Until relatively recently, the view of Late Pleistocene hunter-gatherers in the Americas was dominated by the “Clovis-first” paradigm. However, recent discoveries have challenged traditional views and forced reconsiderations of the timing, processes, and scales used in modeling the settlement of the Americas. Chief among these discoveries has been the recognition of a wide range of early cultural diversity throughout the Americas that is inconsistent with previously held notions of cultural homogeneity. During the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene, the development of widely varying economic, technological and mobility strategies in distinct environments is suggestive of a range of different adaptations and traditions. It is argued that colonization was a disjointed process involving alternative, perhaps competing strategies at local and regional levels. Individual groups likely employed distinct strategies for settling new landscapes. These different strategies are reflected in the cultural variability that has been documented in the Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene archaeological records of South and North America. A scalar framework for conceptualizing and modeling this variability on local, regional, and continental scales is introduced. Although primarily focused on local and regional reconstructions, the results can be integrated with other regional studies to generate more comprehensive, continental-scale models of the peopling of the New World. This research provides insight into the local and regional variability—in terms of settlement patterns and economic and technological strategies—present in the archaeological record of at least two formally recognized Late Pleistocene-Early Holocene complexes (Fishtail and Paiján complexes) in the Quebradas del Batán and Talambo of the lower Jequetepeque Valley, northern Perú. Results of extensive survey, excavation, and materials analyses are used to characterize mobility strategies and settlement organization. This research indicates that two distinct patterns of site types, settlement, subsistence, and technology existed at the local level between the Fishtail (ca. 11,200-10,200 B.P.) and Paiján (ca. 10,800-9,000 B.P.); these patterns are indicative of differing regional strategies of colonization. Lastly, it is suggested that the adaptations and behaviors pursued during regional settlement, particularly by Paiján groups, set in motion an increasing reliance on plant foods and an early trend toward sedentism that carried forward into the Holocene period.

Through this Peace and Conflict Studies autoethnography, I relate my stories in relationship to the First Nations lands and peoples of Northern Manitoba within the context of Child and Family Services. The stories identify relationships between social work interventions and peace-building interventions with examples of my contributions to the structural violence of colonization through assimilation, and my interventions that are consistent with peace-building to reverse the assimilation of colonization. The theories of structural violence, colonization, assimilation and genocide provide the framework to tell the anecdotal stories to identify the complex relationships. My stories describe my emotions of inner conflict and turmoil as I identify the day-to-day challenges ingrained within the system to build peace by reversing the tide of removing children from their families, communities, cultures and identities. The stories also identify some successes of peace-building by strengthening and unifying families and communities in response to experiences of colonization.

Baggrund: At være bærer af MRSA er en udfordring for et stigende antal borgere. For den enkelte indebærer det at være bærer at skulle leve med en viden om, at man kan smitte og fremkalde infektion hos den nærmeste familie eller andre, man kommer i tæt berøring med. For samfundet indebærer forekomsten af et reservoir af resistente bakterier en risiko for spredning fra det omgivende samfund ind på sygehusene med efterfølgende problemer ved behandling af akutte og alvorligt syge patienter. Formål: At opnå en dybere forståelse af, hvilken betydning det har for bærernes oplevelse af sammenhæng og dermed for sundheden for den enkelte, at være bærer af MRSA ieget hjem. Metode: Et kvalitativt studie med åbne interview af 12 bærere og 4 pårørende med anvendelse af Grounded Theory som analysemetode. Resultater: Borgerne oplever det at være bærer af MRSA som en uklar og forvirrende tilstand mellem sundhed og sygdom. Undersøgelsen identificerer kernekategorien ”Mangelfuld information”, som udløser følelser som forvirring og utryghed, meningsløshed, stress og vrede. Dette resulterer i manglende compliance, bekymringer for fremtiden og stigmatisering. Øget stress påvirker oplevelsen af sammenhæng hos bærerne og deres nærmeste i negativ retning. Særligt tyngede er bærere og pårørende, som arbejder indenfor omsorgs-og plejeområdet. Konklusion: Arbejdet afdækker mangler i primærsektorens håndtering af opgaven, specielt vedrørende korrekt information til MRSA-bærerne og deres nærmeste, som i nogle tilfælde kan påvirke bærernes oplevelse af sammenhæng og egen sundhed i negativ retning. Stigmatisering og grov diskrimination af MRSA-bærere kan være et resultat af manglende viden i MRSA-bærernes netværk og lokalområde. / Background: More and more citizens are carrying MRSA. Consequently, they mustcope with the knowledge of being a potential health risk for their families and close relations. For society,the carrierembodiesa reservoir and a risk of spreading resistant bacteriafrom the community into hospitals, resulting in problems with the treatment of patients in intensive and acute care wards. Purpose: This qualitative study aimed to deepenknowledge of the impactof MRSAon the Sense of Coherenceand Healthfor carriers living at home. Method: Thisqualitative study used Grounded Theory to analyze interviews with twelve carriers and four relatives. Results: The carriers describedthe experience of colonization with MRSA as a strange,unclear,and confusing state between sickness and wellness. The studyidentifiesacore category(i.e., “Inadequate information”)that causes emotional reactions among carriers and family members, including anxiety, insecurity, confusion, inadequate compliance, worries aboutthe future,and stigmatization. Increased stress negatively influences carriers’ and family members’sense of coherence. This was especially true infemale carriers and relatives who work in health and social carebecause they risk becominga health risk to their patients or clients. Conclusion: Thisstudy reveals inadequacy in the Primary Health Care System regarding the quality of information provided to MRSA-carriers and their relatives. Such inadequacynegatively affects carriers’Sense of Coherenceand health. Lack of knowledge in the network and local area can stigmatize MRSA carriers, making them susceptible tosevere bullying / <p>978-91-86739-51-5</p>

Swedish Amnesty was founded in 1964 for the purpose of working for the release of prisoners of conscience. Forty years later the organization has expanded its realm of activity to include ideas such as women’s rights, homosexuals’ rights and corporate responsibility for human rights. When these ideas were first introduced, they challenged prevailing assumptions about what the organization should be concerned with. Adopting a longitudinal approach, this dissertation investigates how these three ideas have been transformed from organizational anomalies into organizational practices. This study contributes to organizational institutional theory in general, and the translation of ideas in particular. The study shows that the translation of ideas in an organization is characterized more by conflicting interests and power relationships than previous research in the area has suggested. Four different editing strategies through which ideas were translated into practice could be seen: assimilation, colonization, creolization, and loose coupling. The processes were driven by institutional entrepreneurs who had a personal interest in the ideas and who saw the organization as a tool for promoting their development in society. The entrepreneurs were primarily new members who were shaped more by their historical life trajectories than by the organizational context into which they had entered. The study shows that the institutionalization of ideas about new practices is an incremental process in which ideas are translated into the organization in piecemeal versions. It suggests that institutionalization is an ongoing process in which the practice changes continuously. At the same time this process is also characterized by a certain amount of stability. New practices blend elements of old ones. Finally, this study has shown that organizational identities and interests are not antecedents of action, but rather are something emerging in the translation process.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Melbourne, 1978. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 265-279).

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The prevalence of Candida spp. as commensal of the oral cavity can reach 70%. However, oral cavity colonization not always culminates in oral candidiasis, however it can be considered a preliminary condition for the development of it. Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection among individuals with HIV, due the result of immune deficiency. Considering the importance of this type of infection in HIV-positive, we proposed to carry out this work with the following objectives: determine the frequency of HIV positive individuals colonized by Candida spp., Candida species isolated; determine the main predisposing factors for oral colonization by Candida spp., to relate the microbial load of colonization with the count of lymphocytes TCD4+, viral load and antiretroviral therapy used at the time of collection; determine the sensitivity of isolates of Candida spp. antifungal fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and nystatin, by the methodology of disk diffusion and search for the exoenzymes proteinases, phospholipases, hemolysin and DNase in isolates of Candida spp. From May to October 2012 saliva samples from HIV patients attended at Clinical Hospital - Federal University of Uberlândia and HIV negative individuals were collected, which were seeded onto plates containing Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and CHROMagar Candida plates and incubated in a bacteriological incubator at 30ºC for 72 hours. The identification of the isolates was done by classical methodology, using chromogenic agar and assimilation of carbon sources and nitrogen, the differentiation between C. dubliniensis and C. albicans was made by PCR. Candida spp. were isolated from 89 of the 147 patients studied, a total of 111 isolates, C. albicans the most common species among the isolates (67.6%). The average colony count was 8.8x10³ CFU/mL. In the control group 51 of the 150 saliva samples were positive for Candida, obtained 57 isolates, of which 77.2% were C. albicans. The average of CFU/mL was 9.8x10². The predisposing factors for oral colonization were use of antibiotics and oral prosthesis and a low CD4 + cells count and high viral load. The combined use of antiretroviral class of reverse transcriptase inhibitors had a greater protective effect on the colonization than the use of these drugs associated with protease inhibitors. The nystatin antifungal, voriconazole and amphotericin B showed the highest number of samples of Candida spp. sensitive in both groups followed by fluconazole and itraconazole. The phospholipase production was observed in 69.3% and 72.6% of the isolates from the group of patients and HIV negative, respectively. The production of haemolysin by isolates of HIV positive and non-positive patients, respectively, was to 98.2% and 96.5%, DNAse was produced by 27% and 21% of the isolates from patients and non-patients of HIV. Finally, with the exception of DNAse, there was no statistically significant difference between isolates from the two study groups in the characters studied. / A prevalência de Candida spp. como comensal da cavidade oral pode chegar a 70%. Entretanto, a colonização da cavidade oral nem sempre culmina na candidíase bucal, porém pode ser considerada uma condição preliminar para o desenvolvimento da mesma. A candidiase bucal é a infecção fúngica mais comum entre os indivíduos portadores do HIV, resultado do comprometimento imunológico dos mesmos. Considerando a importância desse tipo de infecção em HIV positivos, propusemos a realização do presente trabalho com os seguintes objetivos: determinar a frequência de indivíduos HIV positivos colonizados por Candida spp., bem como as espécies de Candida isoladas; determinar os principais fatores predisponentes para a colonização oral por Candida spp., relacionar a carga microbiana de colonização com a contagem de linfócitos T CD4+, carga viral e terapia antirretroviral utilizada no momento da coleta; determinar a sensibilidade dos isolados de Candida spp. aos antifúngicos fluconazol, itraconazol, voriconazol, anfotericina B e nistatina, pela metodologia de difusão de disco e pesquisar as exoenzimas proteinases, fosfolipases, DNAse e hemolisina nos isolados de Candida spp. No período de maio a outubro de 2012 foram coletadas amostras de saliva de portadores do HIV atendidos no HC-UFU e de indivíduos HIV negativos, as quais foram semeadas em placas contendo Ágar Sabouraud Dextrose e em placas com CHROMágar Candida e incubadas em estufa bacteriológica à 30ºC por 72 horas. A identificação dos isolados foi feita pela metodologia clássica, utilização de ágar cromogênico e assimilação de fontes de carbono e nitrogênio, sendo a diferenciação de C. albicans e C. dubliniensis feita através de PCR. Os testes de sensibilidade e pesquisa de fatores de virulência foram feitos conforme descrito no documento da CLSI (2009) e na literatura. Candida spp. foram isoladas de 89 dos 147 pacientes estudados, totalizando 111 isolados, sendo C. albicans a espécie mais freqüente entre os isolados (67,6%). A contagem média de colônias foi de 8,8x103 UFC/mL. Já no grupo controle 51 das 150 amostras de saliva foram positivas para gênero Candida, obtendo 57 isolados, dos quais 77,2% eram C. albicans. A média de UFC/mL foi de 9,8x10². Os fatores predisponentes para colonização bucal foram uso de antibióticos e prótese oral, bem como uma baixa contagem de CD4+ e alta carga viral. O uso combinado de antirretrovirais da classe dos inibidores de trancriptase reversa apresentou um maior efeito protetor para a colonização do que o uso desses medicamentos associados com inibidores de protease. Os antifúngicos nistatina, voriconazol e anfotericina B apresentaram o maior número de amostras de Candida spp. sensíveis em ambos os grupos, seguidos pelo fluconazol e itraconazol. A produção de fosfolipase foi observada em 69,3% e 72,6% dos isolados provenientes do grupo de pacientes e de HIV negativos, respectivamente. Proteinase foi produzida por 77,5% e 90,7% das espécies de Candida obtidas do grupo de pacientes e de HIV negativos, respectivamente. A produção de hemolisina pelos isolados do grupo de HIV positivos e não portadores, respectivamente, foi igual a 98,2% e 96,5%. DNAse foi produzida por 27% e 21% dos isolados proveniente dos pacientes e dos não HIV. Por fim, com exceção da DNAse, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os isolados dos dois grupos de estudo em relação às características estudadas. / Mestre em Ciências da Saúde

La période de la fin du XIXe et du début du XXe siècle est celle d’une expansion territoriale de l’Europe dans le monde. Cette expansion a cherché à se légitimer par le biais d’un discours qui se voulait humaniste : l’homme blanc, fort de sa supériorité raciale et culturelle, se devait d’aider les autres populations à atteindre un stade avancé de développement.Les historiens français et britanniques ayant travaillé sur l’Égypte lagide y ont, eux aussi, été sensibles. Les hellénistes ont amalgamé l’hellénisme à la culture européenne contemporaine, faisant de l’Égypte hellénistique un modèle. Ce dernier laissait un héritage que seuls les empires européens étaient capables de recueillir. De leur côté, les égyptologues, sensibles aux canons du Nouvel Empire, centrés sur la culture égyptienne, tout en acceptant l’idée du colonialisme civilisateur des barbares, considéraient la présence grecque en Égypte comme un corps étranger déstructurant une société déjà en déclin.Cette présente étude se propose d’analyser la réception de l’Égypte hellénistique à la lueur des paradigmes coloniaux, à travers les écrits de six savants : Pierre Jouguet (1869-1949), Auguste Bouché-Leclercq (1842-1923), Gaston Maspero (1846-1916), John Pentland Mahaffy (1839-1919), Harold Idris Bell (1879-1967) et William Matthew Flinders Petrie (1853-1942). / The period from the late nineteenth and early twentieth century is that of a territorial expansion of Europe in the world. This expansion has sought to legitimize itself through a speech that was meant humanistic: the white man, with his racial and cultural superiority, had to help other people reach an advanced stage of development. The French and British historians who have worked on Ptolemaic Egypt have also been affected by it. The Hellenists amalgamated Hellenism to contemporary European culture, making a model of Hellenistic Egypt. This left a legacy that only the European empires were able to collect. For their part, Egyptologists, sensitive to the canons of the New Kingdom, centered on Egyptian culture, while accepting the idea of civilizing colonialism barbarians, saw the Greek presence in Egypt as a foreign body destabilizing a society already in decline. This study aims to analyze the reception of Hellenistic Egypt in light of colonial paradigms, through the writings of six scientists: Pierre Jouguet (1869-1949), Auguste Bouché-Leclercq (1842-1923), Gaston Maspero (1846-1916), John Pentland Mahaffy (1839-1919), Harold Idris Bell (1879-1967) and Flinders Petrie (1853-1942).

Orientador: Jose Carlos Barreiro / Banca: Tânia Regina de Luca / Banca: Claudinei Magno Magre Mendes / Banca: Claudio Alves de Vasconcelos / Banca: Carlos Martins Júnior / Resumo: Este trabalho busca analisar a primeira metade do século XX, período em que são implementados projetos de colonização dirigida, os quais fizeram parte dos dispositivos para a construção do Estado Nacional nos espaços dos sertões, considerados como espaços "vazios". Num primeiro momento procura analisar os discursos que tiveram o papel de construir representações sobre os espaços dos sertões, dando-lhes visibilidade, de modo a convertê-los em espaços identificados e utilizáveis. O objeto privilegiado na pesquisa, para encontrar o funcionamento daqueles dispositivos, é uma companhia particular, a Companhia de Viação São Paulo Mato Grosso, que atuou e teve seus negócios no Oeste de São Paulo e Sul do Estado de Mato Grosso, entre os anos 1908, ano da criação da referida Companhia e o ano de 1960, quando seus projetos de colonização se estagnaram. A trajetória da Companhia está dividida em três períodos, destacando-se o terceiro por ser aquele em que os projetos de colonização efetivamente ocorreram, com a presença e participação de um personagem, que o tornou singular, o imigrante de origem tchecoslovaca Jan Antonin Bata, que transformou a Companhia na Organização Bata no Brasil. Os projetos de colonização incorporaram espaços do território brasileiro, espaços que antes eram considerados sertão inóspito, fazendo surgir dezenas de cidades naquelas regiões, bem como favorecendo sua integração à economia nacional, configurando-os como espaços do exercício do poder de controle do Estado Brasileiro. Como referenciais de apoio utilizaram-se aqueles do campo da História Cultural. A pesquisa conclui que partes significativas dos espaços do Oeste de São Paulo e da região Sul de Mato Grosso... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This work intents to analyze the first half of 20th century , period when projects of directed colonization was implemented, which had been part of the devices for the construction of the National State in the spaces of the remote interior, considered as "empty" spaces. At a first moment it searches to analyze the speeches that had the play of to build the representations about the spaces of the remote interior, giving to them visibility, in behavior to convert them into identified and usable spaces. The privileged object in the research, to find the functioning of those devices, was a particular company, the Companhia Viação São Paulo-Mato Grosso, that acted and had its businesses in the West of São Paulo and South of the State of Mato Grosso, between the years 1908, year of the creation of the related Company and the year of 1960, when its projects of colonization stagnated. The trajectory of the Company is divided in three periods, which the third one is the most important because in that one the colonization projects had effectively occurred, with the presence and participation, of a personage, who became it singular, the immigrant of Tchecoslovaca origin Jan Antonin Bata, who transformed the Company into the Bata do Brazil Organization. The settling projects had incorporated spaces of the brazilian territory, spaces that before were considered inhospitable hinterland, making to appear sets of ten of cities in those regions, as well as integrating them it the national economy, configuring them as spaces of the exercise of the power of control of the Brazilian State. As referential of support was used those of the area of Cultural History. The research concludes that significant parts of the spaces of the West of São Paulo... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da Cunha / Resumo: A origem racial representa um dos principais determinantes dos riscos de colonização e infecção por Staphylococcus aureus. Há algum tempo, comunidades indígenas têm se mostrado mais propensas em relação a tais riscos, apresentando linhagens de S. aureus com perfis distintos dos quais normalmente se encontram em populações não-nativas. Características peculiares entre diferentes populações, tais como viver em condições de superlotação, assistência em saúde prejudicada e condições precárias de higiene podem ser mais relevantes na patogênese de algumas formas de infecções por S. aureus. Deste modo, os indígenas inegavelmente se enquadram no grupo de risco para o carreamento de microrganismos resistentes, estando suscetíveis tanto à aquisição quanto à disseminação de infecções. O presente estudo objetivou a identificação da prevalência e de fatores de risco para carreamento nasal e oral de S. aureus sensíveis e resistentes à meticilina (Methicilinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus MSSA e Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, respectivamente) em indígenas de comunidades do Norte e Sudeste do Brasil, avaliando a diversidade genética, disseminação, fatores de virulência e resistência antimicrobiana, associados às questões étnicas, demográficas, ambientais e comportamentais. Para tanto, foram coletadas amostras nasais e de orofaringe de 400 indígenas (116 da região sudeste e 284 da região norte) através de swabs estéreis e posteriormente elas foram semeadas em meio de cultura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Doutor

A histoplasmose é uma micose causada pelo fungo dimórfico Histoplasma capsulatum, está distribuido em áreas tropicais ou subtropicais e acomete mamíferos, principalmente os morcegos. Os propágulos infectantes do fungo são encontrados nas excretas dos quirópteros e a transmissão ocorre pela inalação dos mesmos, podendo causar infecção primária assintomática, uma infecção pulmonar aguda ou crônica, ou uma forma disseminada tanto em humanos quanto em animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de Histoplasma capsulatum em amostras pulmonares de espécies de morcegos provenientes do Estado de Mato Grosso. Foram capturados 75 morcegos entre 2007-2009 em cavernas, florestas e áreas urbanas do Estado de Mato Grosso (MT). Os morcegos foram capturados pelo INDEA/MT, órgão Oficial responsável pelo controle da Raiva dos Herbívoros. O H. capsulatum foi detectado pelo nested PCR que amplificou o gene 100kDA. A amplificação dos produtos da PCR foram sequenciados para confirmação da presença do fungo nos pulmões dos morcegos. H. capsulatum foi observado em 16,0% (12) das 75 amostras dos pulmões de morcegos e com maior ocorrência nas espécies Desmodus rotundus (25%), Artibeus lituratus, Molossus molossus (16,7%) e nas espécies: Artibeus sp., Eumops glaucinus, Glossophaga soricina, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Nyctinomops macrotis 8,3%. O presente estudo detecta o primeiro estudo sobre H. capsulatum em regiões do Estado de Mato Grosso tanto em área urbana como silvestre. Estes resultados revelaram uma positividade alta de H. capsulatum nos morcegos nesta região, comparando com a literatura descrita em amostras também provenientes de áreas urbanas do Estado de São Paulo, além de resultados similares aos achados nas espécies Eumops glaucinus e N. macrotis. A maior ocorrência nas amostras analisadas no presente estudo podem terem ocorrido devido a técnica (nested PCR) processada e o órgão utilizado (pulmão). O nested PCR é um método mais sensível para avaliar colonização do agente. Tal colonização nos permite inferir que os quirópteros do Estado de Mato Grosso são reservatórios do H. capsulatum e enfatizam o potencial dos morcegos na transmissão do fungo. / Histoplasmosis is a mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is distributed in tropical or subtropical areas affecting mammals especially bats. The infectious propagules are found in the bat guano and transmission occurs by inhalation of the same, allowing either an asymptomatic primary infection, acute or chronic pulmonary infection, or disseminated form in humans or animals. The aim of the present research was to detect the presence of the Histoplasma capsulatum in lung samples of bat species from state of Mato Grosso/Brazil. For this purpose, a highly sensitive nested PCR was used with specific molecular markers for pathogen. Seventy-five bats were captured between 2007and 2009 in caves, florests, and urban areas of Mato Grosso (MT), located in the Mid-Western region. The bats were captured by the official agency responsible for rabies control of herbivores (INDEA / MT) following the guidelines of rabies control manual, standardized by the Ministry of the Agriculture. Detection of H. capsulatum DNA was amplified the HCp 100 locus. Amplification products were sequenced to confirm fungal presence in bat lungs. The amplifications results for H. capsulatum were positive in 12 (16.0%) samples. The greatest occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum was observed in Desmodus rotundus (25%), Artibeus lituratus, Molossus molossus (16.7%) and in the spicies: Artibeus sp., Eumops glaucinus, Glossophaga soricina, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Nyctinomops macrotis 8,3%. This study detects the first survey of Histoplasma capsulatum in regions of Mato Grosso in both urban and wild. These results revealed a high positivity of H. capsulatum in bats in this region, compared with the literature described in samples also from urban areas of São Paulo, and results similar to those found in species Eumops glaucinus and N. macrotis. The highest occurrence in the samples analyzed in this study may have occurred due to technical (nested PCR) processed and used organ (lung). The nested PCR is a more sensitive method for assessing agent colonization. Such colonization allows us to infer that the bats in the State of Mato Grosso are reservoirs of H. capsulatum and emphasize the potential of bats in the transmission of the fungus.