l’Égypte pharaonique. On va voir comment il a pu être influencé par l’Égypte ancienne pour décrire l’Égypte moderne. Nous nous appuyons aussi sur plusieurs lectures de différents auteurs afin de trouver une authenticité entre ce qu’il écrit et ce qu’il pense, entre la réalité et l’imagination dans ces oeuvres. Nous analyserons comment il voit, observe et critique son pays natal. / If we contemplate the playwright's rich production, we realise to what extent Egypt plays a prominent part in his work and life. It is the crowning achievement of his literary work which highlights all the aspects of this country, social, historical, cultural and political However, in this study, we will try to limit our subject of The image of Egypt in T.al-Hakim's work to two particular eras, the revolutions of 1919 and 1952. His writings clearly relate those major events. The way he thinks, writes, criticizes and analyses before and after the 1919 revolution is no longer the same after the 1952 revolution. He started being a dreamy idealistic writer, and turned into another one, more realistic and committed in his literary work. Our global problematics will hinge on the following issues: what representation of Egypt does Tawfiq al-Hakim's work give? Can we regard his return to ancient myths as a continuity between modern Egypt and ancient Egypt? In a first part, we deal with the two revolutions which have had repercussions on his writings and political vision. The second part will tackle the society of his novel, in which he describes a country seen through a native Egyptian, and the strong ties which link the Egyptian people to their nation. The third part will focus on women and on the fallah, which greatly inspired the writer. The fourth part will be dedicated to the Pharaonic Egypt. We will see how far he has been influenced by ancient Egypt to descibe the modern one. We have relied on a few works of different writers so as to find an authentic link between what he writes and thinks reality and imagination in his works. We will analyse the way he sees, observes and criticizes his own country.

[pt] Esta pesquisa destina-se à análise crítico-jurídica dos determinantes sistêmicos (jurídicos, políticos e econômicos) que atuam em face da efetividade dos instrumentos da justiça alimentar (do direito humano à alimentação adequada, da política de segurança alimentar e nutricional e da soberania alimentar) no Brasil. A fim de identificar e demonstrar como atuam os principais determinantes sistêmicos da justiça alimentar, dividiu-se a tese em três capítulos. O jurídico está dividido em duas seções que analisam os limites de fundamentabilidade e de justiciabilidade do ordenamento jurídico do direito humano à alimentação adequada. O político está dividido em três seções. A primeira analisa a crise da democracia como um macrodeterminante político da efetividade dos instrumentos da justiça alimentar. A segunda seção analisa injustiça alimentar como um determinante das assimetrias de poder entre os cidadãos e o sistema alimentar agroindustrial brasileiro. Na terceira seção analisam-se as espécies de determinantes políticos estruturais da injustiça alimentar que atuam em face da efetividade da política de segurança alimentar. O econômico está dividido em duas seções. Na primeira, analisam-se os determinantes econômicos na cadeia do sistema alimentar; e, na segunda, as espécies de determinantes econômicos de natureza processual-representativa: a comoditização, a corporificação e o poder de subordinação da propriedade e do mercado. Através de conclusões parciais, ao final dos capítulos, e das considerações finais, apresentam-se os principais limites, obstáculos e determinantes sistêmicos para a efetividade dos instrumentos da justiça alimentar no Brasil. / [en] This research is intended for the critical-legal analysis of the systemic determinants (legal, political and economic) that act in the face of the effectiveness of food justice instruments (the human right to adequate food, food and nutrition security policy and food sovereignty) in Brazil. In order to identify and demonstrate how the main systemic determinants of food justice work, the thesis was divided into three chapters. The legal is divided into two sections that analyze the limits of justiciability and justiciability of the legal system of the human right to adequate food. The politician is divided into three sections. The first analyzes the crisis of democracy as a political macro-determinant of the effectiveness of food justice instruments. The second section analyzes food injustice as a determinant of power asymmetries between citizens and the Brazilian agro-industrial food system. In the third section, the types of structural political determinants of food injustice that act in the face of the effectiveness of the food security policy are analyzed. The economic is divided into two sections. In the first one, the economic determinants in the food system chain are analyzed; and, in the second, the species of economic determinants of a procedural-representative nature: commoditization, embodiment and the power of subordination of property and the market. Through partial conclusions, at the end of the chapters, and final considerations, the main limits, obstacles and systemic determinants for the effectiveness of food justice instruments in Brazil are presented. / [fr] Cette recherche est destinée à l analyse critique-juridique des déterminants systémiques (juridiques, politiques et économiques) qui agissent face à l efficacité des instruments de justice alimentaire (le droit humain à une alimentation adéquate, la politique de sécurité alimentaire et nutritionnelle et la souveraineté alimentaire) au Brésil. Afin d identifier et de démontrer le fonctionnement des principaux déterminants systémiques de la justice alimentaire, la thèse a été divisée en trois chapitres. Le juridique est divisé en deux sections qui analysent les limites de la justiciabilité et de la justiciabilité du système juridique du droit humain à une alimentation adéquate. Le politicien est divisé en trois sections. La première analyse la crise de la démocratie comme un macro-déterminant politique de l efficacité des instruments de justice alimentaire. La deuxième section analyse l injustice alimentaire comme un déterminant des asymétries de pouvoir entre les citoyens et le système alimentaire agro-industriel brésilien. Dans la troisième section, les types de déterminants politiques structurels de l injustice alimentaire qui agissent face à l efficacité de la politique de sécurité alimentaire sont analysés. L économie est divisée en deux sections. Dans le premier, les déterminants économiques de la chaîne du système alimentaire sont analysés ; et, dans le second, les espèces de déterminants économiques de nature procédurale-représentative : la marchandisation, l incarnation et le pouvoir de subordination de la propriété et du marché. À travers des conclusions partielles, à la fin des chapitres, et des considérations finales, les principales limites, obstacles et déterminants systémiques de l efficacité des instruments de justice alimentaire au Brésil sont présentés.

This dissertation of limited scope explored via a qualitative reflective approach how pastoral therapy and care practices contributed to workplace transformation and ethics at a factory that had to be restored to profitability. In Chapter 1, the study's research curiosity questions how pastoral therapy and care practices could inform business in its resistance of workplace trauma and injustice. The epistemology of contextual theology and social constructionism is reviewed in Chapter 2 in its support of the research. Themes and ideas such as; participatory ethical care, ethics, the prophetic role, narratives, workplace culture, witnessing and participant awareness and empowerment are applied to workplace culture transformation. Chapter 3 explores the factory's dominant story of low morale, financial loss and feelings of no hope for the future in context of discourses of capitalism. In resistance to the dominant story, Chapter 4 focuses on practices and experiences that supported the factory's alternative story and Chapter 5 reviews the factory's alternative story in context of purposeful transformation practice. Chapter 6 concludes the study by reflecting on the research curiosity, the research aims and the researcher's development. / Practical Theology / M. Th ((Specialising Past Therapy) Practical Theology)

The author strongly holds- in the thesis- that the Theology of liberation can inspi re the poor of South Africa to uproot the post-1994 socio-economic and political evil structures which continue unabated to impoverish them. The introductory chapter studies the reasons which motivated the author to write the thesis. It further discusses the method, the format and the limitations of the thesis. Chapter one focuses on the author's understanding of the Theology of liberation, and its historical background. Chapter two discusses the relationship between the Theology of Liberation and black theology, while chapter three contemplates on the possibility of the creation of what the author calls, An African Theology of Liberation. Chapter four studies the relationship between the Theology of liberation and the Social Teachings of the Catholic Church as taught by the pope and his council. The study of this relationship is extremely difficult because of the on-going, and seemingly insurmountable ideological differences between the two parties. The author suggests, as a solutio n, that each party seriously considers and recognizes the contextual limitations of its theology. Chapter five focuses on the implementation of the Theology of Liberat ion into the South African situation. The author highly recommends the inclusion of the veneration of the ancestors of Africa, as a perfect instrument by means of which the Theology of Liberation can succeed in achieving one of its major aims, which is to convert the poor to be leaders of their own liberation. The concluding chapter suggests concrete ways through which the Theology of Liberation can be kept alive and relevant within the South African situation. / Philosophy, Practical & Systematic Theology / D. Th. (Theological Ethics)

This thesis examines enclaves of oppression and discrimination, which continue to subject indigenous peoples in the Peruvian Andean society to the pernicious legacies of a racist past. As an interpretive framework this interdisciplinary study draws from theoretical approaches to power, which analyse the reproduction of social injustice in post-colonial societies. This research demonstrates how resistance in post-colonial contexts does not always function as a subversive force. Especially when the variable of racism is taken into account, it becomes clearer how acts of opposition end up fostering a tyrannical domination. Examples from Peruvian history, as well as my fieldwork data, will illustrate how resistances and revolutions in the Peruvian Andes have paradoxically reinstated an oppressive and subjugating social system founded in disavowal of the indigenous Other. In dismantling the ramifications of a violent racist legacy, this study explores those social practices and attitudes which in the course of history have resulted in the subjugation of indigenous peoples. These include paternalism, the commodification of indigenous identity and the phenomenon of incanismo. Ultimately, the very negotiation of identities and the making of Peruvian ethnicity will highlight the reasons why, since the 1970s, the pursuit of Intercultural Bilingual Education (IBE) in the Peruvian Andes has been a challenging and uncertain endeavour. By comparison with bordering Andean regions of Ecuador and Bolivia, IBE is not in the hands of indigenous peoples. This thesis will demonstrate that this is in part due to an underpinning racism, which keeps disrupting a sense of belonging to an ethnic identity.

Implantadas sob a prerrogativa do desenvolvimento e da produção de energia limpa, as hidrelétricas têm se apropriado de vastos territórios rurais e indígenas, em que as comunidades atingidas são tidas como empecilhos do progresso. Diante disso e tomando-se como foco a hidrelétrica de Itá, localizada no sul do Brasil, o objetivo central desta investigação foi analisar a construção social da banalização da injustiça e do sofrimento vivenciado pelas populações atingidas pela construção de hidrelétricas e as interfaces deste processo com os modos de vida e de trabalho desses sujeitos. O estudo, de cunho qualitativo, fundamentou-se na pesquisa participante. A coleta de dados iniciou em fevereiro de 2016 e foi concluída em dezembro do mesmo ano. Foram entrevistadas 43 pessoas atingidas pela construção da barragem de Itá e realizadas análises documentais da legislação vigente, dos estudos ambientais e dos materiais publicitários da hidrelétrica investigada. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise temática. No decorrer da pesquisa, foi desenvolvido o documentário Atingidos Somos Nós, que se apresentou como importante estratégia de intervenção e sensibilização política e social frente à temática investigada. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que, no caso da hidrelétrica de Itá, após 17 anos do enchimento do reservatório, a população investigada encontra-se abandonada e não tem minimamente seus direitos básicos garantidos. Aspectos como a morte do rio, a extinção do trabalho rural, os prejuízos no acesso à água potável, à energia, aos meios de transporte, à infraestrutura, à saúde, à educação, ao lazer e ao trabalho, a falta de apoio, de reconhecimento e de visibilidade política e social geram um intenso processo de sofrimento, que se apresenta através do desânimo coletivo, da tristeza, da solidão, do medo, da insegurança e da perda da identidade. Essas vivências mostraram-se diretamente atreladas à depressão, ao suicídio e ao estabelecimento de mortes súbitas. Concluiu-se que, sob a égide do capital, o processo de banalização da injustiça na construção de hidrelétricas está atrelado ao modelo de desenvolvimento vigente, no qual imperam a omissão da legislação, a fragilidade dos estudos ambientais e a construção de uma história oficial que exclui a perspectiva dos atingidos. Esse processo gera o sofrimento social e ambiental, levando à destituição dos modos de vida tradicionais e à própria morte dos atingidos. Diante disso, o Estado apresenta-se, historicamente, como cúmplice e legitimador da degradação e do descarte dessas populações, a partir da permissividade legal e da intensificação de programas e de políticas desenvolvimentistas que priorizam o fator econômico em detrimento da proteção social e ambiental tornados estratégias encobridoras da injustiça e da banalização desse processo. / While being built under the prerogative of development and clean energy production, the hydroelectric plants have been appropriating vast rural and indigenous areas, in which the affected communities are considered as obstacles to progress. Taking this into account and focusing on the hydroelectric plant of Ita, located in southern Brazil, the main objective of this research was to analyze the social construction of the banalization of injustice and suffering experienced by the people who are affected by the construction of hydroelectric plants and the relation between this process and the way of living and working of these individuals. The study, which had a qualitative approach, was based on participant research. Data collection began in February 2016 and was completed in December 2016. Forty-three people affected by the construction of the hydroelectric plant of Ita were interviewed and documents about current laws, environmental studies and advertising materials of the investigated hydroelectric plant were analysed. Data were submitted to thematic analysis. While the research was being performed, a documentary called “Atingidos Somos Nós” was developed, which turned out to be an important strategy of political and social intervention and awareness considering the researched topic. The results indicate that, in the case of the hydroelectric plant of Itá, even after 17 years of reservoir filling, the researched population is still abandoned and has no minimum guaranteed of their basic rights. Aspects such as the death of the river, the extinction of rural labor, the impairment on the access to potable water, energy, means of transportation, infrastructure, health, education, leisure and work, the lack of support, recognition and political and social visibility lead to an intense suffering process, which can be seen through the collective discouragement, sadness, loneliness, fear, insecurity and identity loss. These experiences were directly linked to depression, suicide and sudden deaths. It is noticed, under the aegis of capital, that the process of trivializing injustice in order to build hydroelectric plants is related to the current model of development, in which the omission of legislation, the fragility of studies about the environment, and the creation of an official story that excludes the perspective of those affected dominates. This process causes social and environmental suffering, leading to the destruction of traditional ways of life and death of those who are affected. On the situation, the State historically presents itself as an accomplice and legitimator of the degradation and rejection of these populations, through legal permissiveness and intensification of development programs and policies that prioritize the economic factor to the detriment of social and environmental protection which have become strategies to hide the injustice and the trivialization of this process. / Implantadas bajo la prerrogativa del desarrollo y de la producción de energía limpia, las hidroeléctricas se han apropiado de amplios territorios rurales e indígenas, en los cuales las comunidades afectadas son vistas como un obstáculo al progreso. Con esto y teniendo como eje central la hidroeléctrica de Itá, ubicada en el sur de Brasil, el propósito de esta investigación ha sido analizar la construcción social de la banalización de la injusticia y del sufrimiento vivenciado por las poblaciones afectadas por la construcción de hidroeléctricas y las relaciones de este proceso con las formas de vida y de trabajo de dichas personas. El estudio, de tipo cualitativo, se ha fundamentado en la investigación participativa. La recolección de datos empezó en febrero de 2016 y finalizó en diciembre del mismo año. Se han entrevistado a 43 personas afectadas por la construcción de la represa de Itá y se han realizado los análisis documentales de la legislación vigente, de los estudios ambientales y de los materiales publicitarios de la hidroeléctrica investigada. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis temático. En el desarrollo de la investigación, ha sido producido el documental “Atingidos Somos Nós”, que se ha presentado como una importante estrategia de intervención y sensibilización política y social frente a la temática investigada. Los resultados de la investigación han demostrado que, en el caso de la hidroeléctrica de Itá, tras 12 años de existencia, la población investigada se encuentra abandonada y no tiene sus derechos básicos garantizados. Aspectos como la muerte del río, la extinción del trabajo rural, los perjuicios en el acceso al agua potable, a la energía, a los medios de transporte, a la infraestructura, a la salud, a la educación, al ocio y al trabajo, la falta de apoyo, de reconocimiento y de visibilidad política y social han producido un intenso proceso de sufrimiento, que se presenta a través del desánimo colectivo, de la tristeza, de la soledad, del miedo, de la inseguridad y de la pérdida de identidad. Esas vivencias se han mostrado directamente relacionadas a la depresión, al suicidio y al surgimiento de muertes súbitas. Se concluye que, bajo la protección del capital, el proceso de banalización de la injusticia en la construcción de hidroeléctricas está subordinado al modelo de desarrollo vigente, en el cual imperan la omisión de la legislación, la fragilidad de los estudios ambientales y la construcción de una historia oficial que excluye la perspectiva de los afectados. Ese proceso genera el sufrimiento social y ambiental, ocasionando la destitución de las formas de vida tradicionales e, incluso, la propia muerte de los afectados. En definitiva, el Estado se presenta, históricamente, como cómplice y legitimador de la degradación y de la desconsideración de estas poblaciones, a partir de la permisividad legal y de la intensificación de programas y de políticas desarrollistas que priorizan el factor económico en detrimento de la protección social y ambiental transformado en estrategia encubridora de la injusticia y de la banalización de ese proceso.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-10-02T19:11:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Oscalina Maria de J. Nascimento.pdf: 405715 bytes, checksum: e9f3b47631fc21bf462ac07cd1be6f2b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T19:11:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oscalina Maria de J. Nascimento.pdf: 405715 bytes, checksum: e9f3b47631fc21bf462ac07cd1be6f2b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-26 / NASCIMENTO, Oscalina Maria de Jesus. The local political system of the colonels and the legitimacy of its hegemony by the Roman Catholic Church. Thesis in fulfillment of the Master’s degree submitted to the co-ordenating committee of the Religious Sciences’ department, The Catholic University of Goiás. Goiânia, Brazil. 2004. What is proposed in this thesis is the interpretation of the regionalist literary work of Bernardo Élis underscoring the hogemony of the political system of the colonels as legitimated by the Roman Catholic Church. In order to achieve this objective a research bibliography of important authors was composed. The concept of hegemony and reflection on the religious question were investigated in Gramsci showing how the Catholic Church was an ideological instrument of the State. In Maria Isaura P. de Queiroz, Victor Nunes Leal, Francisco Itami Campos, Eul-Soo Pang, Nasr Fayad Chaul, and others views about the political system of the colonels were extracted. Initially, one proceeded in an analysis of the socio-economic and political context of the formation period of Bernardo Élis as an individual in exercize of this citizenship and a committed writer trying to delineate the characteristics of his regionalism, the space that this takes up in the literary milieu, and his dilemma between a religious formation and a Communist ideology. What was sought, in following, was a description of the political system of the colonels, Its structure, its function, and the system of its local manner of execution. What was also investigated in the prose works of Bernardo Élis was his vision of the power of the colonels and the client- colonel relationships which evidence his denouncement of the orders, disorders, and injustices practicised by that land gentry. On the same it was examined how the author potrays religious manifestations while showing his respect for them. Finally, the hegemoniacal structure of the pocitical system of the colonels was discussed as legitimated by the Church which finds itself allied not only to tho local, but also to the national power structure. / NASCIMENTO, Oscalina Maria de Jesus. O mandonismo local e a legitimação de sua hegemonia pela Igreja Católica em Bernardo Élis. Dissertação de mestrado apresentada à coordenação do Mestrado em Ciências da Religião. Goiânia: Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2004. Fazer uma interpretação da obra regionalista de Bernardo Élis, destacando a hegemonia do coronelismo legitimada pela Igreja é o que se propõe neste trabalho. Para o alcance desse propósito, fez-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica de alguns importantes autores. Em Gramsci, buscou-se o conceito de hegemonia e a sua reflexão sobre a questão religiosa, mostrando a Igreja Católica como um aparelho ideológico de Estado. Em Maria Isaura P. de Queiroz, Victor Nunes Leal, Francisco Itami Campos, Eul-Soo Pang, Nasr Fayad Chaul e outros extraíram-se noções sobre coronelismo. Inicialmente, procedeu-se a uma análise do contexto sócio-econômico e político do período da formação de Bernardo Élis como indivíduo no exercício de sua cidadania e como escritor engajado, buscando salientar os traços de seu regionalismo, o espaço que ocupa no meio literário e seu dilema entre a sua formação religiosa e a sua ideologia comunista. Procurou-se, em prosseguimento, descrever a origem do coronelismo, suas características, sua estrutura, sua função, o mandonismo local. Também, investigou-se, na prosa bernardiana, a sua visão do poder dos coronéis, as relações coronel-clientela as quais evidenciam sua denúncia sobre os mandos e desmandos e as injustiças praticadas por esses senhores da terra. Igualmente, examinou-se como o autor apresenta as manifestações de religiosidade, mostrando o seu respeito por elas. Por fim, discutiu-se a estrutura hegemônica do coronelismo legitimada pela Igreja a qual se encontra aliada não só ao poder local mas ao poder nacional.

The number of girls that are being exploited for prostitution in Nepal has increased in recent years, and girls suffer a high risk of being exposed when they come from already poorly conditions. Previously, uneducated girls could be found in the adult entertainment sector, but nowadays even educated girls are being exploited. This thesis aims to gain further understanding to why girls are being exposed and why it is difficult to protect them. By conducting qualitive interviews with employees from several NGOs working to protect girls from being exploited for prostitution, insights has been given about socio-structural factors that influences the situation for girls. By examining these factors with support from theoretical approaches that highlights social injustice, gender discrimination and structural oppression this thesis presents how different factors affect the work of protecting girls, and how the same factors also are contributing to why girls get exposed. The state of Nepal shows several efforts in trying to eradicate the problem and have ratified both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The state has also made changes in national law that shall promote and strengthen children's rights. Although the laws are strong, the protection for girls is insufficient and girls are vulnerable to being exploited by traffickers. The Government of Nepal, NGOs and several other authorities are working together to eradicate the problem, but the work needs be strengthened, coordinated and responsive to influencing factors simultaneously in order to achieve a long-term solution. This thesis suggest that cultural norms need to be challenged more and that the Government of Nepal needs to oversee how structural injustices affect opportunities for girls to take part of social benefits. In addition, knowledge about legal and moral rights needs to be increased among girls and in society as a whole, moreover the knowledge about trafficking and prostitution needs to be spread.

Conflict and injustice are endemic to the imperfectness of human existence, and the Church of Christ is not immune to them. Various means can be adopted to solve conflict in the church. This study is concerned with legal restitution through calling at a major assembly, as provided in Article 31 Church Order. Statement of the problem Biblical grounds for the right of appeal are largely lacking in the Reformed church polity. In addition, there is no clear definition of the concept 'injustice' in Article 31 Church Order. In the case of appeals brought to a synod of the RCSA, the verdict usually contains no guidelines on how the matter should be dealt with in practice in order to effect reconciliation. Consequently, the outcome of an appeal does not necessarily contribute to the solution and restoration of broken relationships. Aim and method of work This study endeavours to determine the biblical grounds of appeal and legal restitution in Reformed church polity through scriptural study; establish the essence and content of appeal in Reformed church polity; and examine the functioning, treatment and application of appeal with a view to legal restitution in the RCSA, and address shortcomings in this respect. Findings Legal restitution occurs when an appeal is judged according to clearly defined norms; the verdict rests on the same norms; and the necessary steps had been taken to reconcile the parties involved in the appeal Organisation The study is divided into four main sections: biblical foundation of appeal with a view to legal restitution; historical development of appeal with a view to legal restitution; fundamental definition of appeal with a view to legal restitution; and practical treatment of appeal with a view to legal restitution. Finally, the research questions born from the problem statement are answered by means of concluding statements. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Church Polity))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.