Implantadas sob a prerrogativa do desenvolvimento e da produção de energia limpa, as hidrelétricas têm se apropriado de vastos territórios rurais e indígenas, em que as comunidades atingidas são tidas como empecilhos do progresso. Diante disso e tomando-se como foco a hidrelétrica de Itá, localizada no sul do Brasil, o objetivo central desta investigação foi analisar a construção social da banalização da injustiça e do sofrimento vivenciado pelas populações atingidas pela construção de hidrelétricas e as interfaces deste processo com os modos de vida e de trabalho desses sujeitos. O estudo, de cunho qualitativo, fundamentou-se na pesquisa participante. A coleta de dados iniciou em fevereiro de 2016 e foi concluída em dezembro do mesmo ano. Foram entrevistadas 43 pessoas atingidas pela construção da barragem de Itá e realizadas análises documentais da legislação vigente, dos estudos ambientais e dos materiais publicitários da hidrelétrica investigada. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise temática. No decorrer da pesquisa, foi desenvolvido o documentário Atingidos Somos Nós, que se apresentou como importante estratégia de intervenção e sensibilização política e social frente à temática investigada. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que, no caso da hidrelétrica de Itá, após 17 anos do enchimento do reservatório, a população investigada encontra-se abandonada e não tem minimamente seus direitos básicos garantidos. Aspectos como a morte do rio, a extinção do trabalho rural, os prejuízos no acesso à água potável, à energia, aos meios de transporte, à infraestrutura, à saúde, à educação, ao lazer e ao trabalho, a falta de apoio, de reconhecimento e de visibilidade política e social geram um intenso processo de sofrimento, que se apresenta através do desânimo coletivo, da tristeza, da solidão, do medo, da insegurança e da perda da identidade. Essas vivências mostraram-se diretamente atreladas à depressão, ao suicídio e ao estabelecimento de mortes súbitas. Concluiu-se que, sob a égide do capital, o processo de banalização da injustiça na construção de hidrelétricas está atrelado ao modelo de desenvolvimento vigente, no qual imperam a omissão da legislação, a fragilidade dos estudos ambientais e a construção de uma história oficial que exclui a perspectiva dos atingidos. Esse processo gera o sofrimento social e ambiental, levando à destituição dos modos de vida tradicionais e à própria morte dos atingidos. Diante disso, o Estado apresenta-se, historicamente, como cúmplice e legitimador da degradação e do descarte dessas populações, a partir da permissividade legal e da intensificação de programas e de políticas desenvolvimentistas que priorizam o fator econômico em detrimento da proteção social e ambiental tornados estratégias encobridoras da injustiça e da banalização desse processo. / While being built under the prerogative of development and clean energy production, the hydroelectric plants have been appropriating vast rural and indigenous areas, in which the affected communities are considered as obstacles to progress. Taking this into account and focusing on the hydroelectric plant of Ita, located in southern Brazil, the main objective of this research was to analyze the social construction of the banalization of injustice and suffering experienced by the people who are affected by the construction of hydroelectric plants and the relation between this process and the way of living and working of these individuals. The study, which had a qualitative approach, was based on participant research. Data collection began in February 2016 and was completed in December 2016. Forty-three people affected by the construction of the hydroelectric plant of Ita were interviewed and documents about current laws, environmental studies and advertising materials of the investigated hydroelectric plant were analysed. Data were submitted to thematic analysis. While the research was being performed, a documentary called “Atingidos Somos Nós” was developed, which turned out to be an important strategy of political and social intervention and awareness considering the researched topic. The results indicate that, in the case of the hydroelectric plant of Itá, even after 17 years of reservoir filling, the researched population is still abandoned and has no minimum guaranteed of their basic rights. Aspects such as the death of the river, the extinction of rural labor, the impairment on the access to potable water, energy, means of transportation, infrastructure, health, education, leisure and work, the lack of support, recognition and political and social visibility lead to an intense suffering process, which can be seen through the collective discouragement, sadness, loneliness, fear, insecurity and identity loss. These experiences were directly linked to depression, suicide and sudden deaths. It is noticed, under the aegis of capital, that the process of trivializing injustice in order to build hydroelectric plants is related to the current model of development, in which the omission of legislation, the fragility of studies about the environment, and the creation of an official story that excludes the perspective of those affected dominates. This process causes social and environmental suffering, leading to the destruction of traditional ways of life and death of those who are affected. On the situation, the State historically presents itself as an accomplice and legitimator of the degradation and rejection of these populations, through legal permissiveness and intensification of development programs and policies that prioritize the economic factor to the detriment of social and environmental protection which have become strategies to hide the injustice and the trivialization of this process. / Implantadas bajo la prerrogativa del desarrollo y de la producción de energía limpia, las hidroeléctricas se han apropiado de amplios territorios rurales e indígenas, en los cuales las comunidades afectadas son vistas como un obstáculo al progreso. Con esto y teniendo como eje central la hidroeléctrica de Itá, ubicada en el sur de Brasil, el propósito de esta investigación ha sido analizar la construcción social de la banalización de la injusticia y del sufrimiento vivenciado por las poblaciones afectadas por la construcción de hidroeléctricas y las relaciones de este proceso con las formas de vida y de trabajo de dichas personas. El estudio, de tipo cualitativo, se ha fundamentado en la investigación participativa. La recolección de datos empezó en febrero de 2016 y finalizó en diciembre del mismo año. Se han entrevistado a 43 personas afectadas por la construcción de la represa de Itá y se han realizado los análisis documentales de la legislación vigente, de los estudios ambientales y de los materiales publicitarios de la hidroeléctrica investigada. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis temático. En el desarrollo de la investigación, ha sido producido el documental “Atingidos Somos Nós”, que se ha presentado como una importante estrategia de intervención y sensibilización política y social frente a la temática investigada. Los resultados de la investigación han demostrado que, en el caso de la hidroeléctrica de Itá, tras 12 años de existencia, la población investigada se encuentra abandonada y no tiene sus derechos básicos garantizados. Aspectos como la muerte del río, la extinción del trabajo rural, los perjuicios en el acceso al agua potable, a la energía, a los medios de transporte, a la infraestructura, a la salud, a la educación, al ocio y al trabajo, la falta de apoyo, de reconocimiento y de visibilidad política y social han producido un intenso proceso de sufrimiento, que se presenta a través del desánimo colectivo, de la tristeza, de la soledad, del miedo, de la inseguridad y de la pérdida de identidad. Esas vivencias se han mostrado directamente relacionadas a la depresión, al suicidio y al surgimiento de muertes súbitas. Se concluye que, bajo la protección del capital, el proceso de banalización de la injusticia en la construcción de hidroeléctricas está subordinado al modelo de desarrollo vigente, en el cual imperan la omisión de la legislación, la fragilidad de los estudios ambientales y la construcción de una historia oficial que excluye la perspectiva de los afectados. Ese proceso genera el sufrimiento social y ambiental, ocasionando la destitución de las formas de vida tradicionales e, incluso, la propia muerte de los afectados. En definitiva, el Estado se presenta, históricamente, como cómplice y legitimador de la degradación y de la desconsideración de estas poblaciones, a partir de la permisividad legal y de la intensificación de programas y de políticas desarrollistas que priorizan el factor económico en detrimento de la protección social y ambiental transformado en estrategia encubridora de la injusticia y de la banalización de ese proceso.

Implantadas sob a prerrogativa do desenvolvimento e da produção de energia limpa, as hidrelétricas têm se apropriado de vastos territórios rurais e indígenas, em que as comunidades atingidas são tidas como empecilhos do progresso. Diante disso e tomando-se como foco a hidrelétrica de Itá, localizada no sul do Brasil, o objetivo central desta investigação foi analisar a construção social da banalização da injustiça e do sofrimento vivenciado pelas populações atingidas pela construção de hidrelétricas e as interfaces deste processo com os modos de vida e de trabalho desses sujeitos. O estudo, de cunho qualitativo, fundamentou-se na pesquisa participante. A coleta de dados iniciou em fevereiro de 2016 e foi concluída em dezembro do mesmo ano. Foram entrevistadas 43 pessoas atingidas pela construção da barragem de Itá e realizadas análises documentais da legislação vigente, dos estudos ambientais e dos materiais publicitários da hidrelétrica investigada. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise temática. No decorrer da pesquisa, foi desenvolvido o documentário Atingidos Somos Nós, que se apresentou como importante estratégia de intervenção e sensibilização política e social frente à temática investigada. Os resultados da pesquisa apontaram que, no caso da hidrelétrica de Itá, após 17 anos do enchimento do reservatório, a população investigada encontra-se abandonada e não tem minimamente seus direitos básicos garantidos. Aspectos como a morte do rio, a extinção do trabalho rural, os prejuízos no acesso à água potável, à energia, aos meios de transporte, à infraestrutura, à saúde, à educação, ao lazer e ao trabalho, a falta de apoio, de reconhecimento e de visibilidade política e social geram um intenso processo de sofrimento, que se apresenta através do desânimo coletivo, da tristeza, da solidão, do medo, da insegurança e da perda da identidade. Essas vivências mostraram-se diretamente atreladas à depressão, ao suicídio e ao estabelecimento de mortes súbitas. Concluiu-se que, sob a égide do capital, o processo de banalização da injustiça na construção de hidrelétricas está atrelado ao modelo de desenvolvimento vigente, no qual imperam a omissão da legislação, a fragilidade dos estudos ambientais e a construção de uma história oficial que exclui a perspectiva dos atingidos. Esse processo gera o sofrimento social e ambiental, levando à destituição dos modos de vida tradicionais e à própria morte dos atingidos. Diante disso, o Estado apresenta-se, historicamente, como cúmplice e legitimador da degradação e do descarte dessas populações, a partir da permissividade legal e da intensificação de programas e de políticas desenvolvimentistas que priorizam o fator econômico em detrimento da proteção social e ambiental tornados estratégias encobridoras da injustiça e da banalização desse processo. / While being built under the prerogative of development and clean energy production, the hydroelectric plants have been appropriating vast rural and indigenous areas, in which the affected communities are considered as obstacles to progress. Taking this into account and focusing on the hydroelectric plant of Ita, located in southern Brazil, the main objective of this research was to analyze the social construction of the banalization of injustice and suffering experienced by the people who are affected by the construction of hydroelectric plants and the relation between this process and the way of living and working of these individuals. The study, which had a qualitative approach, was based on participant research. Data collection began in February 2016 and was completed in December 2016. Forty-three people affected by the construction of the hydroelectric plant of Ita were interviewed and documents about current laws, environmental studies and advertising materials of the investigated hydroelectric plant were analysed. Data were submitted to thematic analysis. While the research was being performed, a documentary called “Atingidos Somos Nós” was developed, which turned out to be an important strategy of political and social intervention and awareness considering the researched topic. The results indicate that, in the case of the hydroelectric plant of Itá, even after 17 years of reservoir filling, the researched population is still abandoned and has no minimum guaranteed of their basic rights. Aspects such as the death of the river, the extinction of rural labor, the impairment on the access to potable water, energy, means of transportation, infrastructure, health, education, leisure and work, the lack of support, recognition and political and social visibility lead to an intense suffering process, which can be seen through the collective discouragement, sadness, loneliness, fear, insecurity and identity loss. These experiences were directly linked to depression, suicide and sudden deaths. It is noticed, under the aegis of capital, that the process of trivializing injustice in order to build hydroelectric plants is related to the current model of development, in which the omission of legislation, the fragility of studies about the environment, and the creation of an official story that excludes the perspective of those affected dominates. This process causes social and environmental suffering, leading to the destruction of traditional ways of life and death of those who are affected. On the situation, the State historically presents itself as an accomplice and legitimator of the degradation and rejection of these populations, through legal permissiveness and intensification of development programs and policies that prioritize the economic factor to the detriment of social and environmental protection which have become strategies to hide the injustice and the trivialization of this process. / Implantadas bajo la prerrogativa del desarrollo y de la producción de energía limpia, las hidroeléctricas se han apropiado de amplios territorios rurales e indígenas, en los cuales las comunidades afectadas son vistas como un obstáculo al progreso. Con esto y teniendo como eje central la hidroeléctrica de Itá, ubicada en el sur de Brasil, el propósito de esta investigación ha sido analizar la construcción social de la banalización de la injusticia y del sufrimiento vivenciado por las poblaciones afectadas por la construcción de hidroeléctricas y las relaciones de este proceso con las formas de vida y de trabajo de dichas personas. El estudio, de tipo cualitativo, se ha fundamentado en la investigación participativa. La recolección de datos empezó en febrero de 2016 y finalizó en diciembre del mismo año. Se han entrevistado a 43 personas afectadas por la construcción de la represa de Itá y se han realizado los análisis documentales de la legislación vigente, de los estudios ambientales y de los materiales publicitarios de la hidroeléctrica investigada. Los datos obtenidos fueron sometidos a un análisis temático. En el desarrollo de la investigación, ha sido producido el documental “Atingidos Somos Nós”, que se ha presentado como una importante estrategia de intervención y sensibilización política y social frente a la temática investigada. Los resultados de la investigación han demostrado que, en el caso de la hidroeléctrica de Itá, tras 12 años de existencia, la población investigada se encuentra abandonada y no tiene sus derechos básicos garantizados. Aspectos como la muerte del río, la extinción del trabajo rural, los perjuicios en el acceso al agua potable, a la energía, a los medios de transporte, a la infraestructura, a la salud, a la educación, al ocio y al trabajo, la falta de apoyo, de reconocimiento y de visibilidad política y social han producido un intenso proceso de sufrimiento, que se presenta a través del desánimo colectivo, de la tristeza, de la soledad, del miedo, de la inseguridad y de la pérdida de identidad. Esas vivencias se han mostrado directamente relacionadas a la depresión, al suicidio y al surgimiento de muertes súbitas. Se concluye que, bajo la protección del capital, el proceso de banalización de la injusticia en la construcción de hidroeléctricas está subordinado al modelo de desarrollo vigente, en el cual imperan la omisión de la legislación, la fragilidad de los estudios ambientales y la construcción de una historia oficial que excluye la perspectiva de los afectados. Ese proceso genera el sufrimiento social y ambiental, ocasionando la destitución de las formas de vida tradicionales e, incluso, la propia muerte de los afectados. En definitiva, el Estado se presenta, históricamente, como cómplice y legitimador de la degradación y de la desconsideración de estas poblaciones, a partir de la permisividad legal y de la intensificación de programas y de políticas desarrollistas que priorizan el factor económico en detrimento de la protección social y ambiental transformado en estrategia encubridora de la injusticia y de la banalización de ese proceso.

Aim: The principal aim of this qualitative research study is to gain a clearer understanding of oppression as experienced by People with Learning Disabilities (PWLD). In particular, this study investigated: 1) the nature of oppression - the typical kinds of oppression PWLD face during the course of their everyday lives; 2) the causes of their oppressive experiences: 3) the impact these oppressive experiences can have on their quality of life; and 4) their reaction - the strategies PWLD employ to prevent further oppression. Rationale: Despite policies of deinstitutionalisation since the 1980s, many PWLD have not found social integration easy and continue to endure oppressive experiences in community-based settings. The nature/extent of this social problem has often been overlooked by researchers and practitioners. Methods: This research was conducted using interpretive phenomenology as a methodology; an approach which influenced the study’s design, method of data collection and strategy for analysing the rich qualitative findings. Semi-structured interviews were carried out across two sample populations; a group of PWLD (N=11) and a group of community-based practitioners/carers (N=11). The participants were selected through purposive sampling and the qualitative data was analysed using a specific Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) process. Findings: PWLD remain a deeply oppressed social group. Respondents reported experiencing multiple forms of oppression, which seem to interact in complex ways and be present throughout the course of their lives. The two key super-ordinate themes (most dominant forms of oppression experienced by PWLD) emerging from the process of IPA appear to be: 1) The life-long effects of marginalisation (social exclusion, powerlessness and existing as a socio-economic underclass) and 2) Multiple forms of victimisation (coping with exploitation, intimidation and abuse, both overt and subtle, from the public, family members and at times practitioners). Respondents believe that the underlying cause of their oppressive experiences is society’s negative perception. Negative attitudes and beliefs arise from oppressive social forces such as: the use of diagnostic labels, segregated special needs education and limited opportunities for employment. These are experiences which respondents assert often do little more than spoil their social identity as human beings. Conclusion: The findings confirm that PWLD living in the community continue to encounter negative social experiences which are pervasive. This research attempts to draw together and make sense of these experiences in terms of the concept of oppression. Through gaining a clearer understanding of the marginalised and victimised status of PWLD policy makers will be more informed about how to respond to their social and economic needs, and in turn help alleviate their experiences of oppression.

In this current research I sought to answer two questions; 1) Do individuals have the capacity to recognize when they are being justly or unjustly socially excluded or conversely socially included? 2) Do the consequences of just and unjust social exclusion or social inclusion vary? In efforts to address these questions, I used perceptions of burden (i.e., participant’s overall contribution to a group task) to manipulate the perceived fairness of one’s inclusionary status to see how this affects the participants’ emotional and behavioral reactions. In Study 1, participants engaged in an imaginary group interaction in which they were burdensome (performing worse than the group) or non-burdensome (performing equal to the group) on a group-task while either being included or rejected. For Study 2, participants were randomly assigned to be burdensome versus non-burdensome, in a similar fashion as Study 1, and then ostracized or included by confederate players in a computerized group word game (i.e., Atimia). Participants in both studies reported their levels of perceived justice, needs satisfaction, social pain, negative affect, and aggressive behavior temptations. Participants in Study 2 also completed a behavioral aggression measure (i.e., candy allocation task). In Study 1, perceptions of justice had no impact on the consequences of social exclusion; rejected participants felt bad regardless of the fairness of their rejection. For included participants, unjust, compared to just, inclusion induced thwarted needs, increased social pain, negative affect, and aggressive behavior temptations (consequences similar to that of social exclusion). In Study 2 almost no differences emerged within the affective state of included individuals. Based primarily on the results of Study 1, it appears that burden may play a critical role in the ostracism experience. Further research is recommended to better understand this relationship.

Black women in historically challenged communities in South Africa carry the burden of triple oppression: (a) the social engineering policies synonymous with apartheid have marginalised women economically and socially, (b) patriarchy, embedded in cultural and religious discourses, has rendered women voiceless and powerless and (c) HIV/AIDS targets the most vulnerable: women and children. Not only are women carrying the brunt of HIV infections, but they also carry the extra burden of caring for the sick and the orphaned. The main aim of this research was to reach a holistic understanding of the untold stories of women in historically challenged communities, infected and/or affected by HIV/AIDS, and specifically about their experiences of care and the lack of care. The two secondary aims were: 1) to research alternative ways and means of making the unheard stories known in South African society; and 2) to disseminate research findings on the stories of these women in such a way that developmental policies could be influenced to enhance alternative, holistic stories of care in the South African society. A family of three women and a translator participated as co-researchers with the writer in this research experience. The researcher reflected on the research experience with volunteers from two home-based care programs in the community. The researcher uses drama as metaphor to document her ‘colourful’ research experience and to make sense of the many intricate and intertwined narratives and discourses, documented over a period of six months in her research diary, through recorded interviews, through her participation with the co-researchers and through the ethnography she had engaged in. The research experience has found that to be able to ‘care someone else into existence’; it is paramount that you as carer experience ‘empowering care’ yourself. ‘Empowering care’ is not possible if injustice prevails. This research experience challenges Government to investigate the ethical implications of the policy of placing the burden of care for the dying and the orphans on the shoulders of women in historically challenged communities. / Thesis (PhD (Practical Theology))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Practical Theology / unrestricted

A tese focaliza na construção de personagens do autor angolano Ondjaki no seuromance Os transparentes (2012). Um tema literário importante no romance é a injustiça socialque prevalece na vida das personagens na Luanda fictícia e é fortemente criticado por Ondjaki.O objetivo da tese é discutir como a construção das personagens contribui a realçar a críticasocial no romance. Portanto a construção das personagens ricas e pobres são comparadas, bemcomo a sua contribuição em enfatizar o tema.A tese utiliza teoria da narrativa para investigar a construção das personagens literárias esobretudo um método desenvolvido por James Phelan e Peter J. Rabinowitz, que argumentaque todas as personagens literárias são compostas de três aspetos: mimético, temático esintético. Os três aspetos orientam a análise e formam o quadro metodológico para poderdiscutir a construção de personagens de Ondjaki. Os resultados mostram que a construção depersonagens ajuda a Ondjaki enfatizar a sua crítica social através de manifestar as diferenças  entre as classes sociais, realçar os problemas experimentados pela classe baixa e apresentar asconsequências possíveis da injustiça social e as possibilidades para melhorar a situação atual. / The thesis focuses on the character construction of Angolan author Ondjaki in hisnovel Os transparentes (2012; Transparent City). An important literary theme in the novel isthe social injustice, which prevails the life of the characters in the fictitious city of Luanda andis heavily criticized by Ondjaki. The objective of the thesis is to discuss how the constructionof the literary characters contributes to highlighting the social critique in the novel. To do sothe construction of the rich and the poor characters are compared, as well as their contributionin asserting the theme.The thesis deploys narrative theory to investigate the construction of the literary characters andespecially a method developed by James Phelan and Peter J. Rabinowitz, which argues that allliterary characters are composed of three aspects: mimetic, thematic and synthetic aspects.These aspects guide the analysis of the characters and are used as a methodological frameworkfor discussing Ondjaki’s character construction. The results show that the construction of thecharacters help Ondjaki to emphasize his social critique by showing class differences,highlighting the problems experienced by the lower classes and presenting potentialconsequences of social injustice as well as the possibilities for improving the current situation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Chronic pain, defined as pain lasting more than 3 months, is a common and costly health condition. Thirty-three percent of adults and upwards of 35% of children report experiencing pain due to various diseases, disorders, or accidents. Recent research has identified perceived injustice and anger as important constructs in an adult’s pain experience and a possible focus for intervention efforts. The present study explored the extent to which perceived injustice and anger expression operate similarly in children with chronic pain as in adults. This was a retrospective analysis of data from 122 patients seeking treatment at a pediatric pain clinic. Results supported anger expression as a mediator in the relationship between perceived injustice and pain intensity but not psychological distress, suggesting that anger expression operates similarly in children as in adults with chronic pain. Unlike previous findings in adults with chronic pain, injustice did not moderate the relationship between pain intensity and psychological distress, suggesting that injustice operates differently in children with chronic pain compared to adults. The strong association between injustice and pain outcomes (i.e. pain intensity, quality of life, functional disability) suggests that injustice is an important construct to explore in the chronic pain experience of children.

The quest for epistemic liberation remains an important project in the post-colonial era of Zambia, and entails challenging the existing inequalities in knowledge representation at the epistemic front in the country. At the core of this quest is the position that the continued dominance of Western knowledge and the corresponding marginalisation of indigenous knowledges amount to an epistemic injustice that affects the contemporary existence of the peoples in the country. This study critically examines the problem of epistemic injustice in Zambia while reflecting on the country’s uncompleted project of decolonisation. It traces the problem from the theoretical assumption of modernity that Western knowledge is universal and that it should, therefore, be applied to all societies in the world. It is submitted that the current education system in Zambia is based on this assumption, and, consequently, favours Western knowledge to the exclusion of indigenous knowledges. This practice is identified as a conduit for accelerating epistemic injustice and its intensity in the country. The study approaches this problem from an African philosophical standpoint, and draws its current from the history of the political struggle against domination on the continent. To adequately confront the problem of epistemic injustice in Zambia, the study suggests parity and equilibrium in representation between indigenous knowledges and Western knowledge in the country. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / M.A. (Philosophy)

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