In the mid- to late 19th century, modern pipe-bound water and sewer systems proliferated in European cities, a development that has sometimes been regarded as a necessary result of a sanitary awakening and the progress of science and technology. By analyzing the introduction and subsequent expansion of water, sewerage, and excreta collection on the local level, in the Swedish cities Norrköping and Linköping, this oversimplified picture is questioned. The main problematique of this dissertation is why piped water supply and sewerage were introduced in these two Swedish cities at this particular time in history, and why the systems were subsequently extended. The actor-network theory (ANT) is used as an analytical tool. In the local context issues of governance, economy, technology, public health, and environment were brought to a head, and, if anything stands out, it is the complexity of introducing new technology. Despite the differences between Norrköping and Linköping in terms of topography and social and economic structures, the evolution of water supply and sewerage was on the whole similar. The existence of uniform scientific, technological, ideological, and cultural influences and of legislation at the national level, coupled with suburban growth, contributed to this development. There was more variation in excreta collection, because of the differences between the cities. Poor sanitary conditions, a river sensitive to pollution, and a strong public health network caused Linköping to introduce sanitary regulations much earlier than Norrköping and in Linköping WC’s were not as common.

Xenotransplantation (XTP; animal-to-human transplantation) is a controversial technology of contemporary scientific, medical, ethical and social debate in Australia and internationally. The complexities of XTP encompass immunology, immunosuppression, physiology, technology (genetic engineering and cloning), microbiology, and animal/human relations. As a result of these controversies, the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Australia, formed the Xenotransplantation Working Party (XWP) in 2001. The XWP was designed to advise the NHMRC on XTP, if and how it should proceed in Australia, and to provide draft regulatory guidelines. During the period 2001-2004, the XWP produced three publicly available documents one of which, ‘Animal-to-Human Transplantation Research: A Guide for the Community’ (2003), was specifically designed to introduce the general public to the major issues and background of XTP. This thesis examines XTP in Australia as guided and influenced by this community document. Explicitly, drawing upon actor (actant)- network theory, I will reveal the Australian XTP network and explore, describe and explain XTP problematisations and network negotiations by the enrolled actants on two key concepts and obligatory passage points - animals and risk. These actants include those providing regulatory advice (members of the XWP and the associated Animal Issues Subcommittee), those developing and/or critiquing XTP (official science and scientists), and those targeted by the technology (people on dialysis, with Type-1 diabetes, Huntington’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, pre-or post-human-tohuman transplantation, and their partner/spouse). The stories are gathered through focus groups, semi-structured interviews and document analysis. They reveal ambiguous and sometimes contradictory stories about animals and risk, which influence and impact the problematisations of XTP and its networks. Therefore, XTP mobilises tension; facilitating both support and apprehension of the XTP network and its construction by both the sciences and the publics.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή προτείνει ένα εννοιολογικό πλαίσιο σχεδιασμού μαθησιακών αντικειμένων το οποίο εμφορείται από την Κοινωνική Σημειωτική και από τη Θεωρία της Ρητορικής Δομής. Προτείνεται μια θεώρηση των μαθησιακών αντικειμένων ως πολυτροπικών ψηφιακών κειμενικών μακρο-ειδών τα οποία αποτελούνται από ψηφιακά κειμενικά μικρο-είδη. Η οργάνωση του μαθησιακού περιεχομένου μοντελοποιείται μέσα από διάφορα συστημικά δίκτυα τα οποία αναπαριστούν τις σχεδιαστικές επιλογές του δημιουργού των μαθησιακών αντικειμένων. Με αυτό το σημειωτικό πλαίσιο στη διάθεσή του ένας δημιουργός μαθησιακών αντικειμένων μπορεί να εξοπλιστεί με τα εννοιολογικά εκείνα εργαλεία τα οποία θα του επιτρέψουν: α) να δημιουργήσει ή να χρησιμοποιήσει διάφορους τύπους κειμενικών μικρο-ειδών σύμφωνα με τις επικοινωνιακές λειτουργίες που αυτά εξυπηρετούν, β) να συνδέσει μεταξύ τους αυτούς τους τύπους μέσα από μια σειρά συζευκτικών σχέσεων και γ) να εκφράσει μέσα στο μαθησιακό περιεχόμενο τις επικοινωνιακές του προθέσεις απέναντι σε μια συγκεκριμένη ομάδα – στόχο χρηστών. / This thesis proposes a conceptual framework for designing learning objects which is imbued by Social Semiotics and Rhetoric Structure Theory. An outlook of learning objects as digital multimodal macrogenres composed by digital microgenres is proposed. The organization of learning content is modeled through several systemic networks which represent the design choices of the learning objects’ author. With this semiotic framework at his disposal, a learning objects’ author can be equipped with those conceptual tools that will enable him: a) to create or use different types of microgenres according to the communicative functions they serve, b) to link these types through a series of conjunctive relations and c) to express within the learning content his communicative intentions towards a particular target group of users.

This thesis aims to illustrate and explain contemporary interactions between Western ethnographic museums and broader society. It is based on one central case study, the Slovene Ethnographic Museum (SEM) in Ljubljana, Slovenia. A majority of informants expressed a wish for the museum to be a platform for dialogue. In connection to their visions, this thesis discusses the potential of ethnographic museums to work towards promoting and facilitating inclusivity and social change as well as some tensions that arise from this development. This is done through an analysis of ethnographic data on museum employees’ views on the relevance and responsibilities of the museum and its status as a cultural and scientific institute. New museology and actor-network theory are used as primary analytical tools. A responsibility to represent ‘correctly’ in the museum is related to the influence that tangible and intangible heritages, as actants, can have on society. It is argued that cultural heritage could be instrumental in achieving positive social change. However, there is a core tension between the envisioned position of the museum and the power hierarchy that it maintains through its identity as a scientific institute that shapes dominant knowledge.

O vínculo familiar e comunitário é um operador importante da Política Nacional de Assistência Social (PNAS). Segundo um de seus documentos, ele é uma meta que perpassa todas as suas normatizações. Frente a essa centralidade, esta tese buscou investigar, a partir das proposições dos Estudos da Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade e da Teoria Ator-Rede, as redes de práticas heterogêneas pelas quais o vínculo é performado (enacted) como objeto da Política. Nesse sentido, o vínculo não se constitui como um mero laço ou associação entre diferentes elementos, mas como um objeto imaterial que só ganha existência na PNAS porque constantemente sustentamos e cultivamos redes de práticas que o produzem. Ou seja, ele só passa a existir porque diferentes atores atuam incessantemente para sua fabricação. Desse modo, a primeira parte do trabalho é uma aposta política em traçar um caminho investigativo, ao campo das políticas públicas/sociais, que se distancia dos estudos foucaultiano – perspectiva já consolidada em pesquisas sobre o tema. Na segunda parte a construção da tese se organiza em quatro movimentos de análise. O movimento 1mostra a rede de práticas que performa o vínculo como objeto da Política em sua forma documental (domínio da política), através da análise do Caderno “Concepção de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos”; o movimento 2 descreve as redes de práticas que advém do campo de conhecimento da Psicologia (domínio teórico-científico) e que compõe o vínculo como objeto da PNAS; o movimento 3 discute as práticas cotidianas de um Serviço de Proteção e Atendimento Integral à Família (PAIF) da cidade de Porto Alegre e, finalmente, o movimento 4 se detém a relação/implicação da performance do vínculo com o exercício da cidadania. Nesse sentido, o percurso dessa tese busca fomentar o exercício ético de pensarmos sobre o que realmente queremos para o coletivo com o qual trabalhamos. Portanto, uma provocação, que busca abrir brechas para que possamos olhar para as práticas desse campo de modo a ver mais possibilidades do que impossibilidades ao trabalho cotidiano. / The family and community bond is an important operator of the National Social Assistance Policy (PNAS). According to one of its documents, it is a goal that pervades all its norms. In view of this centrality, this thesis sought to investigate, from the propositions of the Science and Technology Studies and of the Actor-Network Theory, the networks of heterogeneous practices by which the bond is performed (enacted) as object of the Policy. In this sense, the bond does not constitute a mere link or association between different elements, but as an immaterial object that only obtain existence in the PNAS because we constantly sustain and cultivate networks of practices that produce it. Thereby, it only comes into existence because different actors act ceaselessly for its fabrication. In this way, the first part of this work is a political commitment to draw an investigative path, in the field of public / social policies, which distances itself from Foucualtian studies - a perspective already consolidated in research on this subject. In the second part the construction of the thesis is organized in four analysis movements. Movement 1 shows the network of practices that enact the bond as object of the Policy in its documents (domain of politics), through the analysis of the Notebook "Conception of Living Together and Strengthening of Bonds"; The movement 2 describes the networks of practices that come from the field of knowledge of Psychology (theoretical-scientific domain) and that composes the bond as object of the PNAS; The movement 3 discusses the daily practices of a Service of Protection and Integral Assistance to the Family (PAIF) of the city of Porto Alegre and, finally, the movement 4 focuses in the relation/implication of the peformance of the bond with the exercise of citizenship. In this sense, the course of this thesis seeks to promote the ethical exercise of thinking about what we really want for the collective with which we work. Therefore, a provocation, that tries to open gaps from which we can look at the practices of this field in order to see more possibilities than impossibilities to the daily work.

This thesis is about the historical geography of scientific knowledge production at sea. It focuses on three expeditions of exploration and discovery undertaken, respectively, by France, the United States of America, and Britain, that in the late 1830s sailed into the southern oceans. These voyages marked the last such expeditions to travel by sail alone and came before an acknowledged period of specialized interest in investigating the oceans and the marine environment, exemplified by the sailing of HMS Challenger in 1872. The expeditions share a commonality of period and of destination: their study together provides a hitherto overlooked opportunity to analyse practices of experimentation on, and investigation of, the natural history and physical properties of the marine environment that were integral to the construction of scientific knowledge about the oceans at that time. By attention to archival records, personal correspondence, diaries, published travel narratives and representations of marine phenomena in the form of illustrations, sketches, preserved specimens and displays of numerical material, this thesis examines quotidian shipboard practices to show how the production of scientific ‘facts’ was a matter of constant negotiation between people, weather, instruments and vessels – that occurred as a by-product of the running of the ship as well as of more defined programmes of study by civilian naturalists and naval staff. Informed by work in the history of science, Science and Technology Studies (STS) and Actor-Network Theory (ANT), this thesis highlights how attending to practice in the ambiguous, heterotopic space that was the expedition vessel can reveal the origins of a new, specialized, discipline: what I call here a proto-oceanography. This covers those scientific practices undertaken primarily at sea and from the ship: depth measurement, sea temperature and chemistry, the height of waves, collection of marine specimens and coastal topography, but not those primarily land-based activities such as astronomy, meteorology and terrestrial magnetism. By focusing on work carried out on board ship rather than on land, this thesis offers new insights into the practices of marine investigation and experimentation and the complexities of interrogating a space which was visualised primarily through instruments. This thesis examines how at-sea cultures of collection, measurement and representation can inform geographically nuanced analyses of the production of scientific knowledge.

Cette étude présente la recherche-action d’inspiration pragmatiste menée au sein du Programme de production du Système, un produit complexe de haute technologie. Dans un secteur où les contraintes sont de plus en plus fortes, certaines activités qui pendant longtemps n’avaient pas été questionnées commencent à être remises en cause. La gestion des évolutions techniques, dont le processus permet de mettre en œuvre de changements sur la définition du produit, en fait partie. Or, le constat de la présence de modifications sans coûts identifiés dans cette activité a soulevé la question de recherche suivante : Comment la « modification sans coût » émerge-t-elle en tant qu’outil dans l’organisation et quelles sont ses relations avec les pratiques de la gestion des évolutions dans la production du Système ? Pour y répondre, la recherche-action a permis d’analyser les conditions de l’émergence de l’outil de gestion « modification sans coût » au cœur des pratiques de l’activité de gestion de configuration de l’Entreprise. La théorie de l’acteur-réseau s’est ensuite révélée, en raison des caractéristiques spécifiques du terrain, comme le plus adéquat pour appréhender cet outil. Dans ce cadre, la discussion proposée permettra de déconstruire la boîte noire qu’est devenue la « modification sans coût » et de mettre en évidence ses multiples dimensions. La « modification sans coût » apparaîtra ainsi comme un actant du réseau de gestion de configuration et un outil porteur d’habitudes héritées du passé. Cette interprétation établira ainsi le rôle de la « modification sans coût » dans le maintien de logiques d’actions et de pratiques collectives antérieures au sein de l’organisation. / This study presents a pragmatist action-research conducted in the production Program of the System, a complex high-tech product. In an industrial domain where constraints are getting increasingly stronger, some activities are now questioned. The engineering change management, which process allows to apply changes in the product definition, is one of these. However, the observation that for some modifications no costs were identified brings to the following research question: How the “no cost modification” emerges as a management accounting tool in the organization and what are its relationships with the engineering changes’ practices in the System production? In order to answer it, the action-research allows to analyze the emerging conditions of the “no cost modification” in the engineering changes’ practices. The actor-network theory reveals then itself as the most adequate framework in order to apprehend this management accounting tool considering the field specificities. In this context, the discussion proposed gives the opportunity to deconstruct the black box “no cost modification” and to put in evidence its multiple dimensions. The “no cost modification” appears to be an “actant” of the configuration management network and a management accounting tool carrying habits linked to the past. This interpretation will so establish the role of the “no cost modification” in the maintenance of previous action logics and collective practices in the organization.

Submitted by Mariana Brandão (marianabrandao@globo.com) on 2017-12-04T15:25:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017.Mariana Brandao Cavalheiro_Tese.pdf: 79871762 bytes, checksum: a853438e2692cc3ee64c7fb1f7686206 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2017-12-04T15:57:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017.Mariana Brandao Cavalheiro_Tese.pdf: 79871762 bytes, checksum: a853438e2692cc3ee64c7fb1f7686206 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-08T18:41:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017.Mariana Brandao Cavalheiro_Tese.pdf: 79871762 bytes, checksum: a853438e2692cc3ee64c7fb1f7686206 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-18 / O rápido aumento da população urbana apresenta novos desafios para a administração de cidades em todo o mundo. No entanto, com a adoção generalizada de tecnologias de informação e comunicação (TIC), um número crescente de iniciativas estão sendo implementadas para aliviar essa tensão ao tentar transformar os centros urbanos em cidades inteligentes. Paralelamente ao conceito de cidades inteligentes, uma variação específica deste conceito emergiu no setor de turismo, cunhado na ideia de destinos turísticos inteligentes (DTI). Com base na experiência de Armação dos Búzios (RJ, Brasil), esta pesquisa explora algumas questões cruciais ao processo de transformação de um destino turístico em inteligente. De fato, os principais destinos turísticos estão implementando cada vez mais as TIC para enriquecer as experiências dos turistas e, como resultado, melhorar a competitividade do destino. Apesar do crescente número de iniciativas de DTI em diferentes países, a literatura existente permanece incipiente sobre esse fenômeno crescente. Assim, o primeiro artigo desta tese propõe um modelo teórico – o Smart Destinantion Development Model - visando indicar um caminho estratégico que um destino turístico deveria seguir para se tornar inteligente. Ao discutir a ideia de DTI, argumentamos que, além de aumentar a competitividade do destino, um projeto de DTI deve basear-se em um paradigma sustentável para criar valor público para a comunidade local. O segundo trabalho, desenvolvido sob a perspectiva da teoria Ator-Rede, está focado em investigar o processo de implementação do projeto de cidade inteligente de Armação dos Búzios, denominado Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Além disso, essa pesquisa também tentou entender o papel do contexto na implementação de um projeto de cidade inteligente. Nossas descobertas revelam que o projeto da cidade inteligente estudado foi principalmente motivado pela regulação pública e decisões, que caracterizamos como de cima para baixo, praticadas através das interações de seus participantes Após reconhecer o papel dos atores envolvidos no projeto CIB, bem como suas motivações, o terceiro artigo analisou o mesmo projeto usando o modelo SDDM. Desta forma, o artigo III visa investigar se, no processo de implementação do projeto da cidade inteligente, Armação dos Búzios também buscou se tornar um DTI. Nossos resultados mostraram que, apesar das oportunidades que surgiram com a infraestrutura tecnológica trazida pelo projeto da cidade inteligente, o setor de turismo de Armação dos Búzios não conseguiu se tornar mais eficiente. Assim, o último artigo provou que as TIC não irão atuar por si só para melhorar a experiência dos turistas. Na verdade, há uma cadeia de valor turístico muito complexa que precisa ser organizada e envolvida com uma visão estratégica comum, antes que a tecnologia se torne útil para aumentar a competitividade do destino turístico. / The rapid increase in urban population poses significant challenges to the administration of cities throughout the world. However, with the widespread adoption of information and communication technologies (ICT), a growing number of initiatives are being implemented to alleviate such strain by attempting to transform urban centers into Smart Cities. Parallel to the concept of Smart City, a specific variation of this concept is emerging in the Tourism sector, which regards the idea of Smart Tourism Destinations (STD). Drawing upon Armação dos Búzios (RJ, Brazil) experience, this research explores some key issues to be addressed in the process of transforming a tourism destination into a smart one. In fact, mainstream tourism destinations are increasingly implementing ICTs to enrich tourists' experiences and, as a result, improve the competitiveness of the tourism destination. Despite the growing number of STD initiatives in different countries, the extant literature remains silent on this growing phenomenon. As such, the first article of this thesis proposes a theoretical model – The Smart Destination Development Model – aimed at indicating a strategic path that a tourism destination should follow to become a smart one. By discussing the idea of STD, we argue that besides enhancing the destination competitiveness, an STD project should be grounded on a sustainable paradigm in order to create public value for the hosting community. The second paper, developed under the Actor-Network theory perspective, is focused on investigating the implementation process of the smart city project that took place in Armação dos Búzios, named Cidade Inteligente Búzios (CIB). Additionally, this research also attempted to understand the role of context in the implementation of a smart city project. Our findings reveal that the smart city project studied was primarily motivated by public regulation and mainstream decisions we characterized as top-down decisions implemented through interactions of project participants. After acknowledging the role of actors involved the CIB project, as well as their motivations, the third article has studied the same project using the SDDM. In this way, article III aims at investigating if in the process of implementing the smart city project, Armação dos Búzios also sought to become a STD. Our results have shown that, despite the opportunities that emerged with the technological infrastructure brought by the smart city project, the tourism sector of Armação dos Búzios was not able to become more efficient. Thus, the last paper has proven that ICT will not act by itself in improving the tourists’ experience. In fact, there is a very complex touristic value chain that needs to be organized, and be engaged with a common strategic vision, before technology becomes useful to increase the tourism destination competitiveness.

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:17:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 62070100811.pdf: 1276946 bytes, checksum: 78c3ac1f68a7d0bca928bada3ad236ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-27T00:00:00Z / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo contribuir para o entendimento de como diferentes tipos de agência, ou sociotecnologias, contribuem para a constituição da política pública de museus no país. Partindo de um estudo de caso da Pinacoteca do Estado de São Paulo - museu público cuja gestão foi transferida para uma Organização Social privada sem fins lucrativos - foram observados e analisados os relatos e narrativas dos atores envolvidos nas atividades cotidianas do museu. Utilizando ferramentas analíticas da teoria dos atores-rede e da nova sociologia pragmática, argumenta-se que considerar a agência como uma gama de instrumentos sociotécnicos possibilita a melhor compreensão dos mecanismos de coordenação das novas formas de governabilidade que têm se desenhado a partir da reforma do Estado brasileiro

Made available in DSpace on 2010-04-20T20:48:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 3 Tese completa2601_versaoFINAL.pdf.jpg: 12066 bytes, checksum: ed0cb97d14763a558ac5f032fa220913 (MD5) Tese completa2601_versaoFINAL.pdf: 3557622 bytes, checksum: b9591e3a0d33441308ec6c15d5b53bd2 (MD5) Tese completa2601_versaoFINAL.pdf.txt: 590074 bytes, checksum: dab521b5ea46dfc5e5bb39080d90b1fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-03T00:00:00Z / Communities of practice (CoPs) are groups of people who share a concern, a set of problems, or a passion about a topic, and who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis. In order that a CoP evolves and reach its objectives it must contain characteristics proper of Learning Communities, which means that there are facilities like maps, models or discourses to motivate the interaction between the group competence and individual experiences. The technology is another facility and it may contribute to disseminate the knowledge and the practice because it improves cooperation. Once technology is introduced, the Learning CoPs may become Virtual Communities of Practice, whose sustainability is important in order that the organizations improve internal knowledge, by means of learning in practice, contributing to innovation and productivity. Many of these CoPs don’t sustain themselves during their first years. The reasons may be that interactions of the members of the Virtual Communities of Practice result – much of the time - into controversies. Many controversies may appear from different power relationships created by the new strategies adopted to deal with new realities or from the absence of an adequate stimuli policy from the organization where the Virtual Communities or Practice are embedded. New strategies interfere in identity formation processes that, as a consequence, interfere in the life-cycle of the Virtual Communities of Practice. This thesis analyses the main aspects which contribute to the sustainability of virtual CoPs. The case study of two Virtual Communities of Practice that were created by Fundap (Fundação do Desenvolvimento Administrativo) are explored, based on the Communities of Practice Theory and on the Actor Network Theory, composed with Simbolic Interacionism elements. The main contribution of this thesis is a description, which presents the strategies adopted by one organization to lead with the power relations and controversies in virtual communities of practice that it creates and manage, with implications to apprenticeship. / Comunidades de Prática (CoPs) são definidas como grupos de pessoas que compartilham um conjunto de problemas, uma preocupação ou paixão sobre um tópico específico e que aprofundam o conhecimento sobre esse tópico, interagindo com freqüência e regularidade (WENGER; MCDERMOTT; SNYDER, 2002). Um requisito essencial para que a Comunidade de Prática evolua em seus objetivos é que contenha características próprias de uma Comunidade de Aprendizagem, ou seja, que existam facilidades que motivem a troca entre a competência do grupo e a experiência individual. Uma vez presentes esses elementos, as Comunidades de Prática podem se transformar em Comunidades de Aprendizagem e de Prática . Entre as facilidades para a troca entre competência do grupo e experiência individual encontram-se elementos como modelos, mapas, discursos, mas principalmente a tecnologia, que facilita a disseminação do conhecimento e da prática, por meio da cooperação. Incorporadas as facilidades de tecnologia pela Comunidade de Aprendizagem e de Prática, esta se transforma em uma Comunidade Virtual de Aprendizagem e de Prática, cuja sustentação é importante para que as organizações elevem o conhecimento, por meio do aprendizado na prática, gerando inovações e elevando a produtividade. Muitas dessas comunidades não se sustentam nos seus estágios iniciais porque presenciam muitas controvérsias, provenientes de relações de poder criadas pelas diversas estratégias adotadas pelas organizações nas quais se inserem ou porque essas organizações não lhes provêem uma política adequada de estímulos. Para lidar com essas controvérsias, as organizações adotam novas estratégias, que podem trazer mudanças na rede, nas identidades dos membros, e, conseqüentemente interferências no ciclo de vida das Comunidades de Prática. A fim de colaborar para a análise dos principais aspectos que contribuem para a sustentação das Comunidades Virtuais de Aprendizagem e de Prática, será analisado, em profundidade, o caso de Comunidades Virtuais de Aprendizagem e de Prática – criadas pela Fundap (Fundação do Desenvolvimento Administrativo) –, com base na Teoria das Comunidades de Prática e na Teoria Ator-Rede, sendo esta última composta com elementos do Interacionismo Simbólico. A principal contribuição desta tese é uma descrição, que apresenta as estratégias adotadas por uma organização para lidar com as relações de poder nas comunidades que cria e organiza, as controvérsias desenvolvidas em Comunidades Virtuais de Aprendizagem e de Prática e seus efeitos para a aprendizagem.