The principle of effective demand states that given endogenous expenditure patterns, the level of exogenous expenditure determines the level of employment. If investment represents the sole form of exogenous expenditure, employment adjusts to the level of investment. If exogenous expenditure changes, equilibrium is restored via the equilibrating variable, employment. If employment is linked in a unique way to income, we have what is referred to as the income adjustment process. The income adjustment process is investigated in a closed and a small open economy (SOE) which imports consumption and capital goods. If a SOE imports its capital goods, the causal link between investment and employment is weakened. When capital goods are imported, investment adjusts to the balance of payments and animal spirits are constrained. Certain South African data are analysed within the framework of the income adjustment process. / M.A.(Economics)

The main purpose of this study is to empirically assess the relationship between inflation and economic growth in Ethiopia using quarterly dataset from 1992Q1 to 2010Q4. In doing so, an interesting policy issue arises. What is the threshold level of inflation for the Ethiopian economy? Based on the Engle-Granger and Johansen co-integration tests it is found out that there is a positive long-run relationship between inflation and economic growth. The error correction models show that in cases of short-run disequilibrium, the inflation model adjusts itself to its long-run path correcting roughly 40% of the imbalance in each quarter. In addition, based on the conditional least square technique, the estimated threshold model suggests 10% as the optimal level of inflation that facilitates growth. An inflation level higher or lower than the threshold level of inflation affects the economic growth negatively and hence fiscal and monetary policy coordination is vital to keep inflation at the threshold. / Economics / M. Com. (Economics)

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre Galhardo Fernandes.pdf: 1640801 bytes, checksum: c007b11879c8633edbc5b47562a84bb8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-19 / The objective of this study is to evaluate the structural changes to which sub-Saharan Africa has been subjected. Among its main points are the relationship between foreign direct investment, and how it changed the productive structure of the studied countries. With a sizeable real growth, sub-Saharan Africa has drawn the attention of investors and, as we shall see, the GDP growth was also accompanied by growth of FDI's. In order to address relevant issues in this study, from the 49 countries present in sub-Saharan Africa only ten were selected. However, the national aggregate output of these ten countries amount more than 80% of the GDP of the region in 2013, according to the World Bank. Therefore, it is indeed a small sample from the point of view of the number of countries covered, but it does not loose the economic dimension that Africa has. In recent studies, much is said about African growth. In fact, the growth in the 2000s stands out, even though it is often calculated on very small bases compared to the central and transitional countries. Therefore, this dissertation proposes to conduct an analysis of how the macroeconomic growth and FDI inflows have changed the African structure and thus answer questions about the role of Africa after this growth and how trade and financial relations with the center countries have occurred; that is, answer questions that do not arise when gross domestic product alone is analyzed / O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar as mudanças estruturais às quais foi submetida a África Subsaariana. Entre os principais pontos abordados estão a relação entre os investimentos diretos externos e no que esses investimentos modificaram a estrutura produtiva dos países estudados. Com crescimentos reais vultosos, a África Subsaariana tem chamado a atenção dos investidores e, como veremos, o crescimento do produto interno bruto (PIB) foi acompanhado de crescimento dos investimentos diretos estrangeiros. (IDE). A fim de abordar pontos de relevância neste trabalho, dos 49 países presentes na África Subsaariana foram selecionados apenas dez; no entanto, o produto nacional agregado destes dez países compôs mais de 80% do PIB desta região em 2013, segundo o Banco Mundial. Trata-se, portanto, de uma amostra reduzida do ponto de vista do número de países abordados, mas sem perder a dimensão econômica que a África tem. Em estudos recentes, muito se diz sobre o crescimento africano. De fato, o crescimento verificado na década de 2000 é digno de nota, mesmo sendo muitas vezes calculado sobre bases muito pequenas em comparação com as dos países do centro ou em transição. Assim sendo, este trabalho se propõe a realizar uma análise da maneira como o crescimento macroeconômico e os ingressos de IDE têm mudado a estrutura africana e, diante disso, responder questões sobre o papel da África após esse crescimento, e também da maneira como as relações comerciais e financeiras têm acontecido com os países do centro enfim, a responder questões que não se apresentam quando analisado somente o produto interno bruto

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:49:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Van Noije.pdf: 2887986 bytes, checksum: 3ddc1dc0976b1193c00fcbdd97eca207 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This paper analyzes the external vulnerability of the Brazilian economy, especially in the financial sphere, arising from the International Investment Position and the flow of income for the period 1953 to 1963. Therefore, it is reported that the stocks of external assets and liabilities are determined by the balance of current account (obtained from the Balance of Payments) and the variations of the same value (which can not be obtained by the Balance of Payments), and presents a methodology alternative to the simple sum of flows to infer the values of liabilities and foreign assets, especially stocks of Foreign Direct Investment. In chapter 2 presents the International Situation of the period, marked by shortage of foreign currency, in a context which secured a strong growth through the Plano de Metas and incentives for foreign investment. Additionally, we demonstrated the reforms of the exchange period. Finally, the last chapter makes an analysis of key Balance of Payments for the period and an attempt of elaboration of the International Investment Position resulting from these flows and changes in value of inventories, obtained through the methodology presented in the first chapter. It is the deterioration of the external vulnerability of the Brazilian economy caused by the increase in net external liabilities. This increase was caused, according to the methodology employed, the proportion of: a) 68% because of shipping revenues, mainly by increasing the participation of interest at the expense of profits and dividends, b) 37% for other accounts current transactions except rents, c) and -5% for changes in value of stocks, especially by devaluations of foreign liabilities in the form of Foreign Direct Investment. Thus, the International Investment Position estimated during the period amounted to -6% in 1953 to -16% of Gross Domestic Product in 1963, due to the decrease in international reserves and the large increase of foreign debt, causing the resilience to external shocks of the Brazilian economy falls / Este trabalho busca analisar a vulnerabilidade externa da economia brasileira, especialmente na esfera financeira, decorrente da Posição Internacional de Investimentos e do fluxo de rendas para o período de 1953 a 1963. Para tanto, é descrito que os estoques de passivos e ativos externos são determinados pelos saldos das transações correntes (obtidos pelo Balanço de Pagamentos) e pelas variações de valor dos mesmos (que não podem ser obtidas pelo Balanço de Pagamentos), sendo apresentada uma metodologia alternativa ao simples somatório de fluxos para inferir os valores dos passivos e ativos externos, especialmente no caso dos estoques dos Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos. Já no capítulo 2 apresenta-se a Conjuntura Internacional do período, marcada pela situação de escassez de divisas, num contexto que lograva obter um forte crescimento através do Plano de Metas e de estímulos aos investimentos estrangeiros. Adicionalmente, são demonstradas as reformas cambiais do período. Por fim, no último capítulo faz-se uma análise das principais contas do Balanço de Pagamentos para o período e uma tentativa de elaboração da Posição Internacional de Investimentos decorrentes desses fluxos e das alterações de valor desses estoques, obtida através da metodologia apresentada no primeiro capítulo. Conclui-se pela deterioração da vulnerabilidade externa da economia brasileira causada pelo aumento do passivo externo líquido. Esse aumento foi causado, de acordo com a metodologia empregada, pela proporção de: a) 68% por causa do envio de rendas, principalmente pela elevação da participação dos juros em detrimento dos lucros e dividendos; b) em 37% pelas outras contas das transações correntes exceto rendas; c) e em -5% pelas variações de valor dos estoques, especialmente pelas desvalorizações dos passivos externos na forma de Investimentos Estrangeiros Diretos. Assim, a Posição Internacional de Investimentos estimada durante o período se elevou de -6%, em 1953, para -16% do Produto Interno Bruto em 1963, decorrente da queda das reservas internacionais e do grande aumento da dívida externa, fazendo com que a capacidade de resistência a choques externos da economia brasileira diminuísse

The objective of this thesis is to analyse relations between the United States and China on the current and financial account of the balance of payments in the quantitative and the qualitative point of view and to evaluate the impact of mutual operations on the external equilibrium. The partial objective of the thesis is to create the entry analysis for assessment of the global imbalances of the current accounts. Current external imbalances and mutual trade and investment relations between the USA and China are the key factors of the global imbalances. The thesis is divided into two chapters. The first chapter is theoretical and it is divided into two component parts. The first part is dedicated to the definition of single components of the balance of payments (current, financial and capital account), to its determinants and to mutual relations. The balance of payments theory is based on IMF's methodology. In the second part of the first chapter are introduced the main approaches to the balance of payments, the income (keynesian, multiplier), price (elasticity) and monetary approach. The analysis of the relations in terms of balance of payments is presented in the second chapter. The current account relations are assessed in the first part of the second chapter with the focus on domestic savings, investment, processing trade and effect of the Chinese monetary policy on mutual relations. The second part of the thesis deals with financial account matters, especially with Chinese build-up of the foreign exchange, American federal debt and character of the investment that flows between the USA and China.

The thesis analyses the external economic balance of the Czech Republic from 2000 till 2011 based on the balance of payments, investment positions and the external debt statistics. in conjunction with the exchange rate development. The main evaluation indicators used in the thesis are the current account balance, the basic balance and external debt. The thesis explains the causes of the development of these indicators and their consequences, considers the trend and then assess whether we can speak about a sustainable form of the external economic balance in the case of the Czech Republic.

In this thesis, the terms of trade changes in Turkey since 1970 are analyzed. In the 1970s, Turkey faced strong terms of trade declines mainly due to two oil price shocks. Rapid diversification of Turkish exports into manufactures was instrumental in avoiding further declines in its terms of trade in the 1980s. However, the slow pace of the diversification into more skill- and technology-intensive manufactures in Turkey combined with the fallacy of composition problem in low-tech, labourintensive manufactures may pose a real danger to the prices of its exports. To the extent that in the long-term, the changes in terms of trade of a country are determined by the level of technology embodied in its exports, the concentration of Turkish exports in low-tech, labour-intensive manufactures may highlight the need for upgrading exports and establishing backward- and forward-linkages between industries to escape from the trap of terms of trade deterioration in the long-term.

Die Arbeit setzt sich das Ziel, den Ursache-Wirkungs-Zusammenhang zwischen den zahlungsbilanzrelevanten Transaktionen aufzudecken. Dieses Vorhaben legt eine zweigeteilte Analyse der Zahlungsbilanz nahe: Es wird zunächst über die Buchungsmechanik der nach ihrem wirtschaftlichen Charakter unterschiedenen internationalen Transaktionen aufgeklärt und anschließend folgt eine fundierte Zahlungsbilanzdiskussion, die Klarheit in die Ursache-Wirkungs-Beziehung bringt. Grenzüberschreitende Transaktionen werden eingeteilt in (reine) Finanztransaktionen und Leistungstransaktionen. Somit bezieht sich die Kausalitätsfrage auf den Zusammenhang zwischen diesen beiden Transaktionsarten. Das Ergebnis verkehrt gängige Vorstellungen über die Wirkungsrichtung ins Gegenteil und lautet: Die Leistungsbilanz bestimmt die Kapitalbilanz.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LEZCANO_Johana_2012.pdf: 2309738 bytes, checksum: 11df8e32f791d510c3d6c02634d5fccc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-12 / This dissertation aims to analyze the long-term economic growth of member countries of Mercosur, making use of the Keynesian approach to growth under external constraint. In this context, we seek to test, empirically, the validity of Thirlwall's Law, in traditional and extended formulations, to Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, between 1980-2008. Were employed econometric techniques of cointegration, in order to measure the income and price elasticities of demand for imports of these economies, individually. Furthermore, statistical tests were used to compare estimates of product to actual data. Thus, we intend to provide a better understanding of the role of restrictions arising from the Balance of Payments, on the long-term trajectory of growth of nations of the bloc. The results indicate the validity of Thirlwall s Law, over the period analyzed, arguing that the growth of the economies in question was restricted by the balance of the external sector. / A presente dissertação visa analisar o crescimento econômico de longo prazo dos países membros do Mercosul, valendo-se da abordagem keynesiana de crescimento sob restrição externa. Nesse contexto, busca-se testar, empiricamente, a validade da Lei de Thirlwall, nas formulações tradicional e estendidas, para a Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai, entre 1980-2008. Para tal, foram empregadas técnicas econométricas de cointegração, com o intuito de mensurar as elasticidades-renda e preço da demanda por importações dessas economias, individualmente. Além disso, foram utilizados testes estatísticos para comparar estimativas de produto a dados reais. Desta maneira, pretende-se proporcionar um melhor entendimento do papel desempenhado pelas restrições decorrentes do Balanço de Pagamentos, sobre a trajetória de crescimento, de longo prazo, das nações do bloco. Os resultados encontrados apontam para a validade da Lei de Thirlwall, ao longo do período analisado, sustentando que o crescimento das economias em questão foi restrito pelo equilíbrio do setor externo.

Submitted by Rodrigo Caparica (rodrigo.caparica@bancoprosper.com.br) on 2010-05-28T18:55:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_vf.pdf: 421392 bytes, checksum: f5ace49be1acad54a2d1ca7afc9c2b0d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vitor Souza(vitor.souza@fgv.br) on 2010-05-28T22:10:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_vf.pdf: 421392 bytes, checksum: f5ace49be1acad54a2d1ca7afc9c2b0d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-06-01T19:50:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_vf.pdf: 421392 bytes, checksum: f5ace49be1acad54a2d1ca7afc9c2b0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-12 / This paper is a survey of the literature on Sovereign Wealth Funds, highlighting topics such as their origins, objectives, impacts of their investments, transparency and performance of this government instruments in the recent global financial crisis. It also examines the creation of the Brazilian¥s Sovereign Wealth Fund seeking to highlight their pros and cons. We emphasize the need to observe consistent surpluses in the Current Account to justify the creation of these instruments. The mere existence of substantial amounts of international reserves does not serve as a prerogative for its creation. The sustainability and volatility of the sources of foreign exchange should be examined. Still, we emphasize that the Sovereign Wealth Funds are government investment vehicles which relevance in the financial market does not justify the fears that can cause relevant imbalances, despite the criticism and questions about the lack of transparency in disclosing information about their investments. / Este trabalho faz uma resenha da literatura sobre Fundos Soberanos, destacando tópicos como suas origens, objetivos, impactos de seus investimentos, transparência e atuação destes instrumentos governamentais na recente crise financeira global. Analisa ainda a criação do Fundo Soberano Brasileiro buscando ressaltar seus prós e contras. Ressaltamos a necessidade de se observar superávits consistentes em Conta Corrente no Balanço de Pagamentos para justificar a constituição destes instrumentos. A simples existência de elevados volumes de reservas internacionais não serve como prerrogativa para sua criação, devendo-se analisar a sustentabilidade e volatilidade das fontes das divisas. Ainda, destacamos que os Fundos Soberanos são veículos de investimentos governamentais cuja relevância no mercado financeiro não justifica os temores que possam causar desequilíbrios relevantes, apesar das críticas e questionamentos em relação à falta de transparência na divulgação de informações acerca de seus investimentos.