Human milk is recognized as the main component for growth, metabolism, and immune development in infants. Furthermore, during lactation, human milk is an important source of microorganisms for the intestinal colonization of newborns. Mother-related factors have been associated with the human milk microbiota composition. Nevertheless, apparently, there has not been any study in which the maternal diet was evaluated as a modulator of the human milk microbiota. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the maternal diet on the human milk microbiota composition of healthy women, and subsequently, to evaluate the effect of fructooligosaccharides supplementation on the human milk microbiota. This study consisted of two parts; the first was a cross-sectional study, including 94 lactating women recruited at the University Hospital of the University of São Paulo (HU/USP), to investigate the association between the maternal nutrient intake during pregnancy and lactation over the first month and the human milk microbiota. The second part consisted of a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial with 53 lactating, classified as FOS group (n = 28), which received 4.5 g of fructooligosaccharides + 2 g of maltodextrin or placebo group (n = 25), which received 2 g of maltodextrin, over a period of 20 days. The DNA was isolated and used as template for amplification and sequencing by the Illumina MiSeq® System. Overall, the maternal diet during lactation (\"short-term\" food intake) influenced specific bacterial groups, including positive correlations between polyunsaturated fatty acids/linoleic fatty acids and Bifidobacterium. However, only the maternal diet during pregnancy (\"long-term\" food intake) was statistically significant (p = 0.02) for the clustering analyzes (community structure analyzes), in which higher levels of vitamin C intake during pregnancy was related to cluster 2, driven by the Staphylococcus genus. After the intervention period on the maternal diet, no differences were found for relative abundance of genera between the placebo and the FOS groups. However, the distances of the trajectories covered by the samples from the beginning to the end of the supplementation was higher for the FOS group (p = 0.0007). According to our results, the maternal age affects the response for FOS supplementation (p = 0.02), though no patterns in the differences of relative abundances were found between the groups. Our results suggest that the maternal diet may influence the human milk microbiota, and the diet during pregnancy is a stronger factor over the bacterial community structure. Minor changes were found by the maternal short-term food intake or the maternal intervention with the prebiotic, and the changes seem to be individual-dependent and influenced by the maternal age, particularly in the intervention study. / O leite humano é, reconhecidamente, o principal componente para o crescimento e o desenvolvimento metabólico e imunológico de lactentes. Adicionalmente, durante a lactação, o leite humano consiste em uma importante fonte de micro-organismos para a formação da microbiota intestinal de neonatos. Fatores relacionados à mãe têm sido associados à composição da microbiota do leite humano. Entretanto, poucos estudos avaliaram a dieta materna como componente modulador da microbiota do leite humano. Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar o impacto da dieta materna sobre a composição da microbiota do leite humano de mães saudáveis e, posteriormente, avaliar a influência da intervenção com fruto-oligossacarídeo na microbiota do leite humano, durante 20 dias de lactação. O estudo foi dividido em duas partes; a primeira parte consistiu de um estudo transversal, com 94 lactantes atendidas no Hospital Universitário da Universidade de São Paulo (HU/USP), a fim de investigar a associação entre o consumo materno de nutrientes durante a gestação e durante o primeiro mês de lactação e a microbiota do leite humano. A segunda parte consistiu em um ensaio clínico, aleatorizado, placebo-controlado, com 53 lactantes, classificadas em grupo FOS, que recebeu 4.5 g de fruto-oligossacarídeo + 2 g de maltodextrina (n = 28) ou grupo placebo, que recebeu 2 g de maltodextrina (n = 25), suplementados por 20 dias. O DNA das amostras de leite foi isolado e utilizado como molde para amplificação e sequenciamento em Illumina MiSeq® System. Em geral, a dieta materna durante a lactação (consumo a curto prazo) apresentou influência pontual sobre diversos grupos de micro-organismos, incluindo correlações positivas entre ácidos graxos poli-insaturados/linoleico e o gênero Bifidobacterium. No entanto, somente a dieta materna durante a gestação (consumo a longo prazo) foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0.02) para as análises de agrupamento das amostras (análises de estrutura de comunidade), sendo o maior teor de vitamina C consumido durante a gestação relacionado ao agrupamento 2, direcionado por maiores populações do gênero Staphylococcus. Após o período de intervenção na dieta materna, não foram encontradas diferenças entre a abundância relativa de gêneros entre os grupos placebo e FOS. No entanto, as distâncias do percurso das amostras do início até o final da suplementação foram maiores para o grupo FOS (p = 0.0007). De acordo com os resultados, a idade materna influencia essa resposta à suplementação por FOS (p = 0.02), embora, não tenham sido encontrados padrões nítidos nas diferenças de abundância relativa entre os grupos. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a dieta materna consiste em um fator de modulação da microbiota do leite humano, sendo a dieta durante a gestação um fator mais intenso sobre a estrutura da comunidade bacteriana do leite humano. No entanto, o consumo a curto prazo ou a intervenção alimentar com prebiótico sobre a dieta materna apresentou influência pontual sobre a dinâmica da microbiota do leite, ainda que mudanças observadas sejam indivíduo-dependentes e influenciadas pela idade materna, como no caso do estudo de intervenção.

A ideia de que os brasileiros estabelecidos em Lagos elaboraram identidades cambiantes que se reformularam em resposta aos contextos apresentados ao longo do período de 1840 a 1900, constituiu o foco central desta tese. Neste sentido, proponho compreender os contextos em que os brasileiros de Lagos tiveram de ressignificar e atualizar os signos responsáveis por conferir identificação aos integrantes de seu grupo. Para isto, selecionei um conjunto de documentos formado por três tipos de fontes. Com o propósito de entender como os brasileiros eram representados por missionários anglicanos e metodistas, exploradores, oficiais da marinha e cônsules britânicos analisei as narrativas de viagem, relatórios enviados ao Foreign Office e artigos publicados em revistas mantidas por associações científicas da época. O segundo grupo de documentos corresponde a três jornais publicados em Lagos entre os anos de 1881 e 1900, a saber: The Lagos Observer, The Lagos Weekly Record e o periódico oficial do governo colonial britânico, The Government Gazette. A leitura destas fontes revelou aspectos importantes acerca da participação dos brasileiros na sociedade lagosiana da segunda metade do século XIX. O terceiro compêndio de fontes é formado por relatórios anuais elaborados pela administração colonial da cidade e reunidos sob a denominação de Blue Books. Este conjunto de registros trata dos mais diferentes assuntos relacionados ao governo britânico operado na cidade e constitui importante fonte para análise acerca da maneira como os brasileiros eram representados pelo governo colonial. A partir destes três conjuntos de documentos tornou-se possível perceber as formas como os signos de pertencimento que definiam as identidades dos brasileiros foram elaborados a partir do contato, das trocas e das disputas entre os demais componentes sociais existentes na cidade de Lagos oitocentista. / The Brazilians established in Lagos developed shifting identities which were reshaped in response to the presented contexts throughout the period 1840 to 1900, was the central focus of this thesis. In this regard, I propose to understand the contexts in which the Brazilian from Lagos had to reframe and update the responsible signs for checking identification to the members of their group. For this, I selected a set of documents composed of three types of sources. In order to understand how Brazilians were represented by Anglican and Methodist missionaries, explorers, officers of the Navy and British consuls, I analyzed the travel narratives, reports to the Foreign Office and articles published in magazines kept by scientific associations at the time. The second group of documents corresponds to three newspapers published in Lagos between the years 1881 and 1900, namely: The Lagos Observer, The Lagos Weekly Record and the official journal of the British colonial government, The Government Gazette. Reading these sources revealed important aspects concerning the Brazilian participation in Lagos society in the second half of the nineteenth century. The third compendium of sources consists of annual reports by the colonial administration of the city and gathered under the name of Blue Books. This set of records focus on the most different topics related to the British government based in the city and is an important source of analysis about the way the Brazilians were represented by the colonial government. From these three sets of documents it was possible to see the ways in which the belonging signs which defined the identity of Brazilians were prepared from the contact, exchanges and disputes between the other social components existing in the Lagos of the nineteenth century.

Le Brésil a commencé à se construire au XVIeme siècle en soumettant les populations indigènes autochtones, au prix souvent de leur extermination et en repoussant farouchement les Français, qu'ils soient simples négociants à la recherche des produits exotiques du pays ou bien désireux de fonder une colonie avec Villegaignon dans la Baie de Guanabara. Le Portugal est encore confronté à ces oppositions quand commence le soulèvement des Potiguares de la Paraiba, dans le Nordeste du pays. Le Sumario das Armadas, une chronique oubliée, la seule aussi détaillée existant au Brésil, en retrace l'histoire au cours de laquelle, en trois campagnes, les forces hispano-portugaises parviendront à vaincre les alliés franco-amérindiens et étendre plus au nord l'emprise de la couronne de Philippe II / Brazil begun to built itsel on the XVIth century subduing the native population, who often paid the high price of her life, and repelling the French men, merchants looking for the exotic products of the country or settelers wanting to found a colony with Villegaignon in Ganabara Bay. Portugal has not finished fighting against both, French and Indians, in the others parts of the country, when begun the Potiguar uprising in Paraiba Territory, in the North-East of Brazil. The Sumario das Armadas is a forgotten cronicle, but the only one such detailed existing in the whole country. It describes the conquest of the Potiguar territory in three campaigns by the Spanish and Portuguese columns against the Indians and Frenchs allied, and the extention of the king's power of Philippe II of Spain.

La thèse s’inscrit dans le domaine de l’archéologie des colonies grecques de Sicile. Les axes de recherche privilégiés sont l’habitat, l’architecture domestique et l’urbanisme de ces villes, toutes situées en Sicile orientale. Le cadre chronologique s’étend sur les IVe et IIIe s. av. J.-C., entendus comme faisant partie de l’époque hellénistique sicilienne. Après une présentation des faits historiques les plus pertinents, la recherche se concentre sur le site de Mégara Hyblaea, l’une des premières colonies grecques de Sicile, dont on présente et analyse les vestiges inédits appartenant à l’époque retenue. Cette étude approfondie traite d’abord des éléments architecturaux, puis des pièces des maisons et enfin des plans des maisons ; les habitations identifiées sont ensuite replacées dans leur environnement urbain. Par ailleurs, chacun de ces thèmes est abordé de façon détaillée et critique à travers cinq autres sites : Camarine, Géla, Morgantina, Syracuse et Tyndaris. Cette démarche facilite les comparaisons et permet de situer l’exemple mégarien dans le contexte choisi. Enfin, d’autres études de cas, plus succinctes, portent sur des sites puniques et des sites indigènes afin d’élargir le point de vue à l’ensemble de la Sicile hellénistique. La synthèse de ces données est organisée en deux parties. La première dresse un état des lieux de la recherche sur l’habitat et l’urbanisme des cités grecques de Sicile orientale à l’époque hellénistique et présente en particulier les questions les plus débattues. Dans la deuxième partie, on propose un bilan des connaissances sur le sujet en intégrant les hypothèses et les avancées réalisées au cours de l’étude. / This thesis concerns the archaeology of the Greek colonies in Sicily. The main research focus is the domestic architecture and the urbanism of these cities, all located in Eastern Sicily. The time frame considered is the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, during the Sicilian Hellenistic period.Following a presentation of the most relevant historical facts, the investigation focuses on the site of Megara Hyblaea, one of the first Greek colonies in Sicily; previously unpublished remains belonging to the period at issue are presented and analyzed. This in-depth study deals first with architectural elements, then with the rooms of houses and finally the house plans; identified habitations are thereafter set in their urban surrounding. Furthermore, each of these themes is tackled in a detailed and critical way through five other sites: Camarina, Gela, Morgantina, Syracuse and Tyndaris. This approach makes the comparisons easier and allows us to place the example of Megara in context. Finally, other more succinct case studies of Punic sites and indigenous sites widen the scope of this study to the whole of Hellenistic Sicily.The synthesis of this data is organized into two sections. The first part lays out the current state of research on housing and urbanism of the Greek cities in Eastern Sicily during the Hellenistic period and presents the most debated issues. In the second part, the author proposes conclusions to integrate the hypotheses and the breakthroughs arrived at in the course of this study.

L'évocation de l'armée en Afrique en général et noire en particulier rime, dans la conscience collective, avec coups d'Etat, mutineries, rebellions, violences. Et pourtant, des particularités sont à tirer notamment en ce qui concerne la stabilité des Etats et l'ascension à la magistrature suprême. C'est ainsi qu'en Afrique francophone, le Cameroun et le Sénégal sont à citer car, restés depuis leur « indépendance » à l'abri de prise de pouvoir par la force des armes. Et, ce, malgré des situations sociopolitiques et économiques assez similaires aux autres pays. Pour le Cameroun, au-delà d'une certaine intériorisation du sens professionnel (soumission du militaire au politique), nous pensons que la régularité de l'armée tient du fait qu'elle s'est fondue dans un système néopatrimonial au point de devenir, elle-même, une institution néopatrimonialisée. Mais, bien que défendant des intérêts partisans (du « Prince », de la classe dirigeante et les siens), cette armée se révèle aussi un symbole du processus de rationalisation et de démocratisation de l'Etat (principes bureaucratiques, maintien de l'ordre et de la paix, brassage socioculturel…). Se pose alors la question de savoir qui du système ou du symbole détermine la posture du corps militaire camerounais ? En clair, l'armée camerounaise est-elle loyale parce que néopatrimonialisée ou bien l'ancrage néopatrimoniale s'appuie-t-elle sur cette loyauté ? / It is a common perception that the army in Africa and more particularly in black Africa, is associated with putsch, riots, rebellions and violence. Yet, specificities can be pointed out, especially in the two following points: political stability and promotion to the highest office. In that way, in francophone africa, Cameroon and Senegal since their independence, have managed to preserve themselves from any violent upheaval. In Cameroon, beyond a certain internization of the rofessional sense ( army submitted to political power), we can state that the political stability is due to the fact that it has blended into a neo-patrimonial system up to the point of becoming itself a neo-patrimonialised institution. Nonetheless, in spite of defending partisan interests (the "Prince", the ruling class and his family) the army turns out to be a symbol of the process of rationalization and democratization of the state (bureaucratic principles, law enforcement, peacekeeping, socio-cultural mixing etc.). The question is now to figure out if the position of the cameroonian army is determined either by the symbol or by the system. In other words, is the Cameroonian army loyal because of its being neo-patrimonialised or because the neo-patrimonial system relies on such loyalty?

Ce présent travail aborde le carnaval de Cayenne en tant que phénomène festif issu du fait colonial et interroge les mécanismes d'ajustement qui ont amené esclaves et "gens de couleur libres" à retourner une fête religieuse, au service d’une coercition imposée par l’ordre colonial et esclavagiste, en une pratique subversive. Il s'inscrit dans le champ des études théâtrales et aborde le carnaval à travers sa dramaticité. L'histoire du carnaval, des premiers temps de la colonie jusqu’à à la période contemporaine, montre une mise en place d'esthétiques originales qui autorisent toutes les subversions. La tradition dramatique carnavalesque est fortement marquée par la pratique du Détour pouvant se définir par l'exacerbation du caractère dérisoire de l'être créole. Le grotesque européen se mêle à la dérision militante créole offrant un héritage théâtral pouvant exprimer une digne rage, une humanité perdue, une utopie nouvelle. La danse des bals, populaires autant que ceux de la bourgeoisie noire, quant à elle, est un art de la fuite et convoque le marronnage créateur en construisant un espace-temps différent où l'être renaît dans un sentiment d'enthousiasme. Cet art de la fuite au sein des vidé participe à une immense transe collective où la violence jaillit devenant un moyen de déstabiliser l'ordre en place et d'aborder une nouvelle sociabilité. Le carnaval contemporain tente de résoudre les problématiques de l'histoire et devient l'inverse du Détour. L'être sort de l'ombre pour manifester sa valeur d'exposition manifestant un hédonisme générale. La théâtralité y est brillante et manifeste une hypervisibilité de soi. C'est l'ère de l'exacerbation de la valeur de l'être cayennais. / This present work approaches the carnival of Cayenne as a festive phenomenon which has developed from the colonial fact. It examines the mechanisms of this adjustment by which slaves and "free people of color" have converted a religious feast reinforcing colonial order and slavery, and subverted it into a manifestation of pride in identity and expectation of a better future. As such this falls within the field of theatrical studies, i.e. evaluating the carnival as drama. The history of the carnival, from the colony's earliest days until the present, shows how new aesthetics have, year after year, changed its original role. The dramatic traditions of the carnival were strongly marked by the practice of "Détour", best defined as stressing the derisory character of the Creole being. European grotesque was mixed with Creole militant mockery, offering a theatrical inheritance expressing dignified rage, a lost humanity, a new utopia. The dance of balls, as popular as those of the black bourgeoisie, is an art of the flight, and summons creative marronnage by building a different space-time in which the being is reborn in a feeling of liberation and enthusiasm. This art of flight within the "vidé" occurs in an immense collective trance, where violence erupts, destabilizing an old order, encouraging a new. The contemporary carnival tries to solve the problems of history and becomes the opposite of the "Détour". The being comes out of darkness displaying its exhibition value, showing a general hedonism. Its theatricality is brilliant and manifests a hypervisibility. The true value of the Cayennais being is recognised.

O uso do Cateter Venoso Central (CVC) viabiliza a assistência de alta complexidade aos pacientes críticos. Contudo, as infecções desses cateteres demonstram uma associação com a migração dos microrganismos da pele do local de inserção até a ponta do cateter. A utilização de novas tecnologias para reduzir a colonização cutânea no sítio de inserção do cateter reforça a questão da antissepsia cutânea e a sugestão do curativo adequado a esta região. As recomendações do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) apontam como uma opção de curativo o uso da cobertura de filme transparente de poliuretano (FTP) que protege e facilita a visualização do sítio de inserção. Contudo, o uso do curativo gel de clorexidina (CGCHX), vem apresentado uma resposta superior na prevenção dessas colonizações e infecções. Diante do exposto, propôs-se identificar por meio de um estudo de corte transversal prospectivo, os microrganismos presentes no swab de pele após o uso do CGCHX e do FTP, no momento da retirada do CVC. Fizeram parte do estudo um total de 92 pacientes, destes 45 pacientes em uso do CGCHX e 47 utilizaram FTP, em ambos os grupos, a faixa etária foi em média 60 anos, declararam-se brancos e não houve diferença significativa entre o número de homens e mulheres. A escolha do sítio de inserção preferencial foi a veia jugular interna direita. Houve o crescimento em 13 amostras de Swabs no grupo do CGCHX os microrganismos encontrados foram Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, Enterobater cloacae, Staphylococcus aereus e Staphylococcus epidermidis. O Staphylococcus aereus apresentou resistência a oxacilina, o que podemos sugerir a possibilidade de uma cepa MRSA. Quanto ao FTP foram seis amostras positivas com o crescimento de Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis e Staphylococcus haemolyticus. A presença da Klebsiella pneumoniae sensível somente a amicacina sugere a possibilidade da cepa Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemas (KPC). Apesar dos achados evidenciarem um número maior de crescimento bacteriano no curativo gel de CHX, este estudo pode contribuir para o olhar e desenvolvimento de novos trabalhos para a nossa população, levando em consideração nosso clima e tipo de pele, como também a importância de medidas educativas permanentes no treinamento da equipe de saúde nos centros onde as novas tecnologias são implementadas / The use of Central Venous Catheter (CVC) enables the high complexity assistance to critically ill patients. However, these catheters infections show an association with the migration of skin microorganisms from the insertion site to the tip of the catheter. The use of new technologies to reduce skin colonization on the catheter insertion site reinforces the issue of skin disinfection and use of suitable dressing to this region. The recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show the use of coverages with transparent polyurethane film (TPF) as an option of dressing, which protects and facilitates the visualization of the insertion site. However, the use of chlorhexidine gel dressing (CGD) has presented a higher response in preventing these colonizations and infections. Given the above, this study aimed to identify the microorganisms present on the skin swab after using the CGD and TPF at the time of removal of the CVC from a prospective cross-sectional study. The total of participants were 92 patients, 45 of them were using CGD and 47 were using FTP. In both groups, the average age was 60 years, white, and there was no significant difference between the number of men and women. The choice of preferred insertion site was the right internal jugular vein. There was growth in 13 samples Swabs in the CGD group. Microorganisms found were Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Morganella morganii, Enterobater cloacae, Staphylococcus aereus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Staphylococcus aereus showed resistance to oxacillin, which can suggest the possibility of a MRSA strain. Related to the FTP group, there were six positive samples with the growth of Serratia marcescens, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae sensitive only to amikacin suggests the possibility of Klebsiellapneumoniaecarbapenemase strain (KPC). Despite findings showing a greater number of bacterial growth in the chlorhexidine gel dressing, this study may contribute to the development of new studies for population, taking into account the climate and skin type, as well as the importance of educational measures for the training of health team in centers where new technologies are implemented

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T11:21:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ISAC FERREIRA.pdf: 11190492 bytes, checksum: 5ef817e733833baf20ad2c6021d1e2a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-13 / In order to people, occupy such spaces empty and promoting the inclusion of small property was created in 1941, the colony of Goiás National Agricultural (CANG), during the Estado Novo, on St Patrick Forest region. The CANG was inserted in the context of March to the West and represented not only unique features of state investments so far not seen in the region, but above all because of the intense migration south center of the state, which provided population and economic growth. The search aims to discuss the process of occupation and construction of the Cologne National Agricultural Goiás, in the period from 1941 to 1959, reflecting on the use of space and its relationship with the social representations and the construction of the cultural scene regional. Os procedures methodological were based on bibliographic research, field work, oral interviews and documentary research with a survey of official data on population dynamics, to service institutions and the productive infrastructure. The study of the territorial formation shows that the processes and actions are key components of the production of space, but no change in the socio-spatial framework of a settlement is made without conflict. In addition, these changes are the cause fruits also move to an external location, assuming the insert in different networks and the laying of interest and logic different scales. / Durante o Estado Novo, com o objetivo de povoar, ocupar os espaços considerados vazios e promover a inserção da pequena propriedade foi criada em 1941, a Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Goiás (CANG) na região da Mata do São Patrício. A CANG estava inserida no contexto da Marcha para o Oeste e representou não somente características singulares de investimentos estatais até então não vistos na região, mas, sobretudo, por conta da migração intensa centro sul do estado, que proporcionou crescimento populacional e econômico. O estudo tem como objetivo a discussão do processo de ocupação e construção da Colônia Agrícola Nacional de Goiás, no período de 1941 a 1959, refletindo sobre a ocupação do espaço e sua relação com as representações sociais e na construção do cenário cultural regional. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram baseados em pesquisa bibliográfica, trabalho de campo, entrevistas orais e pesquisa documental com levantamento de dados oficiais referentes à dinâmica populacional, às instituições de serviços e à infraestrutura produtiva. O estudo sobre a formação territorial mostra que os processos e as ações são componentes fundamentais da produção do espaço, mas nenhuma mudança no quadro socioespacial de uma localidade é feita sem conflitos. Além disso, as causas dessas mudanças também são desdobramentos de um movimento externo no local, pressupondo a inserção em distintas redes e a imposição de interesses e lógicas de diferentes escalas.

Na segunda metade do século XIX, leis abolicionistas, como a Lei Eusébio de Queiroz que impedia o tráfico negreiro, levaram os fazendeiros paulistas a buscar novas alternativas para suprir a necessidade de abastecimento de mão de obra. Uma das alternativas foi trazer europeus. As hospedarias de imigrantes desempenharam importante papel no processo migratório brasileiro, por ser local de transição de estrangeiros e nacionais após a longa viagem do seu ponto de origem ao seu destino. Entre o navio da Europa até a chegada às fazendas no interior paulista, as hospedarias de imigrantes foram importantes para acolhê-los, alimentálos e direcioná-los para o trabalho, quer nas fazendas, quer nas cidades. Nosso objetivo foi localizar hospedarias que não costumam ser elencadas pela historiografia e compreender a quem se destinavam, como se organizavam e quem as comandava. Através da análise textual e paleográfica da documentação oficial dos relatórios de Império e Província, da legislação, dos periódicos e de manuscritos do Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo e da historiografia localizamos hospedarias de imigrantes, de núcleos coloniais e de internação, que funcionaram entre 1875 e 1886. Consideramos que os cafeicultores paulistas, principais interessados em obter alternativas à mão de obra escrava, ficaram à frente na organização das hospedarias de imigrantes. Para se manter na organização das hospedarias, ora criaram associações de imigração, que se sucederam, ora atuaram como encarregados do governo. Também consideramos que as hospedarias de imigrantes, independentemente da localização, mantiveram a continuidade dos serviços, oferecendo três refeições diárias por até oito dias, prestando atendimento médico e funerário em caso de necessidade. Além da hospedaria de imigrantes, houve outras com funções diferentes como as que serviram para abrigar os que tinham por destino os núcleos coloniais e os que eram encaminhados para São Paulo, internados, para manter-se longe das ameaças de contrair doenças como febre amarela. / In the second half of the nineteenth century abolitionist laws such as the Law Eusebio de Queiroz which prevented slave trading, led São Paulo farmers to seek new alternatives to supply the need for manpower provision. One of these alternatives was to bring Europeans. The immigrants hostels played an important role in the Brazilian migratory process, by being a transition place for foreign and domestic workers after their long journey from their point of origin to their destination. A point between their departure from Europe and their arrival at the inland farms, the immigrants hostels were important to welcome them, feed them and direct them to work either on farms or at the city. Our goal was to find hostels that are not usually listed by historiography and understand to whom they were intended, how they were organized and who controlled them. Through textual and paleographical analysis of official documentation of the Empire and Province reports, of legislation, of periodicals and manuscripts from the Arquivo Público do Estado de São Paulo and of historiography we located immigrants hostels, of colonial settlements and internalization, which ran between 1875 and 1886. We believe that Paulistas coffee planters, key stakeholders in obtaining alternatives to slave labor, were ahead in the organization of these immigrants hostels. To keep controlling these hostels, sometimes they created immigration associations that followed, sometimes they acted as government tenders. We also consider that the immigrants hostels, regardless their location, maintained the continuity of services, offering three meals a day for up to eight days, and providing medical and funeral assistance when needed. Besides the immigrants hostel, there were others with different functions, such as those that sheltered immigrants who were destined for the colonial settlements and who were sent to São Paulo, interned, in order to keep them away from the threats of contracting diseases such as yellow fever.

Esta dissertação objetiva compreender a prática dos descimentos indígenas no Estado do Maranhão e Grão-Pará, entre os anos 1680 e 1750. Além de buscarmos entender de que forma esta política contribuiu para a expansão das fronteiras coloniais e para a inserção de mão de obra no Estado, analisamos a atuação e os interesses dos agentes envolvidos na realização dos descimentos, a saber: principais indígenas, missionários, funcionários régios, moradores, deputados da Junta das Missões e populações nativas / The aim of this dissertation is to understand the practice of descimentos in the state of Maranhão e Grão-Pará, between the years 1680 and 1750. Besides, this work also aims to understand how this policy contributed to the expansion of colonial borders and to the inclusion of labor in the state. Furthermore, we analyze the performance and the interests of the agents involved in the descimentos, such as: Indian leaders, missionaries, royal officials, settlers, members of the Tribunal da Junta das Missões and native populations