One of the ways in which the attachment relationships we develop during infancy influence us throughout life is by emotion regulation. Although studies have shown that attachment orientations affect emotional functioning, the effect of attachment dimensions on overall emotional functioning and sociability has still not been investigated. The purpose of the present study was to examine if attachment dimensions predict emotional intelligence (EI) and sociability. The sample consisted of 75 psychology students at Stockholm University who completed the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeney, Noller & Hanrahan, 1994) and a section of the Understanding Personal Potential (UPP; Sjöberg, 2001) that measures EI with self-report as well as performance measures, and sociability. The current data did not offer conclusive evidence for the impact of attachment on EI, but suggests that secure attachment predicts sociability. The results are discussed in relation to existing theory and a more integrative approach is suggested for future studies.

[pt] De 2010 a 2012, a cidade do Rio de Janeiro iniciou um projeto de grande escala para avaliar o desenvolvimento de crianças matriculadas em creches e pré-escolas públicas. A avaliação do desenvolvimento infantil foi realizada anualmente, com uma média de 60 mil crianças em cerca de 80 por cento das creches e pré-escolas públicas da cidade. Depois de receber treinamento específico, os profissionais de cada instituição (por exemplo, professoras e crecheiras) aplicaram os questionários que compõe o sistema Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ-3 e ASQ:SE) para detectar possíveis condições de risco em relação aos principais marcadores do desenvolvimento infantil. Entretanto, no contexto brasileiro, há uma ausência de estudos que tenham investigado as propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira do ASQ:SE. Além disso, poucos estudos discutiram os resultados do ASQ:BR e ASQ:SE com respeito a avaliações longitudinais, diferenças de performance em função do gênero e visando incorporação dos resultados estatísticos em políticas públicas. Dito isto, a presente tese teve os seguintes objetivos: (1) investigar as principais propriedades psicométricas do ASQ:SE usando metodologia de Teoria Clássica dos Testes (TCT) e da Teoria da Resposta do Item (TRI) e (2) apresentar uma visão geral do desenvolvimento infantil em serviços de creche usando, para isso, os dados que foram coletados longitudinalmente por este projeto. Assim, esta tese compreende cinco artigos nos quais foram realizados os seguintes estudos. Inicialmente, com base na TCT, a estrutura fatorial do ASQ:SE foi investigada, a fidedignidade foi calculada usando o alfa de Cronbach, e pontos de corte preliminares foram calculados com base em médias e desvios-padrão. O segundo artigo ampliou a investigação da estrutura de fatorial do ASQ:SE e no terceiro artigo, um modelo de multidimensional da TRI foi usado para duas finalidades: (i) confirmar a dimensionalidade de todas as escalas do ASQ:SE e (ii) verificar as características de seus itens. No quarto e quinto artigo, o foco foi parcialmente alterado das propriedades psicométricas para os resultados preliminares de uma avaliação longitudinal de crianças que foram avaliadas ao longo de dois ou três anos consecutivos. Os resultados gerais evidenciam a validade, confiabilidade e utilidade do ASQ:SE e sugerem que crianças que estão matriculadas em creches públicas do Brasil/Rio de Janeiro, apesar da adversidade ambiental, não estão em risco de atrasos sérios no desenvolvimento. / [en] From 2010 to 2012, the city of Rio de Janeiro initiated a large-scale project to evaluate the development of children who were enrolled in daycare centers and public preschools. The evaluation of child development was performed annually, with an average of 60,000 children in more or less 80 percent of the daycare centers and public preschools in the city. After receiving specific training, professionals at each institution (e.g., teachers and caregivers) applied the Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ-3 and ASQ:SE) to screen for risk factors (e.g., developmental delays) with regard to the major markers and milestones of child development. However, in the Brazilian context, there is a lack of studies that have investigated the psychometric properties of the Brazilian version of the ASQ:SE. Moreover, a dearth of studies has discussed the results of both the ASQ:BR and ASQ:SE with regard to longitudinal assessments, gender differences, and incorporation of the statistical results into public policies. That said, the present thesis had the following objectives: (1) to investigate the main psychometric properties of the ASQ:SE using both Classical Test Theory (CTT) methodology and Item Response Theory (IRT) and (2) to present an overview of child development in daycare services using the data that were gathered from this longitudinal project. Thus, this thesis comprises five articles in which the following studies were conducted. Initially, based on CTT, the factor structure of the ASQ:SE was estimated using Cronbach s, and preliminary cutoff points were computed, based on means and standard deviations. The second article extended investigation of the factor structure of the ASQ:SE and in the third article, a multidimensional IRT model was used for two purposes: (i) to confirm the dimensionality of all scales of the ASQ:SE and (ii) to verify its item characteristics. In the fourth and fifth article, the focus partially shifted from psychometric properties to the preliminary results of a longitudinal evaluation of children who were assessed over two or three consecutive years. The overall results provide evidence of the validity, reliability, and utility of the ASQ:SE and suggest that children who are enrolled in Brazilian/Rio de Janeiro s public daycare centers, despite environmental adversity, are not at risk of serious developmental delays.

Thesis (DPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is a general assumption in psychology that past social relationships and experiences influence present social behaviour. With attachment theory and current social-cognitive theory as conceptual basis, the present study focused on the association between past experiences with significant others and the current processing of interpersonal information. By means of a 2x3x4 experimental design the study investigated the influence of chronic accessibility and subliminal priming (of significant other representations) on the accuracy and speed of processing scripted interpersonal information. One hundred and thirty seven university students took part in two sessions no more than two weeks apart. In session one they completed the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeny, Noller & Hanrahan, 1994), and provided the names of positive and negative significant others. According to a median split of the Confidence Scale of the ASQ, they were assigned to a chronic positive or a chronic negative group, assuming that the information based on predominantly positive or negative experiences with positive or negative significant others will be chronically more accessible. In session two, in an individual computer task, they were subliminally primed (33 ms) with a control word or the name of the positive or negative significant other to increase the accessibility of the appropriate memory structures. They were then asked to read a positive, negative, mixed or ambiguous script of an interpersonal event and complete a memory test of 36 interpersonal statements (nine positive, nine negative, nine ambiguous and nine filler statements). The accuracy and response time for every statement was recorded, and the response times of accurate responses for positive and negative scripts were included in the main analysis. Separate univariate analyses of the differences between positive and negative priming per polarity of chronic group and script supported the priming hypothesis. The average response time of the chronic negative group was fastest when they received a negative prime (p = .039), and the positive group was fastest when they received a positive prime (p = .000). The results of a two-way analysis of variance for chronic group and script showed a highly significant interaction effect between chronic group and script (p = .000). When the primes were congruent to the scripts, the chronic groups were significantly faster in recognising statements from a congruent script. The results supported the conjunctive model of priming. The implications of these findings for the understanding of the cognitive structures and processes involved in processing interpersonal information are discussed, with specific reference to relational schemas and attachment working models. Possible directions for future research as well as the application of the results are also described. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is ‘n algemene aanname in die sielkunde dat sosiale verhoudinge en ervarings uit die verlede ‘n invloed het op huidige sosiale gedrag. Vanuit die bindingsteorie en die huidige sosiaal-kognitiewe teorie as konseptuele uitgangspunt, fokus die huidige studie op die assosiasie tussen ervaringe met betekenisvolle persone in die verlede en die huidige prosessering van interpersoonlike inligting. Met behulp van ‘n 2x3x4 eksperimentele ontwerp is ondersoek ingestel na die invloed van chroniese toeganklikheid en subliminale opwekking (van geheuevoorstellings van betekenisvolle ander) op die akkuraatheid en spoed waarmee interpersoonlike tekste verwerk word. Eenhonderd-sewe-en-dertig universiteitstudente het deelgeneem aan twee sessies wat nie meer as twee weke na mekaar plaasgevind het nie. Tydens sessie een het die deelnemers die Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ; Feeny, Noller & Hanrahan, 1994) voltooi en die name van positiewe en negatiewe betekenisvolle persone voorsien. Op grond van die mediaan-verdeling van die Selfvertroue Skaal van die ASQ is die deelnemers toegewys aan ’n chronies positiewe of chronies negatiewe groep, met die veronderstelling dat inligting gebaseer op oorwegend positiewe of negatiewe ervarings met positiewe of negatiewe betekenisvolle ander deurlopend meer toegankilk sal wees. Tydens sessie twee, wat ’n individuele rekenaartaak behels het, is ’n subliminale stimulus (33 ms) van ’n kontrole-woord, of die naam van ’n positiewe of negatiewe betekenisvolle ander aan hulle aangebied om die toeganklikheid van die toepaslike geheue-strukture verder te verhoog. Daarna is hulle versoek om ‘n positiewe, negatiewe, gemengde of dubbelsinnige teks van ’n interpersoonlike gebeurtenis te lees en ’n geheuetoets van 36 stellings te voltooi wat bestaan het uit nege positiewe, nege negatiewe, nege dubbelsinnige en nege neutrale stellings. Die akkuraatheid en reaksiespoed van elke stelling is gemeet en die reaksietyd van die akkurate response op stellings uit positiewe en negatiewe tekste is in die primêre ontleding ingesluit. Die resultate van onafhanklike eenveranderlike ontledings van die verskille tussen positiewe en negatiewe opwekking per polariteit van chroniese groep en teks, het die hipotese van opwekking ondersteun. Die gemiddelde responstyd van die chroniese negatiewe groep was die vinnigste wanneer hulle die negatiewe stimulus ontvang het (p = .039) en die van die positiewe groep was die vinnigste wanneer hulle die positiewe stimulus ontvang het (p = .000). Die resultate van ’n tweerigting variansieontleding van chroniese groep en teks het ‘n beduidende interaksie tussen chroniese groep en teks aangedui (p = .000). Wanneer die opwekkingstimuli kongruent met die tekste was, was die chroniese groepe betekenisvol vinniger in die herkenning van stellings van die kongruente teks. Die resultate ondersteun ’n konjunktiewe model van opwekking. Die implikasies van die bevindinge vir die verstaan van die kognitiewe strukture en prosesse betrokke by die verwerking van interpersoonlike inligting word bespreek, met spesifieke verwysing na verhoudingskemas en die gebruiksmodelle in bindingsteorie. Riglyne vir toekomstige navorsing op die gebied word verskaf, en die implikasies vir die praktiese toepassing van die resultate word bespreek.

[pt] Creches e pré-escolas podem beneficiar-se profundamente de instrumentos de triagem precisos e confiáveis. O Ages e Stages Questionnarie foi adaptado para o português brasileiro em 2010 (Filgueiras et al., 2013) e renomeado ASQ-BR. Independentemente de seus bons resultados, foram necessárias modificações em alguns de seus itens para melhorar a medida do instrumento. O objetivo do presente estudo é o de modificar tais itens e verificar se as mudanças lograram aumentar a confiabilidade do teste. Este estudo pesquisou 67.522 crianças de 972 creches públicas e pré-escolas do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os dados foram coletados em novembro e dezembro de 2011. As mudanças nos itens foram feitas considerando-se o alfa de Cronbach e a correlação item-total do ASQ-BR. Foram calculadas a confiabilidade, dimensionalidade e correlações item-total. Quanto à dimensionalidade, 86,2 por cento das escalas do ASQ-BR-2011 foram unidimensionais. A consistência interna mostrou melhora de 2010 para 2011 com 53,8 por cento das escalas tendo aumentado o alfa contra 41,2 por cento tendo diminuído e 5,0 por cento tendo permanecido com os mesmos valores. Finalmente, 65,2 por cento dos itens modificados apresentaram melhora com base nas correlações item totais. Embora o objetivo do presente estudo tenha sido parcialmente alcançado, algumas escalas apresentaram resultados abaixo dos critérios estabelecidos. Por outro lado, as medidas do instrumento melhoraram em vários aspectos de 2010 para 2011, especialmente no domínio pessoal / social. / [en] Day-care centers and pre-schools highly benefit from precise and reliable screening measures. Ages and Stages Questionnaire was adapted to Brazilian Portuguese in 2010 (Filgueiras et al., 2013) and renamed ASQ-BR. Regardless of its good results, modifications in a few items were required to improve the instrument s measure. The objective of the present study is to modify such ASQ-BR s items and verify if the changes increase the reliability of the test. This study researched 67,522 children from 972 public day-care centers and pre-schools of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data was collected in November and December, 2011. The changes in the items were made considering Cronbach s alpha and item-to-total correlations in ASQ-BR. Reliability, dimensionality and item to total correlations were calculated. Regarding dimensionality, 86.2 per cent of the scales in ASQ-BR-2011 were unidimensional. Internal consistency showed improvement from 2010 to 2011, 53.8 per cent of the scales increased the alpha statistics against 41.2 per cent that decreased – 5.0 per cent remained the same. Finally, 65.2 per cent of the modified items showed improvement based on item-to-total correlations. Though the objective of the present study was partially achieved, a few scales presented results below the established criteria. In contrast, the instrument s measure improved in several aspects from 2010 to 2011, especially in the Personal/social domain.

MSc (Med), Child Health Neurodevelopment, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand / Background The early identification of developmental disorders facilitates early intervention, improving childhood outcomes. Parent-administered questionnaires have been recommended for this purpose. The PEDS COMBINED, which includes the Parents Evaluation of Developmental Status (PEDS) and PEDS Developmental Milestones (PEDS:DM), and the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) are parent-administered questionnaires with good psychometric properties. It has not been determined if they identify the same infants at-risk for developmental delays however. It is also not know how South African paediatricians monitor childhood development. Objective To compare the ASQ, PEDS COMBINED and South African paediatricians’ subjective assessment (PSA) of neonatal intensive care graduates at 6-months corrected age. To identify trends in developmental screening practices, including the knowledge and use of parentadministered screening tools, in a diverse group of paediatricans working in Gauteng, South Africa. Methods Developmental screening and referral practices of paediatricians were ascertained by analysis of a short questionnaire sent to participating paediatricians. Concordance between the questionnaires and PSA was determined using the kappa coefficient (κ) and Test of Symmetry (κ ≤ 0.4 indicating poor agreement; κ ≥ 0.75 indicating excellent agreement). Results Concordance between the ASQ and PEDS COMBINED was 90.7% (κ = 0.82, ρ = 0.05). The PSA showed poor concordance with both PEDS COMBINED and ASQ (κ = 0.28, ρ = 0.03 and κ= 0.26, ρ = 0.01 respectively). The ASQ and PEDS COMBINED identified 40% and 42% of the cohort with developmental concerns and the PSA identified 6%. Only 13% of paediatricians used specific guidelines for developmental assessment and none used, or could name any parent-administered questionnaire. Conclusion There is excellent agreement between the ASQ and PEDS COMBINED in identifying the same children with developmental concerns. Paediatricians identified significantly fewer infants and showed statistically significant poor agreement with both questionnaires. Most paediatricians in Gauteng, South Africa are not using standardized screening tools to detect developmental delay and have poor knowledge regarding these tools.

The recent widespread global use of ChatGPT has demonstrated immense applications for AI technology. With natural language as input, ChatGPT can generate and describe code in various programming languages. ChatGPT could enable the automation of repetitive tasks, thereby increasing efficiency. The aim of the study was to investigate whether the AI tool ChatGPT is a valuable resource for programmers to use in programming by examining whether the use of ChatGPT as an aid can lead to efficiency gains in programming and exploring how programmers perceive the usefulness of ChatGPT as an aid. In the study, a programmer is defined as a final-year student in the Bachelor’s Programme in Information Systems at Uppsala University. Quantitative data on time on task were collected through an experiment with code tests in the C# programming language to measure efficiency, and a survey based on SUS and ASQ was conducted in conjunction with the experiment to assess the perceived usefulness of ChatGPT. Participants were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups, where the experimental group used ChatGPT as an aid while the control group did not. The experimental group was on average 9.4 minutes faster than the control group, which was statistically significant. The perceived usefulness of ChatGPT was considered high based on SUS and ASQ, as the experimental group scored higher than the control group. The conclusion drawn is that ChatGPT is a valuable tool for programmers in programming, considering efficiency and perceived usefulness.

Forskning har visat på samband mellan mående och anknytningsstil efter avslutade kärleksrelationer. Personer som upplevt en avslutad kärleksrelation (N= 158) besvarade Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire samt bakgrundsfrågor om den avslutade relationen. Respondenterna skattade signifikant högre på Ångest än normgruppen, och samtidigt signifikant högre på Distans, Sakorientering och Relationsfixering. I jämförelse med tryggt anknutna i studien skattade respondenter med undvikande och ambivalent anknytningsstil signifikant högre på Ångest. Respondenter med ambivalent anknytningsstil skattade även högre på Depression. Distans, Tillit, Bifallsbehov, Relationsfixering, vem som valt att avsluta relationen samt hur en respondent uppfattat relationen associerade signifikant till mående efter en avslutad kärleksrelation. Att undersöka ovan nämnda faktorer samt hur normer påverkar personers livssituation, kan ge värdefull information om vilken behandling personer med relationsproblematik kan bli hjälpt av. Compassion Focused Therapy kan vara en lämplig terapimetod för att öka förståelse för förväntningar kring relationer samt för anknytningens betydelse. / Research has shown a connection between mood and attachment style after the ending of romantic relationships. People who had experienced the end of a romantic relationship (N = 158) answered the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Attachment Style Questionnaire and questions about the terminated relationship. Respondents rated significantly higher on Anxiety than the norm group, and simultaneously significantly higher on Discomfort with relationship, Relationship as secondary and Preoccupation with relationship. In comparison to respondents with secure style of attachment, respondents with avoidant or ambivalent style of attachment rated significantly higher on Anxiety. Respondents with ambivalent attachment simultaneously rated higher on Depression. Discomfort with relationship, Confidence in self and others, Need for approval, Preoccupation with relationship, who decided to end the relationship and how the respondent felt about the relationship turned out to be significantly related to mood, following the ending of a romantic relationship. To investigate the factors mentioned above and how values affect the client's life situation, may provide valuable information about which treatment clients with relationship problems may be helped by. Compassion Focused Therapy may be an appropriate method to increase understanding of the expectations about relationships as well as the influence of attachment.

Tidigare forskning har visat att föräldrars anknytningsstil och personlighet samverkar och påverkar varandra. Men hur ser förhållandena ut mellan anknytningsstil, självkänsla, välmående och personlighet? I den här uppsatsen prövades fem hypoteser huruvida det fanns samband mellan dessa. Detta gjordes via en enkät som mätte de fem grundläggande dimensioner (vänlighet, extraversion, neuroticism, öppenhet och samvetsgrannhet), subjektivt psykiskt välmående, självkänslan samt anknytningen utifrån fem aspekter; två otrygga av karaktären avståndstagande (distans och sakorientering) och två av ängslig/närhetssökande karaktär (relationsfixering och bifallsbehov) samt tillit, den trygga anknytningsstilen som utmärks av ett tryggt och tillitsfullt förhållande till sig själv och till andra. De verktyg som användes var Big Five Inventory (BFI), Välmåendeformuläret, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) samt Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). Enkätens reliabilitet var genomgående god. Totalt svarade 853 deltagare på enkäten i åldrarna mellan 20-74 år (M = 43.3, SD = 10.15) där 67.3% var kvinnor. Korrelationsanalyser och multipla regressionsanalysen genomfördes. Hypoteserna fick stöd i studien, anknytningsstilen kan prediceras av personlighetsdrag, välmående och självkänsla. Resultaten visade att anknytningsstilen tillit prediceras med positiva samband av vänlighet, extraversion, självkänsla och välmående samt ett negativt samband av neuroticism, vilket övriga anknytningsstilar inte har. / Previous research has shown that parents' attachment style and personality interact and influence each other. But what do the relationships between attachment style, self-esteem, well-being and personality look like? In this essay, five hypotheses were tested to see how these correlates with each other. This was done by a survey that measured the five basic dimensions (agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism, openness and conscientiousness), subjective well-being, self-esteem and attachment style based on five aspects; two insecure of distancing nature and two of an anxious / closeness-seeking nature, the secure attachment style is characterized by a secure relationship with oneself and others. The survey was based on Big Five Inventory (BFI), Questionnaire on well-being, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ). The reliability of the survey was good. A total of 853 participants responded to the survey between the ages of 20-74 (M = 43.3, SD = 10.15), where 67.3% were women. Correlation analyzes and multiple regression analyzes were performed. The hypotheses were confirmed, attachment style can be predicted by personality traits, well-being and self-esteem. The results showed that the secure attachment is predicted by and has a positive correlation with agreeableness, extraversion, self-esteem and well-being as well as a negative correlation to neuroticism, which the other attachment styles did not have.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and give suggestions for interaction improvements to a user interface in a Personal Video Recorder. The study will focus on user learnability, user satisfaction, usability problems from the user interaction with the product and to make a set of interaction improvements. The participants performed a set of predefined tasks involving the recorder functionality and channel lists. The study involved three trials with seven tasks in each trial.   The study showed that the time difference for Learnability – Time-on-Task between all trials were statistical significant for the user interface. The study also revealed a set of usability problems that were classified into different severity ratings. The study also showed that the participants were partly satisfied with the user interface. / Uppsatsen är egentligen på 18hp, var tvungen att fylla i 16hp då rätt alternativ inte fanns att tillgå.

This thesis aimed to evaluate the user interaction with a Personal Video Recorder software in development by Zenterio. The evaluation focus was on learnability, satisfaction, identification of usability issues and proposing redesign to solve them. A user test with eleven participants was carried out, measuring task success, completion time, lostness, post-task satisfaction and post-session satisfaction across three trials. The seven user tasks concerned mainly channel lists and recording functionality; the former is examined closer in this paper. The results showed that the channel lists were somewhat difficult to manage initially but fairly quickly learned. The satisfaction was lower in the beginning and high after three trials. The results across all tasks followed similar learnability patterns and the overall satisfaction with the interface interaction pointed at the need of improvements. Nine usability issues were discovered concerning channel lists and navigation; they were rated by severity and redesign proposals were given. The issue with the strongest impact on the success of the interaction was the difficulty to find out how to open the submenus.