Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_antonio_augusto.pdf: 1736392 bytes, checksum: d0a593485519f7c6a73b360d48dd1794 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In Brazil, one can find thousands of four storey masonry buildings made with clay units. Some of these building collapsed causing human deaths. After these accidents, several restrictions were imposed for the use of this building technique and now one can not use non-structural bricks in such buildings. Moreover, there are a large number of existing buildings that demand retrofit works to ensure adequate security to the owners. The present work resulted from an experimental program that studied the behavior of prisms made with two and three clay bricks with and without the addition of reinforced mortar. Additionally, it was also considered the link between the layers of the reinforced mortar through the installation of steel connectors. The prisms were subjected to compressive loading and their strains were measured on each side of the specimen using a displacement measure device. The tests were performed in a servo-controlled machine in order to obtain information about the behavior of the prisms before and after the peak load. The results were compared with a previous study in the same load conditions using the same bricks and mortar in small walls specimens which showed a good correlation / No Nordeste do Brasil, podem-se encontrar milhares de construções em alvenaria de quatro andares feitas com blocos cerâmicos de vedação com finalidade estrutural em construções residenciais multifamiliares de alvenaria, e, nos últimos anos, algumas ruíram causando mortes. Depois destes acidentes, várias restrições foram impostas para o uso desta técnica construtiva e hoje não se pode utilizar este tipo de bloco em paredes estruturais em vários estados do Nordeste do Brasil. Por outro lado, há um grande número de construções existentes que demandam trabalhos de recuperação para garantir adequadas condições de segurança aos habitantes. A presente dissertação resultou de um programa experimental de ensaios em prismas de dois e três blocos cerâmicos de vedação com e sem a adição de revestimento de argamassa resistente, totalizando 195 prismas. Adicionalmente, foi também considerada a ligação entre as capas de revestimento de argamassa reforçada através da instalação de conectores de aço. Os prismas foram submetidos a carregamento compressivo e todos eles tiveram o controle de deformação em cada face com um deflectômetro. Os ensaios foram realizados em máquinas servo-controladas de forma que se obteve informações a cerca do comportamento dos prismas. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com uma pesquisa anterior realizada nas mesmas condições de carga com a utilização dos mesmos blocos e argamassas de revestimento realizadas em paredinhas. Os resultados indicam um incremento tanto na capacidade de carga compressiva dos prismas com revestimento quanto nos que utilizam revestimentos à base de argamassa armada, não obedecendo às especificações de argamassa armada estrutural convencional. As relações de carga de prismas/paredinha e prismas de dois blocos/prismas de três blocos foram satisfatórias

This diploma thesis will focuses with the issue of environmental building materials and their use in traditional construction. The first part is devoted to the terminology and theory of selected traditional and ecological building materials. The second part is devoted to the practical solution of the issue – creation of an analysis of SBToolCZ, which will be done in two variants – the first according to its altered form using environmental building materials. In the second chapter of the practical part of the work, an item budget will be drawn up for those sections affected by the Change in the materials used. The two variants of the project documentation will be compared on a price basis.

This thesis presents two major sections with the objective of introducing a new cold-formed steel (CFS) shear wall system with corrugated steel sheathings. The work shown herein includes the development of an optimal shear wall system as well as an optimal slit configuration for the CFS corrugated sheathings which result in a CFS shear wall with high ductility, high strength, high stiffness and overall high performance. The conclusion is based on the results of 36 full-scale shear wall tests performed in the structural laboratory of the University of North Texas. A variety of shear walls were the subject of this research to make further discussions and conclusions based on different sheathing materials, slit configurations, wall configurations, sheathing connection methods, wall dimensions, shear wall member thicknesses, and etc. The walls were subject to cyclic (CUREE protocol) lateral loading to study their deformations and structural performances. The optimal sit configuration for CFS shear walls with corrugated steel sheathings was found to be 12×2 in. vertical slits in 6 rows. The failure mode observed in this shear wall system was the connection failure between the sheathing and the framing members. Also, most of the shear walls tested displayed local buckling of the chord framing members located above the hold-down locations. The second section includes details of developing a Finite Element Model (FEM) in ABAQUS software to analyze the lateral response of the new shear wall systems. Different modeling techniques were used to define each element of the CFS shear wall and are reported herein. Material properties from coupon test results are applied. Connection tests are performed to define pinching paths to model fasteners with hysteretic user-defined elements. Element interactions, boundary conditions and loading applications are consistent with full scale tests. CFS members and corrugated sheathings are modeled with shell elements, sheathing-to-frame fasteners are modeled using nonlinear springs (SPRING2 elements) for monotonic models and a general user defined element (user subroutine UEL) for cyclic models. Hold-downs are defined by boundary conditions. A total of three models were developed and validated by comparing ABAQUS results to full scale test results.

NMR is gaining increasing interest in civil engineering for applications regarding microstructure characterization as e.g., to determine pore sizes or to monitor moisture transport in porous materials. This study reveals the capability of NMR as a tool for pore size characterization. Therefore, we measured floor screed and synthetic materials at partial and full saturation. For most examined materials, the pore size distribution was successfully determined using either a reference or a calibration method. Since diffusion effects were observed for some samples in single-sided NMR measurements, further tests employing an NMR core analyzer were carried out in a homogeneous magnetic field. The finally obtained surface relaxivity of floor screed (50 μm/s) resulted to be much higher than suggested by literature.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis argues that an architectural surveying methodology via newspaper sampling offers new insight historic preservationists can use to more efficiently predict demolitions. Using data collected from the “Home Builder’s Department” section of the Indianapolis Star, this study compiles architectural information on 425 structures, mostly single-family and duplex residences, built between 1909 and 1926. Engaging with the historiographical themes of public history and architectural history as well as methodological components of historic preservation and digital humanities, the data-centric model relies on a collection of sampled newspaper articles, which were analyzed for specific information, compiled into a data repository with supplemental research, and then incorporated into the ArcGIS program for interpretation. The project provides a synopsis on early twentieth century building trends in Indianapolis and offers implications regarding the role that factors such as building type, geographic location, federal and municipal historic district protections, architectural style, and exterior building material or cladding play in predicting demolitions. Beyond these predictive results, this study also suggests a city-wide surveying methodology for organizing and analyzing large quantities of historic architecture for preservation planning initiatives.

Syftet med denna uppsats har varit att genom en litteraturgranskning ta reda på vilket material av trä eller betong för byggnader i Sverige som resulterar i minst utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter. Bygg-och fastighetssektorn bidrar till 10-30% av Sveriges totala miljöpåverkan och enligt Boverket så har denna verksamhet dessutom ökat andelen koldioxidutsläpp under de senaste åren. Denna studie har utförts som en så kallad rapid review med en tillhörande kvalitetsbedömning av aktuella artiklar. Vid litteratursökningen har databaserna Web Of Science och Scopus nyttjas och totalt nio stycken artiklar inkluderades i den slutliga resultatsyntesen.    Denna undersökning visar att träbyggnader uppförda i Sverige bidrar till mindre utsläpp av koldioxidekvivalenter jämfört med betongbyggnader. De största anledningarna till detta är på grund av betongens användning av cement, som under produktionsskedet släpper ut stora mängder koldioxid, samt träprodukters kapacitet att fungera som kolsänkor och förmåga att ersätta fossila bränslen i större utsträckning än vad betongbyggnader kan. Avfallshanteringen för träprodukter visar sig däremot vara en viktig faktor att ta i beaktning för att erhålla bästa möjliga scenario. Deponering utan tillvaratagande av biogas resulterar i likvärdigt koldioxidavtryck som betongbyggnader. Däremot visar resultatet att för scenarion där de träprodukter som är i godkänt skick återanvänds och den andel som är obrukbara används som energi har en positivt miljöpåverkan och släpper ut nästan fyra gånger mindre koldioxidekvivalenter än betongbyggnader. Vidare visar arbetet betydelsen av användning av olika fossila bränslen och ersättning av dessa.

Kostnadsöverskridning är ett vanligt förekommande problem inom byggbranschen och kan ha en negativ påverkan på projektets omfattning. Detta problem baseras på flera faktorer. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka de viktigaste orsakerna till kostnadsöverskridande i byggprojekt samt att hitta bästa möjliga åtgärder för dessa orsaker. För att uppnå syftet genomförde vi en större litteraturgenomgång och tog del av tidigare forskning av ämnet. Vi samlade in även data från enkätstudier av olika aktörer från olika företag. Denna data samlades in med hjälp av en enkät som företagen besvarade. Resultaten bevisar att kostnadsöverskridningar är ett problem i byggbranschen samt visar att det finns många olika orsaker som leder till att kostnader överstiger. De största orsakerna är fel kalkylering av projektet, och osäkerhet och oförutsedda händelser som händer i världen som hindrar att projektet slutförs enligt den budget som planerat. De åtgärderna som har kommit fram i resultaten är bland annat att åtgärden kan vidtas om organisationen är kompetent och har realistiska kalkyler samt gör väl genomtänkt projektstyrning i tid. / Cost overrun is a common problem in the construction industry and can have a negative impact on the scope of a project. This problem is based on several factors. The purpose of this study has been to investigate the main causes of cost overrun in construction projects and to identify the best possible measures for addressing these causes.   To achieve this purpose, we conducted an extensive literature review and examined previous research on the subject. We also collected data from survey studies involving various stakeholders from different companies. This data was gathered through a survey that the companies responded to.   The results confirm that cost overruns are a problem in the construction industry, and they demonstrate that there are many different causes that contribute to exceeding costs. The major causes include inaccurate project estimation and uncertainties and unforeseen events occurring in the world that prevent the project from being completed within the planned budget.   The measures that have emerged from the results include, among others, the need for competent organizations to take action and have realistic estimates. Additionally, well-thought-out project management should be implemented in a timely manner.

This study will provide background information about the region of Bangladesh,more specifically the coastal rural area of Bangladesh. This region has due to theglobal warming become a very disaster-prone region where disaster resilience workhas become increasingly relevant. Displacement of the rural coastal population dueto disasters is an ongoing issue in Bangladesh which inhibits the large urbanization the capital city, Dhaka faces. This has increased the need of housing which has stimulated the brick industry that has increased its contribution to BangladeshGDP the last years. Though the brick industry has traditionally been dominated by environmentally unfriendly methods that has caused deforestation and severe air pollution contributing to the cause of its demand creating a negative feedbackloop. This study will analyse four different building materials including the tradition alone by collecting data, creating analyse models and discussing them to find a more financial, environmental and technical suitable alternative to respondto the current situation to try turn the tide focusing on the rural coastal areas of Bangladesh.

The construction industry in Sweden today are facing a major challenge in building society and following the pace of population growth. Rising material prices are today a fact, and at the same time there is a lack of capacity at the Swedish suppliers as they are bound up in supplier agreements for the coming years. The largest construction companies in Sweden have been working strategically with international suppliers for a long time to increase their margins and to secure their material needs. BTH Bygg AB is today a company that builds, renovates and maintains real estate in Stockholm. The company has expanded in recent years and is committed to strong growth by 2020. Work on international purchasing has previously been limited to BTH Bygg, but this type of purchase is today seen as a necessity to continued growth and to be competitive in that part of Sweden where most is built. The purpose of this study is to analyze BTH Bygg's existing purchasing process to further develop and propose improvements with international procurement as a starting point. The study has been conducted with the help of interviews to get a complete picture of the issues of international purchasing. BTH Bygg AB has a strong organization with a lot of experience related to the subject area, and focus has been on compiling these in order to come up with suggestions and ideas on how to handle international purchases. Recommendations are focused on areas related to supplier assessment, communication, logistics and product selection. / Byggindustrin i Sverige står idag inför en stor utmaning i att bygga samhället och följa med i den takt som populationsökningen kräver. Stigande materialpriser är idag ett faktum och samtidigt finns det många gånger en avsaknad av kapacitet hos de svenska leverantörerna då de är uppbundna i leverantörsavtal för kommande år. De största byggbolagen i Sverige arbetar sen lång tid tillbaka strategiskt med internationella leverantörer för att öka sina marginaler och för att säkra sitt materialbehov. BTH Bygg AB är idag ett företag som bygger, renoverar och underhåller fastigheter i Stor-Stockholm. Företaget har expanderat de senaste åren och de satsar på en stark tillväxt fram till år 2020. Arbetet med internationella inköp har tidigare varit begränsat på BTH Bygg, men denna typ av inköp ses idag som en nödvändighet för att fortsätta växa och vara konkurrenskraftiga i den del av Sverige det byggs mest. Syftet med denna studie är att analysera BTH Byggs existerande inköpsprocess för att vidareutveckla och föreslå förbättringar med internationella upphandlingar som utgångspunkt. Studien har utförts med hjälp av intervjuer för att få en samlad bild kring de frågor som finns vid internationella inköp. BTH Bygg AB besitter en stark organisation med mycket erfarenheter kopplade till ämnesområdet och fokus har legat på att sammanställa dessa för att komma med förslag och idéer kring hur de internationella inköpen ska hanteras. Rekommendationerna fokuseras till områden kopplade till leverantörsbedömning, kommunikation, logistik samt val av produkt.

The aim of this Master Thesis is to investigate and quantify the climate impact for two floor system alternatives for the Cederhusen project, that is the 8 floors timber-based buildings located at Sankt Eriksplan in Stockholm. The overall motivation for this study is the fact that the construction industry is a major contributor to the total amount of the global greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, in order to reduce these emissions new solutions, practices and applications must be adopted. An environmental attentive choice of materials used in structures has the potential of reducing the emissions. The first alternative is the existing floor system solution used by Folkhem. The second is a new type of floor system solution patented by Granab. Each floor system contains two segments: a structural part and a sub-floor part. The structural part in both alternatives contain an adding weight component to improve the dynamic performance of the relatively light weight high-rise timber buidlings. Both floor systems are thus so-called hybrid systems, where Folkhem's solution combines cross-laminated timber (CLT) and steel fiber reinforced concrete, and Granab's solution combines CLT and gravel. The specific objective was to compare the emission of greenhouse gases related to each floor system and their components by a so-called comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology using a well-defined functional unit. The functional unit must consider all significant performance requirements obtained by the floor system, including load bearing capacity, dynamic performance, sound proofing, fire safety, surface flooring and maximum acceptable building height. The method of determining the climate impact is based on the “Anavitor Concept”, an innovative and digital approach to LCA calculations, to quantify and compare the environmental impact of the two floor systems through their lifetime, aiming for the user to not be an LCA expert, but to be the one who develops the design solutions, called “End-User”. Therefore, this concept performs direct LCA calculations from the BIM model by allowing access to environmental database, which contains life cycle analysis data approved and provided by LCA environmental specialists, and conveniently link material component against an industry-wide resource register receipt, called “Cross-Referencing”. The results show a significant decrease of climate impact with 33 % CO2e/m2 for the Granab’s alternative floor system compared to the existing floor system designed by Folkhem. Moreover, a direct comparison of the climate impact of Folkhem´s versus Granab´s adding weight system itself, shows a remarkable decrease of climate impact with 65 % CO2e/m2 emissions reduction for the Granab system.  Thera are several reasons for these remarkably results, however, the building material selection of gravel over concrete has the greatest influence. In practice, the ability to avoid the environmental impact of cement’s manufacture process in the production stage, A1-A3, is identified as the hot spot of this study. In addition, the environmental impact results signify the importance of a wise selection of the manufacturer and their factory location, mainly by selecting a factory located as close as possible. However, in practice, there are also other factors which need to be considered when choosing a supplier. Moreover, allowing the user to not be an LCA expert but to be the one who develops the design solutions, based on the “End-User” idea in the “Anavitor Concept” applied in this study, has novel benefits. By implementing LCA analysis during the architectural and structural design process, additional quantified environmental results can be instantly considered as additional causal numerical factors in the design process and directly affect executive decisions in earlier design stages for environmental matter as well. “Anavitor Concept” is a game changer regarding LCA in the construction sector. A future where every consulting building company around the globe would have access to open verified regulated environmental database and simply with their BIM model would be able to receive immediate quantified and verified environmental impact outputs in the early stages of design by the designers themselves and not LCA expert consultant, is an environmental dream come true. The “Anavitor Concept” should be adopted and expend outside the Swedish market and the environmental database should be adapted and modified to each national construction market around the globe.