This thesis investigates the reciprocal relationship between migration and development in Senegal. Therewith, it contributes to the debate as to whether migration in developing countries enhances or rather impedes the development process. Even though extensive and controversial discussions can be found in the scientific literature regarding the impact of migration on development, research has scarcely examined the feedback relationships between migration and development. Science however agrees with both the fact that migration affects development as well as that the level of development in a country determines migration behaviour. Thus, both variables are neither dependent nor independent, but endogenous variables influencing each other and producing behavioural pattern that cannot be investigated using a static and unidirectional approach. On account of this, the thesis studies the feedback mechanisms existing between migration and development and the behavioural pattern generated by the high interdependence in order to be able to draw conclusions concerning the impact of changes in migration behaviour on the development process. To explore these research questions, the study applies the computer simulation method ‘System Dynamics’ and amplifies the simulation model for national development planning called ‘Threshold 21’ (T21), representing development processes endogenously and integrating economic, social and environmental aspects, using a structure that portrays the reasons and consequences of migration. The model has been customised to Senegal, being an appropriate representative of the theoretical interesting universe of cases. The comparison of the model generated scenarios - in which the intensity of emigration, the loss and gain of education, the remittances or the level of dependence changes - facilitates the analysis. The present study produces two important results. The first outcome is the development of an integrative framework representing migration and development in an endogenous way and incorporating several aspects of different theories. This model can be used as a starting point for further discussions and improvements and it is a fairly relevant and useful result against the background that migration is not integrated into most of the development planning tools despite its significant impact. The second outcome is the gained insights concerning the feedback relations between migration and development and the impact of changes in migration on development. To give two examples: It could be found that migration impacts development positively, indicated by HDI, but that the dominant behaviour of migration and development is a counteracting behaviour. That means that an increase in emigration leads to an improvement in development, while this in turn causes a decline in emigration, counterbalancing the initial increase. Another insight concerns the discovery that migration causes a decline in education in the short term, but leads to an increase in the long term, after approximately 25 years - a typical worse-before-better behaviour. From these and further observations, important policy implications can be derived for the sending and receiving countries. Hence, by overcoming the unidirectional perspective, this study contributes to an improved understanding of the highly complex relationship between migration and development and their feedback relations. / Die vorliegende Arbeit untersucht das wechselseitige Verhältnis zwischen Migration und Entwicklung im Senegal. Damit soll ein Beitrag zu der Debatte geleistet werden, ob Migration in Entwicklungsländern den Entwicklungsprozess eher fördert oder verhindert. Während die Frage nach der Auswirkung von Migration auf Entwicklung in der Literatur ausgiebig und kontrovers diskutiert wird, hat sich die Forschung bisher kaum den Rückkopplungen zwischen Migration und Entwicklung gewidmet, obwohl sich die Wissenschaft sowohl darüber einig ist, dass Migration den Entwicklungsprozess beeinflusst, als auch, dass der Entwicklungsstand eines Land das Migrationsverhalten bestimmt. Folglich sind beide Variablen weder abhängig, noch unabhängige, sondern endogene Variablen, die sich gegenseitig beeinflussen und damit Verhaltensweisen produzieren, deren Erforschung ein statischer, unidirektionaler Ansatz nicht gerecht wird. Deswegen fragt diese Arbeit nach den Rückwirkungsmechanismen, die zwischen Migration und Entwicklung existieren, und nach den Verhaltensweisen, die durch die hohe Interdependenz entstehen, um daraus Rückschlüsse auf die Frage ziehen zu können, welchen Einfluss Änderungen im Migrationsverhalten auf den Entwicklungsprozess haben. Um diese Forschungsfragen zu untersuchen wurde die Computersimulationsmethode System Dynamics genutzt und das Simulationsmodell zur nationalen Entwicklungsplanung, das ‚Threshold 21’ (T21), das die Entwicklungsprozesse endogen darstellt und soziale, ökonomische sowie ökologische Aspekte miteinander verknüpft, um eine Struktur erweitert, welche die Gründe und Konsequenzen von Migration abbildet. Dies wurde an den Senegal, ein angemessener Repräsentant der theoretisch interessanten Grundgesamtheit, angepasst. Der Vergleich der mit dem Modell generierten Szenarien, in denen die Intensität der Abwanderung, des Bildungsverlustes, des Bildungsgewinns, der Geldüberweisungen, oder der Abhängigkeit verändert wurden, ermöglichte die Analyse. Die Studie bringt zwei wichtige Ergebnisse hervor. Erstens entwickelt sie ein umfangreiches Modell, das Migration und Entwicklung endogen erklärt und verschiedene theoretische Ansatzpunkte enthält. Dies kann sowohl als Grundlage für weitere Diskussion und Verbesserungen genutzt werden, ist aber vor allem vor dem Hintergrund, dass Migration in den meisten Modellen zur Entwicklungsplanung trotz des relevanten Einflusses nicht integriert ist, ein wichtiges und nützliches Resultat. Zweitens konnte die Analyse des Verhaltens des Modells wichtige Erkenntnisse bezüglich der Rückwirkungsmechanismen zwischen Migration und Entwicklung und der Wirkung von Veränderungen in Migration auf Entwicklung erzielen. Um zwei Beispiele zu nennen, wurde herausgearbeitet, dass Migration sich positiv auf Entwicklung, gemessen am Human Development Index (HDI), auswirkt, dass es sich aber generell um ein sich ausgleichendes Verhalten handelt, da die positiven Einflüsse auf Entwicklung ihrerseits Migration verringern, wodurch die positiven Einflüsse wieder abnehmen. Ebenso konnte festgestellt werden, dass Migration für das Bildungsniveau zunächst eine Verschlechterung, später aber, nach ca. 25 Jahren, eine Verbesserung nach sich zieht. Aus diesen und weiteren Beobachtungen können wichtige Politikempfehlungen für die Sende- und Empfängerländer von Migration abgeleitet werden. Durch das Überwinden der unidirektionalen Betrachtungsweise trägt diese Arbeit somit zu einem besseren Verständnis des hoch komplexen und von Rückwirkungsmechanismen geprägten Verhältnisses zwischen Migration und Entwicklung bei.

The gum arabic belt in Sudan plays a significant role in environmental, social and economical aspects. The belt has suffered from deforestation and degradation due to natural hazards and human activities. This research was conducted in North Kordofan State, which is affected by modifications in conditions and composition of vegetation cover trends in the gum arabic belt as in the rest of the Sahelian Sudan zone. The application of remote sensing, geographical information system and satellites imageries with multi-temporal and spatial analysis of land use land cover provides the land managers with current and improved data for the purposes of effective management of natural resources in the gum arabic belt. This research investigated the possibility of identification, monitoring and mapping of the land use land cover changes and dynamics in the gum arabic belt during the last 35 years. Also a newly approach of object-based classification was applied for image classification. Additionally, the study elaborated the integration of conventional forest inventory with satellite imagery for Acacia senegal stands. The study used imageries from different satellites (Landsat and ASTER) and multi-temporal dates (MSS 1972, TM 1985, ETM+ 1999 and ASTER 2007) acquired in dry season (November). The imageries were geo-referenced and radiometrically corrected by using ENVI-FLAASH software. Image classification (pixel-based and object-based), post-classification change detection, 2x2 and 3x3 pixel windows and accuracy assessment were applied. A total of 47 field samples were inventoried for Acacia senegal tree’s variables in Elhemmaria forest. Three areas were selected and distributed along the gum arabic belt. Regression method analysis was applied to study the relationship between forest attributes and the ASTER imagery. Application of multi-temporal remote sensing data in gum arabic belt demonstrated successfully the identification and mapping of land use land cover into five main classes. Also NDVI categorisation provided a consistent method for land use land cover stratification and mapping. Forest dominated by Acacia senegal class was separated covering an area of 21% and 24% in the year 2007 for areas A and B, respectively. The land use land cover structure in the gum arabic belt has obvious changes and reciprocal conversions between the classes indicating the trends and conditions caused by the human interventions as well as ecological impacts on Acacia senegal trees. The study revealed a drastic loss of Acacia senegal cover by 25% during the period of 1972 to 2007.The results of the study revealed to a significant correlation (p ≤ 0.05) between the ASTER bands (VNIR) and vegetation indices (NDVI, SAVI, RVI) with stand density, volume, crown area and basal area of Acacia senegal trees. The derived 2x2 and 3x3 pixel windows methods successfully extracted the spectral reflectance of Acacia senegal trees from ASTER imagery. Four equations were developed and could be widely used and applied for monitoring the stand density, volume, basal area and crown area of Acacia senegal trees in the gum arabic belt considering the similarity between the selected areas. The pixel-based approach performed slightly better than the object-based approach in land use land cover classification in the gum arabic belt. The study come out with some valuable recommendations and comments which could contribute positively in using remotely sensed imagery and GIS techniques to explore management tools of Acacia senegal stands in order to maintain the tree component in the farming and the land use systems in the gum arabic belt.

The thesis examines the political influences that have shaped what is ostensibly a functional programme for the international development of the Senegal River by the three participating states of Mali, Mauritania, and Senegal. Construction of the two major first phase projects began in late 1981 - a $186 million salt barrier dam in the delta and a $680 million hydro-electric storage d^m upstream in Mali. The thesis finds that the functional rationale for making use of the valuable international resource is undermined by the political concessions, compromises, and accommodations the basin states and the donors who finance the projects need to make to sustain international cooperation.

Este projeto tem por finalidade o estudo das representações de conflitos sociais ocorridos na formação do Estado do Senegal nas obras cinematográficas de Ousmane Sembène, da década de 60 até início de 80. Nesse período o Estado estava sob o governo de Leopold Sédar Senghor cujo direcionamento político abrangia a concepção de Socialismo Marxista-Leninista e Negritude. A mudança da literatura ao cinema para Sembène ocorre com o objetivo de alcançar as massas que eram em sua maioria analfabetas. Por isso seus filmes são feitos em wolof e francês, esse ultimo devido a exigências governamentais e interesse de maior amplitude receptiva. Ao estudarmos os conflitos sociais no Senegal do período da recente independência percebemos que as ideias-chave por trás dessa realidade são identidade nacional, solidariedade negra e pan-africanismo. Partimos da concepção que a identidade é uma construção e o uso da raça como sua legitimação enfraquece sua força, pois supor uma solidariedade apenas pelo fato de ser negro diminuí seu poder legitimador.

Este projeto tem por finalidade o estudo das representações de conflitos sociais ocorridos na formação do Estado do Senegal nas obras cinematográficas de Ousmane Sembène, da década de 60 até início de 80. Nesse período o Estado estava sob o governo de Leopold Sédar Senghor cujo direcionamento político abrangia a concepção de Socialismo Marxista-Leninista e Negritude. A mudança da literatura ao cinema para Sembène ocorre com o objetivo de alcançar as massas que eram em sua maioria analfabetas. Por isso seus filmes são feitos em wolof e francês, esse ultimo devido a exigências governamentais e interesse de maior amplitude receptiva. Ao estudarmos os conflitos sociais no Senegal do período da recente independência percebemos que as ideias-chave por trás dessa realidade são identidade nacional, solidariedade negra e pan-africanismo. Partimos da concepção que a identidade é uma construção e o uso da raça como sua legitimação enfraquece sua força, pois supor uma solidariedade apenas pelo fato de ser negro diminuí seu poder legitimador.

Agroforestry is a new term for an old practice of resource management which includes the planting of trees and agricultural crops on the same piece of land, either simultaneously or sequentially. In Senegal, this new approach has been praised, mainly because it came along at a time when private participation in reforestation was badly needed. Since the early 1980s, the Snegalese government has been devoting money and personnel to the implementation of agroforestry projects, particularly in the Groundnut Basin. In spite of these efforts, small private farmers response to the suggested agroforestry systems has been slow in most parts of the region. Assuming that financial return is the most viable mean for triggering large-scale adoption of agroforestry by private farmers, this study analyzes the financial attractiveness of the three agroforestry systems promoted in the Groundnut Basin, and compares them to the base case of growing groundnuts alone. The three agroforestry systems are: kad and millet, cashew and groundnuts, and a Eucalyptus block plantation. For each system, costs and benefits accruing to the farmer are identified and estimated. The financial attractiveness of each system is measured using two criteria: present net worth (PNW) and internal rate of return (IRR). Using the criterion that a system with a PNW greater than zero is acceptable, the results indicate that all three agroforestry systems are acceptable at 10 and 15 percent discount rates. The kad and millet system is acceptable at rates nearing 50 percent. This is due mainly to the valuation of the crop loss avoided in the presence of kad trees. When this component was not internalized, the IRR was found at only 15.8 percent. The cashew and groundnut system has the next highest IRR at 25.6 percent, followed by The Eucalyptus block plantation at 18.8 percent. The base case yields negative PNW at all three discount rates, and an IRR equal to 4. 7 percent. This low return from the groundnut enterprise may be due to the valuation of family labor which does not generally constitute an out-of-pocket cost. Some environmental benefits attributable to agroforestry systems and some socio-economic constraints that may be part of the farmers' reluctance to adopt the new systems are discussed. Finally, some recommendations are made to help improve the current approach to private involvement in reforestation. It is suggested that, in order to anticipate the loss in interest that follows most incentive programs once the incentives stop, the "cost sharing" program and other financial incentive programs should be limited to systems, which have strong favorable impacts on the environment but do not afford sufficient financial rewards by themselves for wide scale adoption. / M.S.

Le renforcement des capacités favorise-t-il le contrôle ou l’autonomisation ?Est-il un moyen ou une fin ?Le renforcement des capacités est un objet d’étude contemporain qui génère de nombreux débats. Cette thèse y apporte une contribution en analysant le contenu et la portée des processus de renforcement des capacités développés par et pour les acteurs de la société civile engagés dans la mise en œuvre de la politique publique de lutte contre le VIH/SIDA au Sénégal. Partant du postulat théorique selon lequel le renforcement des capacités peut être considéré comme un instrument de politique publique, la thèse analyse l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’idéologie prédominante, New Public Management d’une part ou Empowerment d’une part, et le couplage ou non avec l’instrument de subvention, influencent de manière déterminante la nature et les résultats des processus de renforcement des capacités. Au travers d’une approche empirique, les effets et influences parfois contradictoires de l’instrument, oscillant entre renforcement du contrôle et renforcement de l’autonomie selon les objectifs et stratégies mises en place par les divers acteurs du niveau international au niveau local (bailleurs de fonds internationaux, ONG nationales, OCB/Associations locales), sont mis en évidence. / Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse s’appuie sur une ethnographie de l’expérience et du vécu des hommes aux identités sexuelles multiples. Ce faisant, ce travail vise à articuler analyse du contexte économique et sociopolitique dans lequel s’articule l’expérience de l’homosexualité au Sénégal à celle de l’ordinaire de ceux dont il est question dans ce volume. L’analyse des discours, écrits et violences souligne la nécessité de replacer la controverse sur l’homosexualité dans un contexte politique et historique plus large. La controverse sur l’homosexualité dans l’espace public relève de logiques et dynamiques liées au passé notamment colonial, mais aussi aux enjeux du présent relatifs au contexte du Sénégal contemporain. Les réactions violentes contre l’homosexualité depuis 2008 témoignent de la difficulté pour les hommes rencontrés de vivre une sexualité non orthodoxe et de l’existence d’identités sexuelles multiples. Ces réalités multiples doivent se comprendre en raison des représentations faites sur les pratiques sexuelles entre hommes et de l’illégitimité de ces pratiques présente dans plusieurs secteurs de la société sénégalaise. Ces logiques de dissimulation mettent à jour les problèmes auxquels se confronte une politique de prévention ciblée en direction de ceux qui sont nommés dans le contexte du sida MSM [Men who have sex with men]. Les différentes formes de violence et les inégalités sociales dans lequel s’insère le vécu des hommes aux identités sexuelles multiples nous renseignent sur leur rapport à la sexualité (avec les hommes et les femmes) et à la maladie. En outre, l’analyse ethnographique permet de rendre compte de la multiplicité des expériences relatives à l’homosexualité. Elle révèle divers degrés de connaissance et de reconnaissance de l’homosexualité au Sénégal. Cela permet ainsi d’envisager conjointement expérience du mépris et de la violence d’une part et formes de reconnaissance sociale d’autre part. / This work is based on ethnography of experience of men with multiple sexual identities. In doing so, this work aims to articulate analysis of the socio-political context in which articulates the experience of homosexuality in Senegal than the regular ones discussed in this volume. The analysis of speech, writing and violence underlines the need to put the controversy over homosexuality in a broader political and historical context. The controversy over homosexuality in the public space is particularly related to colonial past, but also to the present context of contemporary Senegal. The backlashes against homosexuality since 2008 attest to the difficulty encountered men live an unorthodox sexuality and the existence of multiple sexual identities. These multiple realities must be understood as a result of representations made on sexual practices among men and the illegitimacy of these practices present in several sectors of Senegalese society. This logical concealment update problem that confronts a targeted prevention towards those named in the context of AIDS MSM [Men who have sex with men]. Different forms of violence and social inequality in which inserts the experiences of men with multiple sexual identities tell us about their relationship to sex (with men and women) and disease. In addition, ethnographic analysis can account for the multiplicity of experiences regarding homosexuality. It reveals varying degrees of knowledge and recognition of homosexuality in Senegal. This allows considering jointly experience of contempt and violence on one hand and forms of social recognition on the other.

Le corpus de films est constitué par les films amateurs tournés par les coloniaux dans les colonies françaises, Madagascar et le Sénégal. Ce corpus source est enrichi des films contemporains les utilisant. Dans le cadre d'une pratique d'action-recherche, deux films ont été réalisés. En 3 mouvements nous avons essayé de déterminer la valeur des films amateurs coloniaux aujourd’hui. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur l’anthropologie pragmatique et la philosophie de l’ordinaire pour comprendre les enjeux de ces films. Nos enquêtes révèlent que cette absence de valeur correspond à un déni de réalité de la situation coloniale, niant à la fois les injustices et les liens affectifs qui avaient pu être créées principalement entre les enfants de colons et les domestiques. D'où le paradoxe : des films dits "domestiques", les domestiques sont absents. Cette absence est essentielle. Sans les nounous et les boys, ces films sont des no man’s land. De plus, le contexte colonial crée un rapport d'illégitimité voir d'illégalité de ces films. En conclusion nous proposons d'une part une méthode de reconstruction cinématographique qui mette au cœur de son dispositif les trois acteurs liés aux films amateurs : les filmeurs, les filmés, les personnes dans le Hors champs. D'autre part nous proposons la création d'un institut des films amateurs coloniaux reposant sur des principes établis par un éthique de l'archivistique audiovisuelle et qui permettrait aux anciens colonisés de se réapproprier les images spoliées de leur propre passé à une époque où il y avait un monopole des moyens de production audiovisuelle. Cela répondrait à une justice mémorielle, audiovisuelle et affective. / The films corpus is made by amateur films shot by colonials in the French colonies, Madagascar and Senegal. This source corpus is enriched by contemporary films using these amateur films and films from the colonial era. As part of a practice of action research, two films were made. In 3 movements we tried to determine the value colonial home movies may have today. We relied on the pragmatic anthropology and ordinary philosophy to understand the issues of these films. The starting assumption was that these films had been abandoned, they had no more value as a result of a colonial state denied by settlers. Our historical and sociological surveys show that this lack of value is a denial of reality of the colonial situation, denying both injustice and emotional ties that had been created mainly between the settler children and servants. Hence the paradox of films called "domestic" is that domestics are absent. This lack is essential. Without nannies and boys, these films are a no man's land. Moreover, the colonial context creates a report view illegitimacy illegality of these films. In conclusion we propose firstly a cinematic reconstruction method that puts the heart of its system linked to the three actors amateur films: the filmmakers, the filmed people and those in the fields Out. Secondly we propose the creation of an institute of colonial amateur films based on principles established by an ethic of audiovisual archiving that allow former colonized to reclaim the images of their own past at a time when there was a monopoly of audiovisual means of production. This would respond to a memorial, audiovisual and emotional justice.

A União Econômica e Monetária do Oeste Africano (UEMOA) é uma organização de integração regional constituída por oito países da África Ocidental: Benim, Burkina Faso, Costa do Marfim, Guiné Bissau, Mali, Níger, Senegal e Togo. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos realizar: (a) a classificação climática segundo Köppen (1900) e Thornthwaite (1948), e (b) o zoneamento agrícola das culturas de milho e soja na região da UEMOA com base nos valores de (i) produtividade potencial (dióxido de carbono, temperatura, radiação fotossinteticamente ativa, fotoperíodo e genótipo), (ii) produtividade atingível, com elevado uso de insumos e tecnologia e (iii) produtividade real. A classificação climática de acordo com ambos os autores caracterizou a maior parte do território formado pela UEMOA como árido e em relação ao zoneamento agrícola, tem-se que a região da UEMOA é altamente indicada para o cultivo de milho e de soja, contudo, os valores médios de produtividade real referentes a esses cultivos são inferiores aos valores da produtividade atingível, indicando que o principal problema na região é o baixo nível de adoção tecnológica. / The West African Economic and Monetary Union (also known as UEMOA from its name in french: Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine) is an organization of eight West African countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. The following study has as main objectives: (a) climate classification by Köppen e Thornthwaite; and (b) agricultural zoning for maize and soybean in the UEMOA region based on (i) potencial yield (carbon dioxide, temperature, photosyntheticaly active radiation, photoperiod and genotype), (ii) attainable yield, under high inputs and technological adoption and (iii) actual yield. Climate classification according to both authors characterized most of the territory formed by UEMOA as arid and regarding to agricultural zoning, UEMOA region is highly suitable for growing maize and soybeans, however, average values of actual yield in relation to these crops are lower than those of attainable yield, indicating that the main problem in this region is the low level of technological adoption.