This thesis provides a reassessment of Barry's travels and early career up to late 1834. There is no modern analysis of Barry, and no biography has appeared since 1867. A reassessment is necessary as, although Barry was one of the most important early 19th century architects, his contribution to architecture has - especially in the 1930s-1960s - been ignored, either because his reputation has been belittled or because the scope of his work has been too daunting to master. This thesis shows the architectural foundation of Barry's career and analyses his early commissions in order to provide a basis for a more objective reassessment of him. To make a reassessment this thesis examines what has been written about Barry and utilises data which has hitherto been ignored or unknown. It makes extensive use of travel diaries and drawings by Barry and Wolfe - his associate -, Wolfe's MS. written for A. Barry's 1867 biography, Barry's letters and drawings owned by his descendants, albums of drawings by his office staff and visits to the buildings he designed together with those he and Wolfe examined. The thesis concludes that Barry achieved a broad and sophisticated knowledge of architecture through his travels; he possessed flexible architectural principles that freed him from aesthetic dogmatism; Wolfe played an important and under-estimated role particularly in Barry's early career; Barry always retained a love for Greek architecture; he was an able designer in Gothic; he could not be crudely termed a plagiarist or historical copyist; his re-introduction of Italianate was of great significance to English architecture and he was an artist architect who, as an eclectic able to design with virtuosity in many architectural modes, was not confined by one architectural style. The thesis makes a chronological analysis of the evolution of Barry's architectural principles and his executed and unexecuted schemes up to late 1834. It provides a clearer understanding of the periods when Barry first employed various architectural styles and places his finished architectural creations in the context of their evolutionary background.

The explosion of the mobile telecommunications market has resulted in the apparition of multiple applications and services. However the particular business pressure has often lead to that these systems have poor quality design and, consequently, implementation. Software system builders have realized the importance of the overall system organization to address quality requirements. Practically, they started to use, idiomatically, a number of commonly recognized solutions to guide their design of system structures. This report analyses and evaluates these solutions and comments on the result obtained when one of them was carefully selected and applied to a system of mobile positioning services. / +46708576448

With the advance of reliable network technology, software development has progressed from traditional, platform-centric software construction to network-centric software evolution. An evidence of this change is largely reflected in the technologies that are supporting the emerging theory of Network-Centric Operations (NCO). Amongst these technologies is software architecture as a software engineering sub-discipline. Although the concepts of network centricity are widely recognized within the software and system engineering communities, no unified characterization of network-centric software systems is unanimously adopted. The state-of-the-practice is characterized by differing interpretations about how we should design and implement this class of systems. In this research, our focus is twofold: 1) Providing a characterization framework to reason about network-centric software systems and 2) introducing one solution approach to designing this class of system based on a new architectural style, the network-centric architectural style. In so doing, we set the stage for the software architecture community to analyze the "fitness of use" of current architectural styles and architecture design practices within this new network-centric paradigm. In addition, we set the stage for our continued research that will address further software engineering challenges pertinent to network-centric software systems, which include capability-based requirements engineering and quality attributes-based design. / Master of Science

Background: Functional Assessment (FA) in older adults is an important measure of their health status. FA using Activities of Daily Living (ADL) is a strong predictor of health outcomes, especially as we age. With the development of increasingly-connected health, we have a new opportunity for more robust and improved FA. Objective: The objective of this thesis is to collate and discuss published evidence on FA predictors and how the FA predictors can be collected using the paradigm of Connected Health (CH) architectures through an industrial case study in CHAPTER 5: INDUSTRIAL CASE STUDY. Methods: The method is to do two Systematic Literature Reviews (SLRs). The two SLRs were undertaken with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement (PRISMA) and Parsifal, an online tool for SLR. This thesis catalogs various FA and state-of-the-art Software Engineering Architectural Tactics and Styles (SEATS) used within Connected Health (CH) that focus on ADL. The results of the cataloged information were used in the industrial case study where some of the FA predictors were automated. Articles obtained from the data source during the SLRs were filtered based on the titles, abstracts, full-text provision, English language literature, including age, which must be sixty-five years and above. Another reviewer was also included in this study, while all the defined inclusion and exclusion criteria detailed in this thesis were applied. Information about FA via ADL were extracted from the articles with further extraction on the SEATS used for computer-supported FA during the industrial case study. Data Source: During the SLRs processes, database searched included PubMed, EBSCOhost, Engineering Village, IEEE Xplore Digital Library, and ScienceDirect. The conducted search contains both controlled terms called Medical Subject Headings(MeSH) such as activities of daily living and search strings such as functional assessment, older adults, geriatrics, seniors, elderly care, and aging. Results: From four hundred and ninety-five initial abstracts and titles, nineteen full-text journal articles were included in the final review for the SLR on FA predictors. Six full-text journal articles were obtained from the SLR on CH architectures after reading its 449 titles and abstracts. In the SLR on FA predictors, predictor metrics for FA via ADL were extracted from each of the articles. Gait speed, sleep quality, and movement activities were assessed as ADL predictor metrics for FA in older adults. Other FA predictors published involved self-reported metric scale measurement using Barthel-20 scale and performance-based scale through Timed-UP and Go test. This thesis reviewed each metric for sleep quality and movement activities. In the SLR on CH architectures, quick response of ADL and resource efficiency such as sensors were some of the major tactics related to performance in Software Engineering (SE) quality in CH, while confidentiality and integrity of FA measures related to security in SE quality in CH was another major concern. Conclusion: Having conducted the two SLRs, a wide range of measures were used for FA in older adults, including consideration on the SEATS used for computer-supported FA. Overall, these FA measures and SEATS provide inexpensive and easy-to-implement FA. The diversity of the FA measures and SEATS contributes towards the development of computer-supported FA. However, future work is needed to consider the result of this study as an open-source computer-supported FA tool, and such tool should also be evaluated and verified through direct examination with older adults. / Graduate

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / This thesis argues that an architectural surveying methodology via newspaper sampling offers new insight historic preservationists can use to more efficiently predict demolitions. Using data collected from the “Home Builder’s Department” section of the Indianapolis Star, this study compiles architectural information on 425 structures, mostly single-family and duplex residences, built between 1909 and 1926. Engaging with the historiographical themes of public history and architectural history as well as methodological components of historic preservation and digital humanities, the data-centric model relies on a collection of sampled newspaper articles, which were analyzed for specific information, compiled into a data repository with supplemental research, and then incorporated into the ArcGIS program for interpretation. The project provides a synopsis on early twentieth century building trends in Indianapolis and offers implications regarding the role that factors such as building type, geographic location, federal and municipal historic district protections, architectural style, and exterior building material or cladding play in predicting demolitions. Beyond these predictive results, this study also suggests a city-wide surveying methodology for organizing and analyzing large quantities of historic architecture for preservation planning initiatives.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: George is considered the capital of the Southern Cape and is situated in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. It has a very mild climate and the region receives above average rainfall. Centuries ago several Khoi tribes were present in this area and the first Europeans settled here around the middle of the 18th century. After the foundation of the town of George in 1811 more people moved to this region. Khoi, and later coloured people, lived at the Pacaltsdorp Mission station. Initially the town developed very slowly and it was only after 1920 that growth accelerated. With regard to architecture, the Cape Dutch Revival style started appearing since 1900, but it was only from 1920 onwards that many new buildings were erected in this style. Up untill then architecture reflected the successive styles current during the 19th century. However very few of these buildings survived in George. The Cape Dutch architectural style that was used until the late 19th century in the rural areas, was the first indigenous South African style that revived. This revival was initiated by sir Herbert Baker, and after 1910 it was applied increasingly by other architects. Several characteristics of the Cape Dutch style were incorporated in the Revival Style, but the eclectic approach of the style resulted in a variety of styles being represented. In other towns of the Southern Cape and Little Karroo the same trends appeared, putting the architecture of George in perspective. In South Africa the theories on conservation are not applied satisfactorily. In George specifically there are no attempts by local authorities to conserve the architectural heritage systematically and judiciously. Some local conservation bodies have attempted to create awareness, but had little success. As the Cape Dutch Revival style is the oldest style of which a number of buildings are still in existence, it is from a conservational point of view of the utmost importance that they are being cared for in a circumspect way. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: George word beskou as die hoofstad van die Suid-Kaap en is geleë in die Wes-Kaap Provinsie van Suid-Afrika. Die klimaat is gematigd en die streek kry 'n bogemiddelde reënval. Verskeie Khoi-stamme is reeds eeue gelede in hierdie streek aangetref en die blanke vestiging het rondom die middel van die 18de eeu begin. Na die stigting van George in 1811 het meer mense daarheen getrek. Van die bruin gemeenskap het by die sendingstasie in Pacaltsdorp saamgetrek. Die dorp het aanvanklik baie stadig gegroei en eers sedert 1920 het die ontwikkeling vinniger toegeneem. Sedert 1900 het die Kaaps-Hollandse Herlewingstyl in die argitektuur posgevat, maar dit was veral na 1920 dat baie van die nuwe geboue in die styl opgerig is. Tot op daardie stadium is daar gebou in die opeenvolgende style wat in die 19de eeu kontemporêr was. Van hierdie geboue het baie min in George oorgebly. Die Kaaps-Hollandse boustyl wat tot in die laat 19de eeu nog op die platteland toegepas is, was die eerste Suid-Afrikaanse inheemse styl wat herleef het. Die herlewing is in die 1890's geïnisieer deur sir Herbert Baker, en na 1910 is dit toenemend deur ander argitekte aangewend. Verskeie kenmerke van die Kaaps-Hollandse styl is in die Herlewingstyl opgeneem, maar die eklektiese benadering by laasgenoemde het tot gevolg gehad dat 'n groot verskeidenheid style daarin verteenwoordig word. Ander dorpe in die Suid-Kaap en Klein-Karoo het dieselfde tendense geopenbaar, wat die argitektuur van George in perspektief plaas. Die teorie van bewaring word in Suid-Afrika nog nie goed toegepas op erfenis nie. In George spesifiek is daar van owerheidsweë geen pogings om die geboue-erfenis sistematies en oordeelkundig te bewaar nie. Enkele bewaringsorganisasies wend pogings tot bewusmaking aan, maar het nog min sukses gehad. Omdat die Kaaps-Hollandse Herlewingstyl die oudste styl is waarvan daar nog 'n groep geboue in George behoue gebly het, is dit noodsaaklik dat daar uit 'n bewaringsoogpunt in die toekoms met groot omsigtigheid daarna omgesien word.

The aim of the theoretical part of my Master’s thesis is to summarize the historical evolution of building construction in České Budějovice, to process the summary of residential construction in each area of the city, and to describe current construction. There is described in my thesis how was the city of České Budějovice developing, varying and ramifying over time. In the practical part I did the analysis of the future construction using the survey among residents of České Budějovice and so future builders. Analysis determines the requirements for the type and location of the future construction, builders’ own building requirements. This thesis summarizes and describes the history and current construction. Also thanks to the practical part gives awareness about the direction of residential constructions in České Budějovice in the coming years.

La conception des systèmes de contrôle-commande souffre souvent des problèmes de communication et d’interprétation des spécifications entre les différents intervenants provenant souvent de domaines techniques très variés. Afin de cadrer la conception de ces systèmes, plusieurs démarches ont été proposées dans la littérature. Parmi elles, la démarche dite mixte (ascendante/descendante), qui voit la conception réalisée en deux phases. Dans la première phase (ascendante), un modèle du système est défini à partir d’un ensemble de composants standardisés. Ce modèle subit, dans la deuxième phase (descendante), plusieurs raffinages et transformations pour obtenir des modèles plus concrets (codes,applicatifs, etc.). Afin de garantir la qualité des systèmes conçus par cette démarche, nous proposons dans cette thèse, deux approches de vérification formelle basées sur le Model-Checking. La première approche porte sur la vérification des composants standardisés et permet la vérification d’une chaîne de contrôle-commande élémentaire complète. La deuxième approche consiste en la vérification des modèles d’architecture (P&ID) utilisés pour la génération des programmes de contrôle-commande. Cette dernière est basée sur la définition d’un style architectural en Alloy pour la norme ANSI/ISA-5.1. Pour supporter les deux approches, deux flots de vérification formelle semi-automatisés basés sur les concepts de l’IDM ont été proposés. L’intégration des méthodes formelles dans un contexte industriel est facilitée, ainsi, par la génération automatique des modèles formels à partir des modèles de conception maîtrisés par les concepteurs métiers. Nos deux approches ont été validées sur un cas industriel concret concernant un système de gestion de fluide embarqué dans un navire. / The design of control-command systems often suffers from problems of communication and interpretation of specifications between the various designers, frequently coming from a wide range of technical fields. In order to address the design of these systems, several methods have been proposed in the literature. Among them, the so-called mixed method (bottom-up/top-down), which sees the design realized in two steps. In the first step (bottom-up), a model of the system is defined from a set of standardized components. This model undergoes, in the second (top-down) step, several refinements and transformations to obtain more concrete models (codes, applications, etc.). To guarantee the quality of the systems designed according to this method, we propose two formal verification approaches,based on Model-Checking, in this thesis. The first approach concerns the verification of standardized components and allows the verification of a complete elementary control-command chain. The second one consists in verifying the model of architecture (P&ID) used for the generation of control programs.The latter is based on the definition of an architectural style in Alloy for the ANSI/ISA-5.1 standard. To support both approaches, two formal semi-automated verification flows based on Model-Driven Engineering have been proposed. This integration of formal methods in an industrial context is facilitated by the automatic generation of formal models from design models carried out by business designers. Our two approaches have been validated on a concrete industrial case of a fluid management system embedded in a ship.

This thesis investigates the perceptions that architects and real estate developers have of adhering to strict requirements for classical architectural exterior style, which is mandated by the municipality, focusing on a case study of a proposed real estate development project situated in Lidingö, Sweden. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing semi-structured interviews with the real estate developers, the architects, and a municipal project manager who is involved in the project. The findings highlight the tensions that arise during the early planning phase of real estate development with strict architectural style requirements. Developers appreciate the goal of maintaining consistency but emphasize the need for flexibility to accommodate future innovation. Architects value the quality ensured by the requirements, though they find them somewhat restrictive. Both groups recognize the benefits of high aesthetic standards but stress the importance of adaptability. Relevant tensions are further analyzed using stakeholder theory, examining the balance between private and public interests, as well as political and professional interests. The real estate developers prioritize economic feasibility, while the municipality focus on aesthetic quality. Effective collaboration has resulted in a project that is set to be both economically feasible and architecturally compliant. The architects also navigate the tension between creative freedom and adherence to politically driven architectural directives, managing to meet both professional standards and public expectations. Community response to the project has been overwhelmingly positive, indicating a strong appreciation for classical architecture. Overall, the study underscores the importance of collaboration and compromise, achieving a balance between private and public interests, professional and political interests, and producing economically viable projects that meet public demand for classical architecture. / Denna uppsats undersöker de uppfattningar som arkitekter och fastighetsutvecklare har om att följa strikta krav på klassisk arkitektonisk exteriör stil, som föreskrivs av kommunen, med fokus på en fallstudie av ett föreslaget fastighetsprojekt beläget i Lidingö, Sverige. Studien använder en kvalitativ metod, med semi-strukturerade intervjuer med fastighetsutvecklarna, arkitekterna och en kommunal projektledare som är involverad i projektet. Resultaten belyser de spänningar som uppstår under den tidiga planeringsfasen av fastighetsutveckling med strikta arkitektoniska stilkrav. Utvecklarna uppskattar målet att upprätthålla enhetlighet men betonar behovet av flexibilitet för att kunna rymma framtida innovation. Arkitekterna värdesätter den kvalitet som säkerställs av kraven, även om de tycker att de är något restriktiva. Båda grupperna erkänner fördelarna med höga estetiska standarder men betonar vikten av anpassningsbarhet. Relevanta spänningar analyseras vidare med hjälp av intressentteori, och undersöker balansen mellan privata och offentliga intressen, samt politiska och professionella intressen. Fastighetsutvecklarna prioriterar ekonomisk genomförbarhet, medan kommunen fokuserar på estetisk kvalitet. Effektivt samarbete har resulterat i ett projekt som ser ut till att vara både ekonomiskt genomförbart och arkitektoniskt kompatibelt. Arkitekterna navigerar också spänningen mellan kreativ frihet och efterlevnad av politiskt drivna arkitektoniska stilkrav, och lyckas uppfylla både professionella standarder och allmänhetens förväntningar. Responsens från samhället kring projektet har varit överväldigande positiv, vilket indikerar en stark uppskattning för klassisk arkitektur. Sammantaget understryker studien vikten av samarbete och kompromiss, att uppnå en balans mellan privata och offentliga intressen, professionella och politiska prioriteringar, och att producera ekonomiskt hållbara projekt som uppfyller allmänhetens efterfrågan på klassisk arkitektur.

Cette étude se penche sur la façon dont le pouvoir politique se est imaginé et imagée dans le centre-ville de Nairobi. Il examine comment l'environnement bâti de la ville a transformé l'ubiquité en place-de-appartenance. Construit culture est considérée comme un outil (mais non exclusif) pour forger une relation entre la société et un contexte spatial donné; un support pour la société de «personnaliser» son espace. L'accent est mis bâtiments emblématiques situées dans l'espace central, public et symbolique et est en outre délimitée à leur style architectural. L'autorité politique, mais pas singulièrement responsables de l'identité collective, a été choisi comme point de départ, car sa contribution est décisive. Par conséquent, il est aussi un produit de la performance politique Nairobi est interrogé. Une exploration des connotations et les nuances des styles utilisés pour ériger ses bâtiments emblématiques possibles sont esquissées. Gouvernement colonial de Nairobi utilisé un style néo-classique. Kenyatta, le premier président indigène, se est éloigné de cette tradition néo-classique. Sa préférence était une déclaration stylisée-africaine. Et, en plus de choisir un style différent, il réorienté la dynamique spatiale dans City Square ainsi ré-articuler son identité. Pour un examen plus complet de Nairobi, elle est comparée à Dar es-Salaam (la capitale commerciale de la Tanzanie) voisin. Dar es Salaam dispose d'une plus grande variété dans les styles architecturaux: arabo-swahili, classique européenne avec des fonctionnalités omanais-arabes et les Sarrasins compositions décoratives. Pendant ce temps, la variété architecturale à Nairobi coloniale, où les Britanniques avaient plus de six décennies undisturbed- pour élaborer leur image, est carrément néo-classique. Présenté avec plus (ou moins) polarisée images coloniales, les présidents autochtones du Kenya et de la Tanzanie ont réagi différemment. L'image postcoloniale de Nairobi est ouvertement «africaine» peut-être une réponse au classicisme néo aussi manifeste des coloniaux. Dar es Salaam, d'autre part, est dépourvu de stridente de va-et-vient dans ses discours stylistiques. En conclusion, il semble que le plus fougueux du concours sous-jacente de posséder une ville, plus articuler son image spatiale; plus contesté un espace a été, le plus spectaculaire de l'image qu'il porte. Nairobi a connu un concours de propriété plus intense par rapport à Dar es-Salaam. Une concurrence intense nécessite un style architectural décisive tout pluralisme stylistique prospère où le concours est moins intense. Cela peut ne pas se applique à toutes les villes en Afrique, mais ce est la vue en gros plan, l'identité imagé dans l'espace central de Nairobi. / This study looks at how political power has imagined-and-imaged itself in Nairobi’s city centre. It examines how the city’s built environment has transformed ubiquity into place-of-belonging. Built culture is considered as a tool (though not an exclusive one) for forging a relation between society and a given spatial context; a medium for society to ‘personalise’ its space. The focus is iconic buildings sited in the central, public and symbolic space and is further delimited to their architectural style. Political authority, though not singularly responsible for collective identity, has been selected as the point of departure because its contribution is decisive. Therefore, it is as a product of political performance that Nairobi is interrogated. An exploration of possible connotations and nuances of the styles employed to erect its iconic buildings are sketched out. Nairobi’s colonial government used a neo classical style. Kenyatta, the first indigenous president, distanced himself from this neo-classical tradition. His preference was a stylised-African statement. And, in addition to selecting a different style he re-oriented the spatial dynamics in City Square thus re-articulating its identity. For a fuller scrutiny of Nairobi, it is compared to neighbouring Dar es Salaam (the commercial capital of Tanzania). Dar es Salaam features greater variety in architectural styles: Arab-Swahili, European classical with Omani-Arab features and the decorative saracenic compositions. Meanwhile, architectural variety in colonial Nairobi, where the British had over six decades–undisturbed– to craft their image, is bluntly neo-classical. Presented with more (or less) polarised colonial images, the indigenous presidents of Kenya and Tanzania reacted differently. Nairobi’s postcolonial image is overtly ‘african’ perhaps as a response to the equally overt neo classicism of the colonials. Dar es Salaam, on the other hand, is devoid of strident back-and-forth in its stylistic discourses. In conclusion, it appears the more spirited the underlying contest to own a city, the more articulate its spatial image; the more contested a space has been, the more spectacular the image it bears. Nairobi has experienced a more intense ownership contest compared to Dar es Salaam. Intense competition necessitates a decisive architectural style while stylistic pluralism thrives where the contest is less intense. This may not apply to all the cities in Africa but it is the close-up view, the imaged identity in Nairobi’s central space.