Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-19T16:42:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciaaparecidabaumgratzdepaula.pdf: 674957 bytes, checksum: 47aead25964f7f8056ae745c65f91f0c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-25T12:23:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciaaparecidabaumgratzdepaula.pdf: 674957 bytes, checksum: 47aead25964f7f8056ae745c65f91f0c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T12:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 patriciaaparecidabaumgratzdepaula.pdf: 674957 bytes, checksum: 47aead25964f7f8056ae745c65f91f0c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-28 / O presente trabalho enfatiza a questão do acesso aos medicamentos visto como direito social assegurado na constituição do Sistema Único de Saúde. Para tanto, abordar-se-á o processo de medicalização vivenciado pela sociedade brasileira contemporânea, bem como, a política nacional de medicamentos e seus entraves. Também irá se buscar a apreensão da categoria acesso aos medicamentos, a partir das dimensões do acesso aos serviços de saúde. Todas estas categorias consideradas indissociáveis na busca pelo acesso universal e eqüinâme aos medicamentos. Nessa perspectiva, a partir da pesquisa qualitativa, foram realizados grupos focais com os usuários das unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) de Juiz de Fora – Minas Gerais, para buscar compreender o entendimento da problemática inerente ao acesso aos medicamentos como direito social, isto é, se esses usuários sentem-se como portadores de direitos ou como privilegiados ao obterem tal acesso. Esse estudo indicou que a maioria dos usuários das UBS não se considera como portadores de direitos, mostrando que o acesso aos medicamentos como direito social garantido constitucionalmente está longe de ser efetivado no cotidiano do serviço público de saúde brasileiro na contemporaneidade. / The present work emphasizes the question of access to medicine as a social right assured by the constitution of Health Public System. For that, it has been approached the process of medicalization experienced by the Brazilian society nowadays, as well as, the national medicines politics and its obstacles. It is also aimed to search for the apprehension of the access category to medicines, from the access dimension to the health services. All these categories considered inseparable in the search for universal and equanimous access to medicines. In this perspective, from the qualitative research, it has been realized foccuss groups with the users of the health basic unities (HBU) from the Juiz de Fora – Minas Gerais, to look forward to comprehend the understanding of the problematic inherent to access to medicines as a social right, that is, if these users feel themselves as porters of rights or as priviledged ones to obtain this access. This study has indicated that the majority of the HBU users do not consider themselves as porters of the rights, showing that access to medicines as a social right assured constitutionally is far from being daily effected in the Brazilian public health service in the contemporaneity.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-08T12:40:45Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Peres Castro - 2017.pdf: 1945470 bytes, checksum: b3d4b699a66d74ee43953fad7d680964 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-11-08T12:41:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Peres Castro - 2017.pdf: 1945470 bytes, checksum: b3d4b699a66d74ee43953fad7d680964 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-08T12:41:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Peres Castro - 2017.pdf: 1945470 bytes, checksum: b3d4b699a66d74ee43953fad7d680964 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-15 / Introduction: Access to and acceptance of spontaneous demand in basic health units (UBS) are fundamental strategies of the work process in health, quality assurance and strengthening of Basic Health Care (ABS). Objective: To characterize the work process of the health teams related to the access and reception of the users in the UBS of the State of Goiás, through a national survey of evaluation of Primary Care carried out by the Ministry of Health (MS). Methodology: This is a descriptive, quantitative approach whose results were generated from secondary data extracted from the Bank of the External Evaluation component of the second cycle of the National Program for Improving Access and Quality of Basic Care (PMAQAB). The data were collected between December 2013 and March 2014 and represent a sample composed of 975 basic health units and 1180 family health teams from 242 municipalities that joined the PMAQ-AB in the State of Goiás. It was possible to characterize and discuss the health work process related to the access and reception, under two axes of analysis: characterization of the access to health services of the basic health units and systematization of the reception to the spontaneous demand of users attended by family health teams. Results: With regard to access to UBS in Goiás, only 9.8% work on Saturdays and 2.7% open during the night; 99.6% of the family health teams make a face-to-face appointment, and 43.5% refer to appointments on a first-come, first-served basis. With regard to the reception, 97.6% of the family health teams host the spontaneous demand, but the majority (57.4%) in the waiting room; 89.7% report risk and vulnerability assessment, but 25.7% were not qualified for such assessment; 4.5% do not provide urgent and emergency care and 43.6% of the teams said they did not have protocols to meet spontaneous demand. Final considerations: The analysis of the results allows to conclude that in relation to access to basic health units, there are weaknesses that should be reassessed by health unic system (SUS) management instances, such as: limited appointment marking system, pre-scheduled appointments, hours of operation of the predominantly commercial units, reservation of vacancies in the health professional's appointment book for continued care and absence of professionals in the health teams. Regarding the reception, in spite of the fact that most health teams affirm it, the results indicate that its systematization is under construction in the State of Goiás, constituting obstacles and advances that qualify the reception. / Introdução: O acesso e o acolhimento à demanda espontânea nas unidades básicas de saúde (UBS) revelam-se como estratégias fundamentais do processo de trabalho em saúde, na garantia da qualidade e do fortalecimento da Atenção Básica à Saúde (ABS). Objetivo: Caracterizar o processo de trabalho das equipes de saúde relacionado ao acesso e acolhimento dos usuários nas UBS do Estado de Goiás, por meio de uma pesquisa nacional de avaliação da atenção básica realizada pelo Ministério da Saúde (MS). Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, de abordagem quantitativa, cujos resultados foram gerados a partir de dados secundários, extraídos do banco do componente da Avaliação Externa do segundo ciclo do Programa Nacional de Melhoria do Acesso e Qualidade da Atenção Básica (PMAQ-AB). Os dados foram coletados no período entre dezembro de 2013 a março de 2014 e representam uma amostra composta por 975 UBS e 1180 equipes de saúde da família, de 242 municípios que aderiram ao PMAQ-AB no Estado de Goiás. Foi possível caracterizar e discutir o processo de trabalho de saúde relacionado ao acesso e acolhimento, sob dois eixos de análise: caracterização do acesso aos serviços de saúde das UBS e sistematização do acolhimento à demanda espontânea de usuários atendidos por equipes de saúde da família. Resultados: Em relação ao acesso às UBS em Goiás, apenas 9,8% funcionam aos sábados e 2,7% abrem no período noturno; 99,6% das equipes de saúde da família fazem agendamento de forma presencial e 43,5% referem atendimento de consultas por ordem de chegada, e não hora marcada. Quanto ao acolhimento, 97,6% das equipes de saúde da família realizam acolhimento à demanda espontânea, porém a maioria (57,4%) em sala de espera/ recepção; 89,7% referem realizar avaliação de risco e vulnerabilidade, mas 25,7% não foram capacitados para tal avaliação; 4,5% não fazem atendimento de urgência e emergência e 43,6% das equipes afirmaram não possuir protocolos de atendimento à demanda espontânea. Considerações finais: A análise dos resultados permite concluir que em relação ao acesso as UBS, existem fragilidades que devem ser reavaliadas pelas instâncias de gestão do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), como: sistema de marcação de consultas limitado, horário de atendimento por ordem de chegada para consultas agendadas previamente, horários de funcionamento das unidades predominantemente comercial, reserva de vagas na agenda do profissional de saúde para atendimento de cuidado continuado precária e ausência de profissionais nas equipes de saúde. Quanto ao acolhimento, apesar de que a maioria das equipes de saúde afirma realiza-lo, os resultados apontam que a sua sistematização está em processo de construção no Estado de Goiás, constituindo-se de entraves e avanços que qualificam o acolhimento.

Introdução: A situação epidemiológica da tuberculose (TB) no âmbito mundial e no Brasil ainda evidencia importante magnitude, acrescentandose o problema crescente da Tuberculose Multirresistente (TBMR). A TB é exemplo consagrado que evidencia as desigualdades sociais e as limitações de acesso à saúde. A adesão ao tratamento da TBMR é um dos aspectos cruciais do cotidiano da assistência em saúde e uma das maiores dificuldades no controle da enfermidade. Objetivos: Analisar como se processa a adesão ao tratamento para a TBMR, em um grupo de indivíduos que completaram com sucesso o tratamento medicamentoso; e propor alternativas para incrementar a adesão. Métodos: Estudo de abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido em Centro de Referência para Controle da TB e TBMR do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Foram coletados, no período de abril a setembro de 2012, depoimentos de indivíduos que vivenciaram o adoecimento por TBMR e que aderiram ao tratamento medicamentoso até a alta por cura. Os depoimentos foram analisados segundo técnica de análise de discurso e interpretados à luz da Hermenêutica-Dialética e da Teoria da Determinação Social do Processo Saúde-Doença. Resultados: Entrevistouse 21 sujeitos, sendo: 17 (80,9%) pertencentes ao sexo masculino; 19 (90,4%) encontravam-se na faixa etária produtiva; 11 (52,4%) tinham 9 ou mais anos de escolaridade; 14 (66,7%) estavam afastados do trabalho ou desempregados durante o tratamento e relataram ter recebido auxílio, como vale transporte e cesta básica; 14 (66,7%) eram acompanhados pela Estratégia Saúde da Família; 18 (85,7%) tinham tratamento anterior para TB; 20 (95,2%) realizaram o tratamento da TBMR na modalidade Diretamente Observado, executado na Unidade Básica de Saúde (19: 95,0%); 16 (76,2%) caminhavam até o local para o Tratamento Diretamente Observado; sendo que 17 (80,9%) levavam até 30 minutos para o deslocamento; 16 (76,1%) realizaram o tratamento por 18 a 20 meses; 7 (33,6%) possuíam outra doença além da TBMR; 4 (40,0%) faziam uso de cigarro e nenhum sujeito fazia uso de álcool, durante o tratamento.Verificou-se que, como produto da forma como se realiza o trabalho e a vida, há uma variedade de questões que acabam por mediar o processo de adesão ao tratamento, que são determinadas por relações de interdependência e de subordinação. Fundamentalmente, a adesão ocorreu devido ao desejo de viver face à inevitabilidade da morte; ao suporte físico, emocional/psicológico e financeiro; e à forma como o serviço de saúde oferece o cuidado e se organiza para o tratamento medicamentoso. Conclusão: A adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso da TBMR não se reduz a um ato de vontade estritamente individual, mas depende da forma como se realiza a vida em sociedade e da acessibilidade aos serviços de saúde. Ressalta-se a necessidade de entender tais processos para apoiar a prática assistencial dos profissionais de saúde envolvidos no tratamento das pessoas com TBMR, em particular a Enfermagem, com vistas a fortalecer a adesão e apoiar as estratégias para o controle da TBMR. / Introduction: The epidemiological situation of Tuberculosis (TB) in the world, as well as in Brazil, shows an important magnitude, adding to the growing problem of Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). TB is an enshrined example highlighting the social inequalities and limited access to health care. Adherence to treatment of MDR-TB is a crucial aspect of everyday health care and one of the greatest difficulties in controlling the disease. Objetive: To analyze the adherence process to the treatment for MDR-TB in a group of individuals who have successfully completed drug treatment; and propose alternatives for increasing the treatment adherence for MDR-TB. Methods: A qualitative study, developed in a Reference Center for Tuberculosis Control and MDR-TB in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. During the period of April - September 2012, testimonials were collected from individuals who experienced MDR-TB and who adhered to drug treatment until discharge for being cured. The reports were analyzed according to discourse analysis technique and interpreted in the light of hermeneutics-dialectics and the Theory of Social Determination of the Health-Disease Process. Results: Twenty-one (21) subjects were interviewed, 17 (80.9%) were male; 19 (90.4%) were in the productive age group; 11 (52.4%) had 9 or more years of schooling; 14 (66.7%) were out of work or unemployed during treatment and reported receiving aid, such as transportation vouchers and food baskets; 14 (66.7%) were accompanied by the Family Health Strategy; 18 (85.7%) had previous treatment for TB; 20 (95.2%) underwent the treatment of MDR-TB in the form Directly Observed, performed in the Basic Health Care Unit 19: (95.0%); 16 (76.2%) walked to the location for the Directly Observed Treatment; and 17 (80.9%) took 30 minutes for the displacement; 16 (76.1%) underwent treatment for 18 to 20 months; 7 (33.6%) had diseases other than MDR-TB; 4 (40.0%) were tobacco smokers and no subject was using alcohol during treatment. It was found that, as a product of how the work is done and life, there are a variety of issues that ultimately mediate the adherence process to the treatment, which are determined by relations of interdependence and subordination. Fundamentally, the treatment adherence for MDR-TB was due to the desire to live, given the inevitability of death; physical support, emotional/psychological and financial; and how the health service offers care and is organized for medical treatment. Conclusion: Adherence to medication treatment of MDR-TB is not limited to a strictly individual act of will, but it depends on how one lives life in society and their access to health services. The need to understand these processes to support the care practice of health professionals, involved in the treatment of people with MDR-TB, needs to be emphasized, particularly in nursing, in order to strengthen the membership and support the strategies for the control of MDR-TB.

Submitted by isabela.moljf@hotmail.com (isabela.moljf@hotmail.com) on 2017-04-25T16:00:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 manuellabarbosafeitosa.pdf: 1557499 bytes, checksum: 9326e5062e067f215575149ce5032dc2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-26T12:22:04Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 manuellabarbosafeitosa.pdf: 1557499 bytes, checksum: 9326e5062e067f215575149ce5032dc2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-26T12:22:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 manuellabarbosafeitosa.pdf: 1557499 bytes, checksum: 9326e5062e067f215575149ce5032dc2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-31 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / As desigualdades sociais em saúde podem se manifestar de diversas formas no processo saúde-doença. Isto inclui até mesmo o acesso e a utilização de serviços de saúde. Apesar de inúmeros estudos na literatura nacional apontarem para a existência de iniqüidades analisando a utilização dos serviços de saúde existem limitações na interpretação desse enfoque. Desta forma, visando a avaliação da equidade de forma mais abrangente, proponho a diferenciação da utilização e do acesso. A utilização dos serviços foi analisada sob o enfoque do uso, enquanto o conceito de Acesso adotado foi estruturado em três dimensões: Disponibilidade, Acessibilidade Financeira e Aceitabilidade. Portanto os objetivos do estudo foram: descrever e avaliar a utilização e o acesso aos serviços de saúde materno-infantil nos grupos do ciclo gravídico-puerperal (pré-natal, parto e puericultura), investigar as possíveis associações com as condições de vida e verificar a distribuição geográfica na área de estudo. Realizou-se estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal, na forma de inquérito domiciliar com amostra representativa da população do município de Juiz de Fora (MG), obtendo uma visão mais clara de tais iniqüidades. Os resultados mostraram elevados percentuais de utilização dos serviços de saúde, sendo: 99,5% no pré-natal, 100% parto hospitalar e 90,3% na puericultura, com predomínio da rede assistencial SUS (65,3% no pré-natal, 76,6% no parto e 58,4% na puericultura). O acesso aos serviços, segundo análise fatorial (método dos componentes principais) foi mais influenciado pelas dimensões: Disponibilidade e Acessibilidade Financeira. A representação gráfica da distribuição espacial dos escores, obtidos na análise fatorial, mostraram áreas com persistência na desvantagem na classificação do Acesso e que as áreas em vantagem possuíam cobertura da Atenção Primária em Saúde. Na análise por regressão linear múltipla para o grupo do pré-natal os fatores associados (p<0,05) reforçam que os fatores socioeconômicos e demográficos são determinantes do acesso. Na dimensão Disponibilidade, as variáveis associadas positivamente foram: maior escolaridade materna (ter no mínimo 2° grau completo), pertencer a grupo social mais alto (A ou B), idade do chefe da família e viver com companheiro. As variáveis: número de gestações, distância aos serviços de saúde (quanto mais próximo às instalações de saúde, ou seja, menores distâncias) e o sexo do chefe da família (ser homem) associaram-se negativamente ao desfecho acesso nessa dimensão. Enquanto na dimensão Aceitabilidade os seguintes fatores associaram-se positivamente: chefe da família ter trabalho atual, distância ao serviço de saúde (quanto maior a distância, maior o escore acesso), escolaridade materna (ter no mínimo 2° grau completo) e sexo do chefe de família (ser homem). Na dimensão Aceitabilidade a variável número de moradores esteve associada negativamente ao desfecho acesso, ou seja, quanto menor o número de residentes, maior o escore. Portanto, apesar dos avanços apontados pela utilização dos serviços, na perspectiva do acesso aos serviços, ainda persistem iniqüidades. Espera-se que tais resultados contribuam para a formulação de políticas públicas mais efetivas na implementação da equidade no acesso. / Health inequalities come to being in many different ways in the health-disease process, be it in the form of access or the utilization of health services. Although many studies undertaken in Brazil have highlighted the existence of inequities in the utilization of health services, there are limitations in the interpretation of such approach. This study analyses the utilization of health services with focus on the actual use, while the theoretical concept of Access adopted here is the one which breaks it down into three dimensions: Availability, Affordability and Acceptability. The objectives of the study are, therefore: to describe and evaluate the utilization of and access to infant-maternal health services during three well-defined moments of the pregnancy-puerperal cycle (antenatal, birth and infant care); to investigate the significance of the potential association of such aspects with living conditions and lifestyle and to assess the influence of geographical location on the utilization of and access to health services. A sharper view of observed inequities in health services provision and utilization was enabled by means of a cross-section household sample-survey epidemiological study undertaken in the city of Juiz de Fora, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Results show high percentages of health services utilization: 99.5% for antenatal, 100% for hospital births and 90.3% for infant care, the great majority of which provided by the unified public sector – SUS (65.3% for antenatal, 76.6% for births and 58.4% for infant care). Factor analysis (PCA) shows that for the latent variable access, the dimensions Availability and Affordability are predominant. The geographical distributions of the scores obtained from the first factor of PCA for the three moments show persistently disadvantaged areas in terms of access. Multiple linear regression, undertaken for the antenatal moment, shows that the variables kept in the models stress the importance of socioeconomic and demographic factors in the explanation of the observed variance in access. For the Availability dimension of access the significant covariates (p<0.05) associated positively with the scores are: mother´s educational level, mother living with partner, age of partner and belonging to higher social classes. The covariates negatively asso ciated with the scores were: parity, distance to health services and male as head of household. For the Acceptability dimension the following covariates are significant and positively associated with the scores: head of household in full employment, distance to health services, mother´s education and male as head of household; the only covariate negatively associated with the scores is: number of residents in the dwelling. Notwithstanding the advances shown by the levels of utilization, the analyses based on access to health services indicate that inequalities remain. We expect the results presented can contribute to the formulation of more effective public policies targeted at the implementation of equity in terms of Access.

Objetivos. Estimar la prevalencia de insuficiente acceso efectivo a medicamentos (IAEM) y sus factores asociados en usuarios que reciben prescripción médica en la consulta ambulatoria de instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud (IPRESS) en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios en Salud (ENSUSALUD) del año 2014; estudio con muestreo probabilístico bietápico a nivel nacional en IPRESS del Ministerio de Salud y Gobiernos Regionales (MINSA-GR), Seguro Social de Salud, Fuerzas Armadas y Policiales (sanidades), y clínicas del sector privado (CSP). El IAEM se definió como la dispensación incompleta o de ningún medicamento en la farmacia de la IPRESS. Se realizaron modelos lineales generalizados y se estimaron razones de prevalencia (RP) con IC 95% para muestreo complejo. Resultados. De los 13 670 entrevistados, el 80,9% (IC 95%: 79,9-81,8%) recibieron indicación de medicamentos, y de estos el 90,8% (IC 95%: 90,1-91,6%) los solicitaron en la farmacia de la IPRESS, donde el 30,6% (IC 95%:28,8-32,4%) tuvo IAEM. El ser atendido en el MINSA-GR (razón de prevalencia [RP]: 4,8; IC 95%: 3,5-6,54) y en las sanidades (RP: 3,21; IC 95%: 2,3- 4,5), el ser de la tercera edad (RP: 1,17; IC 95%: 1,04-1,34) y el pertenecer al quintil más pobre (RP: 1,21; IC 95%: 1,05-1,41) incrementaron la probabilidad de IAEM. Asimismo, los pacientes atendidos por una enfermedad de menos de 15 días (RP: 1,37; IC 95%: 1,05-1,79) y de 15 días a más (RP: 1,51; IC 95%: 1,16-1,97) tuvieron una mayor prevalencia de IAEM que aquellos atendidos por embarazo u otros controles. Conclusiones. El IAEM está asociado al subsistema de salud, edad, pobreza y tipo de consulta realizada. Se sugieren implementar estrategias para fomentar el acceso a medicamentos en la población peruana. / Objectives. To estimate the prevalence of ineffective access to drugs (IAD) and associated factors in patients receiving a prescription in an outpatient clinic in the Peruvian health system. Materials and Methods. We performed a secondary dataanalysis of the National Survey of Health Users Satisfaction (ENSUSALUD 2014), a two-stage population-based study carried out in health care centers of the Ministry of Health and Regional Governments (MOHRG), Social Security (EsSalud), Armed Forces and Police (AFP) and the Private Sector across all 25 regions of Peru. IAD was defined as incomplete or no dispensing of any prescribed medication in the health care center pharmacy. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution for complex survey sampling were fit to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results. Out of 13,360 participants, 80.9 % (95% CI: 79.9-81.8) had an active prescription, and of those, 90.8 % (95% CI: 90.1-91.6) sought their medications in a health care center pharmacy, where 30.6 % (95% CI 28.8-32.4) had IAD. In the multiple regression model, receiving medical attention in the MOHRG (PR 4.8; 95%CI: 3.5-6.54) or AFP (PR: 3.2; 95%CI: 2.3-4.5), being over 60 years old (PR: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.04-1.34) and being in the poorest income quintile (PR: 1.05; 95%CI: 1.05-1.41) increased IAD. Furthermore, in contrast to seeking care for pregnancy or other routine control, IAD was also more common for medical consultation for diseases diagnosed in the last 15 days (PR: 1.37; 95% CI: 1.05-1.79) or more than 15 days prior (PR: 1.51; 95% CI: 1.16-1.97). Conclusion. In Peru, IAD is associated with the provider institution, older age, poverty and the reason for medical consultation. We suggest strategies to promote access to medicines, especially in the most disadvantaged segments of the Peruvian population. / Revisión por pares

"The thesis of this study is that the flexibility within the exceptions to patent rights protecton under the TRIPS Agreement has not sufficiently been exploited at the national level. The study conceptualises the regimes for the protection of the right to health and IPRs not as mutually exclusive but as potentially reinforcing. The contention is therefore that the obligations in respect to the right to health limit the manner in which states can exercise the flexibilty within the patent regime of the TRIPS Agreement. Eventually the study seeks to answer the question: Where does the guarantee for the right to health lie in light of the TRIPS regime? ... The study is divided into three chapters preceded by an introduction. The introduction lays the background for te discussion. Chapter one deals with the definition of important concepts and provides the context in which the study is set. The chapter also discusses the background to the creation of the TRIPS Agreement, with an emphatic discussion on the involvement or lack thereof of Africn and other least developed and developing countries in this process. Chapter two discusses the patent rights exceptions clause under the TRIPS Agreement. Against this background, compuslory licensing, government use and parallel importing as means of making accessibility to drugs a reality under the TRIPS Agreement will be discussed. Chapter three identifies other means of making drugs more accessible and identifying places where they have worked well. In this chapter, generic substitution, establishemnt of a pricing committee, therapeutic value pricing, pooled procurement, negotiated procurement and planned donations will be discussed. Finally a conclusion will be drawn from the discussion and recommendations will be advanced." -- Chapter 1. / Prepared under the supervision of Riekie Wandrag at the Community Law Centre, University of Western Cape, South Africa / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2002. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

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Olga Davidová - Abstrakt DP - AJ Abstract Diploma thesis "Globalization and Health - access to health care for children of foreigners in the Czech Republic" addresses the issue of availability of health care for children of foreigners in the Czech Republic as development of legal framework in the Czech Republic and human rights issues. The main objective of this work is a critical reflection on the cause of discrimination against children of foreigners from third world countries (non-EU countries) in their access to health care. This is a retrospective case study which is selected by the institutional analysis of the key events of public policy focusing on the development of health insurance legislation. There are different mechanisms of protection of human rights at local, national, and international level in the availability of health care for children of foreign nationals from third world countries; unfortunately national legislation is not fully in line with international requirements in the area of health law. Although international documents are binding for the Czech Republic, they are not sufficiently applied in the Czech constitutional right to prevent violations of human rights.

Contexte : L'Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS) demande de « promouvoir » l'autonomie des adolescents dans l'accès aux services de santé. Mais la question de l'autonomie des adolescents en matière de soins de santé soulève des questions éthiques complexes (ex. : la nécessité du consentement parental). Il est donc nécessaire d'étudier empiriquement les questions éthiques liées à la promotion de l'autonomie des adolescents dans l'accès aux services de santé sexuelle et reproductive (SSSR). En raison de son contexte particulier (ex. : l'accès légal pour les adolescents aux SSSR), la Colombie a été choisie pour cette étude. Objectifs : 1) comprendre comment les adolescents interprètent le concept d'autonomie ; 2) explorer les préférences et les expériences des adolescents concernant leur autonomie pour accéder aux SSSR ; 3) examiner comment les adolescents souhaitent que leur autonomie soit promue ; 4) identifier et répondre aux questions éthiques reliées à l'appel de l'OMS à promouvoir l'autonomie des adolescents. Méthodologie : Une approche mixte fut utilisée avec des entretiens semi-structurés et des questionnaires. La recherche a eu lieu dans les départements colombiens d'Antioquia et du Valle del Cauca. Les adolescents qui se présentèrent dans deux cliniques Profamilia ont été invités à répondre à un questionnaire. En parallèle, les entretiens ont permis aux participants de présenter et de partager leurs opinions et expériences concernant leur autonomie pour accéder aux SSSR. Résultats : Au total, 812 adolescents de 11 à 24 ans ont répondu au questionnaire et 45 participants (de 14 à 23 ans) ont participé à un entretien individuel. Les entretiens démontrèrent que la compréhension de l'autonomie par les participants dépendait de leurs expériences personnelles, ce qui influence leur capacité d’accès aux SSSR. Selon un cadre de justice reproductive, les résultats soulignent des inégalités en termes d'autonomie pour accéder à des SSSR. Parallèlement, le questionnaire a démontré que les adolescents colombiens ont des préférences diverses en matière d'accès aux SSSR. Les études antérieures rapportent que les adolescents préfèrent la confidentialité et l'indépendance en lien aux SSSR, s’alignant ainsi sur la tendance d’encadrer le principe d'autonomie selon une perspective individualiste et d’autosuffisance. Cependant, la plupart des participants exprimèrent le souhait de pouvoir parler ouvertement avec leurs parents de leur santé sexuelle et reproductive et plusieurs voulaient aussi être accompagnés dans leur accès au SSSR. Conclusions : Les recommandations suivantes sont présentées en faveur d'un accès plus éthique aux SSSR en Colombie : 1) enseigner aux adolescents les fondements de l'autonomie pour que tous disposent des mêmes bases pour exercer leurs droits d'accès aux SSSR ; 2) investir dans la recherche avec les parents pour déterminer si leur fournir une éducation sexuelle aiderait les adolescents à accéder aux SSSR ; 3) adopter une approche « d’autonomie relationnelle » pour respecter les préférences des adolescents colombiens en matière d'accès aux SSSR. Lorsque les adolescents commencent à développer leur autonomie et avoir des relations sexuelles, il est essentiel de leur fournir les outils et les ressources nécessaires pour accéder aux SSSR dont ils ont besoin. / Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates “fostering” the autonomy of adolescents to access health services. But the question of adolescents’ autonomy in healthcare raises complex ethical questions (e.g., necessity of parental consent). Hence, there is a need to investigate empirically the ethical questions around fostering adolescents’ autonomy to access sexual and reproductive health services (SRHS). Because of its particular context (e.g., adolescents’ legal access to SRHS), Colombia was chosen for this study. Objectives: The objectives of this project were to 1) understand how adolescents comprehend the concept of autonomy, 2) explore the preferences and experiences of adolescents regarding their autonomy to access SRHS, 3) examine how adolescents wish for their autonomy to be fostered, and 4) identify the ethical issues and provide ethically informed solutions in line with the WHO’s call to foster adolescents’ autonomy. Methodology: A mixed-method approach was used with semi-structured interviews and surveys for cross-sectional analysis. The research took place in the Colombian departments of Antioquia and Valle del Cauca. Adolescents who presented themselves at two Profamilia clinics were invited to answer a survey. In parallel, the interviews offered an opportunity for participants to present and share their opinions and experiences concerning their autonomy to access SRHS. Results: A total of 812 participants aged 11-24 completed a survey, and 45 participants (aged 14-23) participated in an individual interview. The interviews demonstrated that participants’ understanding of autonomy was highly dependent on personal experiences, which influenced their choice and ability to access SRHS. Seen through the ethical lens of a reproductive justice framework, the results highlight the unequal opportunities of adolescents in terms of autonomy to access SRHS. In parallel, the survey showed that Colombian adolescents have a variety of preferences regarding how to access SRHS. Previous research has shown that adolescents prefer privacy and independence where SRHS are concerned, findings that align with the longstanding tendency to frame the ethical principle of autonomy from the perspective of individuality and self-reliance. However, most participants in this study expressed a strong wish to be able to talk openly with their parents about sexual and reproductive health, and many also wanted to be accompanied when they access SRHS. Conclusions: Based on the study findings, the following recommendations are put forward in support of a more ethical access to SRHS in Colombia: 1) teach adolescents the basis of autonomy, so they can equally benefit from the necessary knowledge and skills to exercise their rights to access SRHS; 2) invest in research with parents to determine if providing them with comprehensive sex education could help adolescents access SRHS; 3) adopt a nuanced “relational autonomy” approach to respect the myriad of preferences that Colombian adolescents have regarding access to SRHS. As adolescents start developing their autonomy and engaging in sexual relations, it is critical to provide them with the necessary tools and resources to access needed SRHS. / Contexto: La Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) llama a "fomentar" la autonomía de los adolescentes en el acceso a los servicios de salud. Sin embargo, la cuestión de la autonomía de los adolescentes en la atención de salud plantea complejas cuestiones éticas (por ejemplo, la necesidad del consentimiento de los padres). Por lo tanto, es necesario estudiar empíricamente las cuestiones éticas relacionadas con la promoción de la autonomía de los adolescentes en el acceso a los servicios de salud sexual y reproductiva (SSSR). Debido a su contexto particular (por ejemplo, el acceso legal de los adolescentes a los SSSR), se eligió a Colombia para este estudio. Objetivos: (1) entender cómo los adolescentes comprenden el concepto de autonomía; (2) explorar las preferencias y experiencias de los adolescentes con respecto a su autonomía para acceder a los SSSR; (3) examinar cómo los adolescentes desean que se fomente su autonomía para acceder a los SSSR; (4) identificar las cuestiones éticas y proponer soluciones éticamente informadas en línea con el llamamiento de la OMS para fomentar la autonomía de los adolescentes. Métodos: Se utilizó un enfoque de método mixto: entrevistas semiestructuradas y encuestas. La investigación tuvo lugar en los departamentos colombianos de Antioquia y Valle del Cauca. Los adolescentes que se presentaron en dos clínicas de Profamilia fueron invitados a responder una encuesta. Paralelamente, las entrevistas permitieron a los participantes presentar y compartir sus puntos de vista y experiencias sobre su autonomía en el acceso a la salud sexual y reproductiva. Resultados: Un total de 45 participantes de 14 a 23 años participaron en una entrevista, y 812 participantes de 11 a 24 años completaron una encuesta. Las entrevistas demostraron que la comprensión de la autonomía de los participantes dependía en gran medida de sus experiencias personales, lo que influyó en su elección y capacidad para acceder a los SSSR. Visto a través de la lente ética de un marco teórico de justicia reproductiva, los resultados ponen de manifiesto la desigualdad de oportunidades de los adolescentes en términos de autonomía para acceder a los SSSR. Paralelamente, las encuestas mostraron que los participantes tienen una variedad de preferencias para acceder a los SSSR. Las investigaciones anteriores muestran que los adolescentes prefieren la privacidad y la independencia en lo que respecta a los SSSR. Dichos hallazgos se alinean con la tendencia a enmarcar el principio ético de la autonomía sobre la base de una perspectiva individualista y de autosuficiencia. Sin embargo, la mayoría de los participantes expresaron su deseo de poder hablar abiertamente con sus padres sobre su salud sexual y reproductiva y muchos también querían recibir apoyo para acceder a los SSSR. Conclusión: Según los resultados de la investigación, se proponen las siguientes recomendaciones: (1) enseñar a los adolescentes las bases de la autonomía, con el objetivo de que todos los adolescentes tengan las mismas bases para ejercer sus derechos de acceso a los SSSR; (2) invertir en estudios con los padres para determinar si proporcionarles una educación sexual integral ayuda a los adolescentes a acceder a los SSSR; (3) adoptar un enfoque de “autonomía relacional” para respetar la miríada de preferencias que tienen los adolescentes colombianos para acceder a los SSSR. A medida que los adolescentes comienzan a desarrollar su autonomía y a tener relaciones sexuales, es fundamental proporcionarles las herramientas y los recursos necesarios para acceder a los SSSR que necesitan.

The maternal mortality rate in the USA is the highest in the industrialized world. Black women in the USA are three times more likely to die due to pregnancy and childbirth-related health issues than their white counterparts. According to 2017–2019 data from the CDC, 80% of these deaths are preventable.The purpose of this thesis is to understand how women’s bodily autonomy is both racialized and politicized. Key questions here are: What is the relationship between access to healthcare and reproductive rights? How are reproductive rights racialized? How is bodily autonomy racialized and politicized?This research is based on a literature review and a case study of the documentary Aftershock, released in July 2022. Aftershock charts the deaths of two young Black American women after they gave birth and shows how their partners and families stood together and became effective activists determined to fight the Black maternal mortality epidemic in the US, and thereby increase awareness and bring about change in society.