The thesis investigates immigrants’ labour market performance and migrants’ remittance behaviour using survey data from Spain and Australia. Using empirical estimation techniques, it examines the following three aspects: (1) the impact of immigrants’ educational mismatch at home on the incidence and wage effects of over-education in the destination country; (2) the extent to which immigrants’ social and ethnic capital can correct over-education; and (3) the role of initial motives to migrate, employment conditions and education on immigrants’ remittance behaviour. Using individual data from Spain, the empirical results show that immigrants’ education-occupation mismatch can largely be explained by an existing education-occupation mismatch in the last job held in the home country. In addition to this, a high persistence in over-education is observed throughout their stay in the destination country, with significant wage penalties, especially for the higher educated group. It is argued that immigrants’ performance in the labour market can be improved by their social capital as it provides access to useful resources that could help them in finding a job. However, this does not necessarily mean that social capital can help in finding a better matched job over time. Using a longitudinal household panel survey from Australia, the results suggest that social capital does not contribute in reducing over-education. In particular, social participation and ethnic networks are strong contributors in accentuating over-education. Mixed results are found when distinguishing between levels of education, with the higher educated being better off in the labour market through their contacts. In addition to this, initial motives to migrate, labour market conditions in the host country as well as human capital accumulated may in fact have an impact on immigrants’ decision to stay in the host country, which could in turn affect their remittance behaviour. Evidence from Spain shows that labour migrants are more likely to send money back home, while family migrants have a lower propensity to remit. In addition, employment stability throughout the stay in the host country has a strong negative impact on both, the decision and the amount sent. Significant differences are observed between years of arrival, where the higher educated remit more as time spent in the host country increases, while level of income and employment stability appear to be important determinants for recent arrivals than for those who spent more than 10 years abroad.

Notre étude se propose d’analyser les enjeux et les formes de la représentation de la figure de l’auteur dans le roman vietnamien francophone dans la première moitié du XXe siècle, roman dont les thématiques sont liées au contexte colonial. Cette figure est l’image que l’auteur veut donner de lui-même dans son discours, une manière de se définir et de se positionner dans les confrontations culturelles entre l’Occident et l’Extrême-Orient. La colonisation française apporte à l’espace culturel vietnamien une nouvelle vision qui est fondamentalement différente de la culture et des représentations extrême-orientales. Dans ce contexte de coexistence des cultures, certains écrivains vietnamiens choissisent le français pour exprimer leurs problèmes identitaires résultant du métissage culturel, de leur situation paradoxale d’être à la fois colonisé indigène et médiateur francophile. Ils tendent à se présenter dans leurs œuvres à travers l’expression d’une multitude de nuances entre deux attitudes opposées envers l’altérité dans la société vietnamienne coloniale : d’un côté la fascination de l’Occident de la part des jeunes intellectuels modernistes ; de l’autre, le rejet de l’Occident de la part des conservateurs confucéens. Un engouement excessif s’oppose alors à une attitude d’hésitation non dénuée d’ambiguïtés à l’égard de l’occupant, et à des tentatives pour concilier les deux cultures. Nous analyserons les figures discursives de l’auteur, en tant que sujet multiculturel, dans douze romans (de 1921 à 1964) représentatifs de l’ensemble de la production romanesque de langue française de l’époque coloniale jusqu’à la fin du XXe siècle. / Our goal in this study is to consider the ways in which authors of Vietnamese francophone novels of the early twentieth century that dealt with themes related to the colonial context chose to represent themselves in their novels. We will look at the image that the author seeks to project of himself, how he defines and places himself within the cultural confrontations between the West and the Far East and what the stakes of that representation were. French colonization brought to the Vietnamese cultural landscape a new vision that was fundamentally different from the culture and the cultural representations of the Far East. In the context in which these two cultures coexisted, certain Vietnamese writers chose French as the language with which to express the problems of identity that resulted from this cultural hybridization and of the paradox of their position within it, in which they were simultaneously colonized natives and cultural mediators. They tended to present themselves in their works by expressing the multitudinous nuances contained in the opposing attitudes to otherness in Vietnamese colonial society: On the one hand the fascination that the West holds for the younger generation of intellectuals; On the other, the rejection of the West on the part of the Confucian conservatives. Excessive enthusiasm is tempered by an attitude of hesitation fraught with ambiguity regarding the colonizer and efforts to reconcile the two cultures. We will analyze the malleable identities of the author as a multicultural subject in twelve novels (from 1921 to 1964) that are representative of the entirety of the novels written in the French language from the colonial period until the end of the twentieth century.

This thesis addresses a combination of offline and online factors influencing negotiations of a belonging identity among millennials. Born between mid-1980s and 1990s, the millennials constitute the first generation to negotiate their belonging identity amidst local and internet mediated social interactions (Howe & Strauss 2000: 4). Drawing on the experiences of 46 millennial Poles located in Glasgow, Scotland, and using a mixture of social identity theory (Tajfel & Turner 1979), symbolic interactionism (Cooley 2005; Mead 1982; 1967; Goffman 1959) and postmodern interpretations (Bauman 2011; 2007; 2004a; 2004b), I examine the millennials’ experiences in negotiating their belonging identity across virtual and real-life locations by applying a qualitative and culturally tailored methodology, including semi-structured, open-ended interviews. The key research questions address the nature, process, and challenges inherent in negotiations of belonging identity, including the manner millennial Poles in Glasgow experience the contemporary multicultural and multilocal environments. The data is analyzed according to the emerging themes, such as the role of family and education system in Poland, as well as the impact of online interactions that enhance and broaden the belonging identity negotiation. Particularly, the digital (hyperlocal) dimension points to the emergence of a novel type of time-bound belonging, a now-here identity, which stands in a stark contrast to the previous, spatially-based conceptualizations, including that of the nowhere belonging of Bauman (2007; 2004b). Additionally, the thesis challenges the dominant metanarrative of ‘migrant’, it being the omnipresent stigmatizing moniker for non-citizen residents. Applying an intersectional perspective (Crenshaw 1989; 1991; Collins 2015; 1990; 1986), the research exposes in particular the ethnic and class discrimination encoded into the word ‘migrant’, with its connotations of a lesser-value identity (Klekowski von Koppenfels 2014) and non-belonging. The research also enhances transnational, networks and mobilities theories by applying social identity theory and symbolic interactionism into analyses of experiences of migration, and thereby challenges the prevalent citizenship identity discourse by highlighting instead the diversity of multicultural and multilocal affiliations. In regards to methodological contributions, the research emphasizes the significance of culturally sensitive and individually tailored methodology that acknowledges cultural subjectivity and is aware of a variety of interpretations. The research advocates a development of non-discriminatory theoretical and methodological approaches that recognize ongoing social and cultural changes brought by digitalization of information and the emergence of multilocalities.

The thesis investigates the phenomenon of multilingualism from a Bourdieusian-derived perspective with a focus on the conditions enabling second-generation immigrant agents to produce, reproduce, and negotiate linguistic practices with non-autochthonous minority languages in the officially bilingual context of Cardiff, Wales. The thesis follows in the footsteps of Pierre Bourdieu, using his model of linguistic production and circulation as a conceptual lens for the analysis of the linguistic biographies of thirteen second-generation multilingual participants. In doing so, the project also tests the suitability of this model to account for the production of alternative linguistic practices other than the dominant ones, for transformation, and ultimately, for the phenomenon of multilingualism associated with the process of immigration. The analysis of the linguistic biographies focuses on the development of the linguistic habitus of the second-generation agents taking into consideration the socio-historically constructed power relations which have influenced their trajectory. This involves understanding the relationship between such a linguistic habitus and the linguistic market(s) with which the interviewees have interacted. First, the thesis suggests that in Cardiff English is recognized as the legitimate language, Welsh is partially legitimate, while non-autochthonous minority languages are illegitimate. Second, in light of the linguistic biographies the project examines how the interplay between the home, the school, religious practices, and digital practices influenced the construction of alternative linguistic markets according to which the linguistic habitus of the participants developed, enabling them to reproduce linguistic practices with Arabic, Bengali, Somali, Urdu, or Punjabi. The study thus suggests that the phenomenon of multilingualism can be redefined from the perspective of an individual’s linguistic habitus understood as an integral and generative set of dispositions which develops and functions according to the socio-historically constructed conditions and power relations within and, crucially, among multiple linguistic markets.

In this work, we examine the role of public gatherings at various scales in the Wari colony in Moquegua, Perú (AD 600-1000). We argue that the role of feasting changed significantly with the expansion of the Wari and Tiwanaku polities, and involved multiple venues and numerous types of congregations. Our evidence stems from research at two main sites, Cerro Baúl and Cerro Mejía, and we compare feasting contexts at both sites, arguing that public gathering was fundamental at multiple scales and in many different venues. By examining both locales of production and locales of consumption, we elucidate the specialization in facilities in different contexts, as well as the roles different members of society played in the production of feasts. Finally, by comparing the differential access to food stuffs,and the employment of unique foods in certain settings, we address social differentiation in resource access in the Wari colony in Moquegua. We also examine the relationship between cuisine and identity in what was a very cosmopolitan colonial encounter in the south Andean highlands. / En el presente trabajo se analiza el rol de los encuentros y reuniones de diversa escala en la colonia wari de Moquegua, Perú (600-1000d.C.). El papel de los festines cambió sustancialmente con la expansión de las entidades políticas Wari y Tiwanaku, e involucró múltiples lugares y numerosos tipos de congregaciones. La evidencia resulta de excavaciones en dos sitios principales, Cerro Baúl y Cerro Mejía, y se comparan los contextos de festines en ambos sitios con el argumento de que las reuniones o encuentros públicos fueron fundamentales en múltiples escalas y en muchos lugares diferentes. Mediante el estudio tanto de los lugares de producción como los de consumo se busca aclarar el mecanismo de la especialización de instalaciones en diversos contextos, así como los roles que los diversos miembros de la sociedad wari desempeñaron en la producción de festines. Finalmente, por medio de la comparación del acceso diferenciado a productos alimenticios y el empleo de alimentos únicos en lugares especiales, se aborda la diferenciación social en el acceso a los recursos en la colonia wari de Moquegua. También se analiza la relación entre la cocina y la identidad en lo que constituía un encuentro colonial muy cosmopolita en la sierra sur andina.

This thesis aims to explore the spaces created by migrant communities as they make their place in a new homeland. Theoretically conceived of as translocality, these place-making practices are constructed through vibrant relationships between countries, mainly across national orders. I set out to understand the impact of the global on the local in these negotiations between and within migrant groups and the receiving population through the lens of language practices. Previous studies of translocality have focussed on larger, global cities and this research aims to shed some light on the phenomenon in the super-diverse urban environment of a smaller city. A migrant’s first encounter with a dominant institution in the host country is often in the health domain. My case study is located in a hospital maternity department where large numbers of migrants require language support and is considered to offer a rich site of translocal interactions. I use a qualitative ethnographic methodology and interpretation through induction from contextualised subjective data and a theme-oriented discourse data analysis. This approach is suitable for a study, which requires an understanding of how individuals and groups perceive and construct their worlds, difference, agency and power relations. My findings reveal the control of languages by local governance framed by dominant monolingualism. The reality of in situ multilingualism of the interpreters and patients accessing healthcare in the city is challenging this monolingual dominance. I suggest the vertical top-down to grass roots relationship of the control of languages is becoming increasingly non-hierarchical as the hospital responds to this linguistic reality. The light shed on the negotiation of translocality may inform effective professional practice in the health domain. This knowledge can be of use to other public sectors, language policy makers and planners that engage with members of migrant communities.

[pt] José de Anchieta desponta no século XVI como escritor e sacerdote, cujos trabalhos intelectual e missionário foram fundamentais para a consolidação do Brasil. A linha que liga história, política, religião e literatura é o caminho percorrido para a compreensão da obra literária do jesuíta como engajada às causas e instituições a que aderiu. / [en] Jose de Anchieta rises in the XVIth century as writer and priest, whose intellectual and missionary works had been fundamental for the consolidation of Brazil. The route that binds history, religion and literature is the pathway that guides the achievement of this research that aims to comprehend the literary composition of the Jesuit as committed to the causes and instituitions that he belonged.

[pt] O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer uma análise da construção discursiva da colonialidade portuguesa a partir da leitura de narrativas que receberam o Prêmio de Literatura Colonial da Agência Geral das Colónias (AGC), distinção concedida pelo Estado Novo português entre 1926 e 1951. Trata-se do estudo dos processos de dominação e hierarquização social realizados pela via literária nas antigas colônias de Moçambique, Angola, e Timor-Leste. Para tanto, três obras foram privilegiadas para leitura: Oiro africano, Na pista do marfim e da morte: reportagens vividas e escritas por Ferreira da Costa e Gentio de Timor, escritas pelos colonialistas portugueses Julião Quintinha, Ferreira da Costa e Armando Pinto Corrêa nos anos de 1929, 1944 e 1935, respectivamente. Além de destacar e analisar aspectos significativos do discurso colonial, este trabalho evidencia, em paralelo, a dimensão política e cultural desses textos, que, usados como ferramenta da ação colonial, acabaram também fazendo um autorretrato dos próprios portugueses que colonizaram aquelas terras. Faz-se, ainda, pela análise de fontes primárias como materiais de jornais de época, uma correlação entre o lançamento dos títulos no mercado editorial português, a atuação social de seus autores como articulistas na imprensa e os papeis que exerceram como educadores ou administradores coloniais. / [en] The aim of this work is to draw an analysis of the discursive construction of the portuguese coloniality trough the reading of narratives that won the General Agency of Colonies` Colonial Literature Prize, an award granted by the portuguese Estado Novo between 1926 and 1951. It focuses on the study of domination and social hierarchization set up by literary means in the former colonies of Mozambique, Angola and East Timor. For such task, three books were chosen: Oiro africano, Na pista do marfim e da morte: reportagens vividas e escritas por Ferreira da Costa e Gentio de Timor, respectively written by portuguese colonialists Julião Quintinha, Ferreira da Costa and Armando Pinto Corrêa in 1929, 1944 and 1935. Besides pointing out relevant aspects of the colonial discourse, this work highlights the cultural and political dimension of these texts, wich, used as a tool for the colonial action, ended out by making a portrait of the same portuguese people who colonized those lands. Still, the release of those titles in the portuguese editorial market is put into perspective with the authors` social performance as news articulists and their roles as educators or colonial managers. Primary sources, as newspapers, help accomplish this work.

A histoplasmose é uma micose causada pelo fungo dimórfico Histoplasma capsulatum, está distribuido em áreas tropicais ou subtropicais e acomete mamíferos, principalmente os morcegos. Os propágulos infectantes do fungo são encontrados nas excretas dos quirópteros e a transmissão ocorre pela inalação dos mesmos, podendo causar infecção primária assintomática, uma infecção pulmonar aguda ou crônica, ou uma forma disseminada tanto em humanos quanto em animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de Histoplasma capsulatum em amostras pulmonares de espécies de morcegos provenientes do Estado de Mato Grosso. Foram capturados 75 morcegos entre 2007-2009 em cavernas, florestas e áreas urbanas do Estado de Mato Grosso (MT). Os morcegos foram capturados pelo INDEA/MT, órgão Oficial responsável pelo controle da Raiva dos Herbívoros. O H. capsulatum foi detectado pelo nested PCR que amplificou o gene 100kDA. A amplificação dos produtos da PCR foram sequenciados para confirmação da presença do fungo nos pulmões dos morcegos. H. capsulatum foi observado em 16,0% (12) das 75 amostras dos pulmões de morcegos e com maior ocorrência nas espécies Desmodus rotundus (25%), Artibeus lituratus, Molossus molossus (16,7%) e nas espécies: Artibeus sp., Eumops glaucinus, Glossophaga soricina, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Nyctinomops macrotis 8,3%. O presente estudo detecta o primeiro estudo sobre H. capsulatum em regiões do Estado de Mato Grosso tanto em área urbana como silvestre. Estes resultados revelaram uma positividade alta de H. capsulatum nos morcegos nesta região, comparando com a literatura descrita em amostras também provenientes de áreas urbanas do Estado de São Paulo, além de resultados similares aos achados nas espécies Eumops glaucinus e N. macrotis. A maior ocorrência nas amostras analisadas no presente estudo podem terem ocorrido devido a técnica (nested PCR) processada e o órgão utilizado (pulmão). O nested PCR é um método mais sensível para avaliar colonização do agente. Tal colonização nos permite inferir que os quirópteros do Estado de Mato Grosso são reservatórios do H. capsulatum e enfatizam o potencial dos morcegos na transmissão do fungo. / Histoplasmosis is a mycosis caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum, which is distributed in tropical or subtropical areas affecting mammals especially bats. The infectious propagules are found in the bat guano and transmission occurs by inhalation of the same, allowing either an asymptomatic primary infection, acute or chronic pulmonary infection, or disseminated form in humans or animals. The aim of the present research was to detect the presence of the Histoplasma capsulatum in lung samples of bat species from state of Mato Grosso/Brazil. For this purpose, a highly sensitive nested PCR was used with specific molecular markers for pathogen. Seventy-five bats were captured between 2007and 2009 in caves, florests, and urban areas of Mato Grosso (MT), located in the Mid-Western region. The bats were captured by the official agency responsible for rabies control of herbivores (INDEA / MT) following the guidelines of rabies control manual, standardized by the Ministry of the Agriculture. Detection of H. capsulatum DNA was amplified the HCp 100 locus. Amplification products were sequenced to confirm fungal presence in bat lungs. The amplifications results for H. capsulatum were positive in 12 (16.0%) samples. The greatest occurrence of Histoplasma capsulatum was observed in Desmodus rotundus (25%), Artibeus lituratus, Molossus molossus (16.7%) and in the spicies: Artibeus sp., Eumops glaucinus, Glossophaga soricina, Nyctinomops laticaudatus, Nyctinomops macrotis 8,3%. This study detects the first survey of Histoplasma capsulatum in regions of Mato Grosso in both urban and wild. These results revealed a high positivity of H. capsulatum in bats in this region, compared with the literature described in samples also from urban areas of São Paulo, and results similar to those found in species Eumops glaucinus and N. macrotis. The highest occurrence in the samples analyzed in this study may have occurred due to technical (nested PCR) processed and used organ (lung). The nested PCR is a more sensitive method for assessing agent colonization. Such colonization allows us to infer that the bats in the State of Mato Grosso are reservoirs of H. capsulatum and emphasize the potential of bats in the transmission of the fungus.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Juarez Ferreira de jesus.pdf: 2116295 bytes, checksum: 6e9317a40158dc7944284fe3525050b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-24 / In 1492, the Spanish arrived in the so-called New World, known today as Latin America, in search of wealth. For such a purpose, they quickly implemented their government system, culture and religion through war, whose historical concept was reformulated and applied. The concept of fair war in Latin America, between 1482 and 1566, was developed from the history of the Roman conquest, the Aristotelian philosophy, Augustines and Thomas Aquinas theology, the Scripture and weapons. Upon advancing in areas occupied by the indigenous peoples, the concept of fair war brought about harmful effects. Deaths of innocents, trespassing of lands, wealth possession, slavery, destruction of culture and religion of the indigenous and all sorts of violence took place against the indigenous peoples. As part of this scenario, Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, the author of Democrates Alter, which embraced the concept of fair war, had the Dominican friar Bartholomew de Las Casas as his opponent, who valiantly struggled in favor of the indigenous peoples. Another theologian, Francisco de Vitoria, from the University of Salamanca, also belongs to the historical portrait. Vitoria created the Derecho Natural y de Gentes, which supported Sepúlveda and Las Casas in their doctrines. Effectively, Sepúlveda achieved his goal. Christianity was implemented through violence. In response, Las Casas wrote Del único modo de atraer a todos los pueblos a la verdadera religión, a peace-oriented form of Christianity. Both missionary projects conceived by Sepúlveda and Las Casas defined the two ecclesiastic hermeneutics in Latin America until the XIX Century, when a new mission proposal was brought forward by the protestants. / Em 1492, com o objetivo de adquirir riquezas e expansão territorial, os espanhóis chegaram à América Latina. Para tanto, rapidamente implantaram o seu sistema de governo, cultura e religião. Este processo só foi possível por meio da guerra. Para legitimá-la, foi necessário a reelaboração e a inversão de um antigo conceito de guerra e a sua consequente instauração nas terras recém ocupadas. O uso do conceito de Guerra Justa na América Latina, entre os anos1492 a 1566, fundamentava-se na história das conquistas romanas, filosofia de Aristóteles, teologia de Agostinho e Tomás de Aquino, nas leis jurídicas, Escrituras Sagradas e nas armas. Ao ser aplicado nas províncias indígenas, o conceito de Guerra Justa proporcionou efeitos trágicos pela sua violência. Ocorreram mortes de inocentes, invasão das terras, posse das riquezas, escravidão, destruição da cultura e da religião dos indígenas. Diante destes fatores, as divergências e debates tornaram-se inevitáveis. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda, o autor do Democrates Alter, tratado que hospeda o conceito de Guerra Justa, teve como opositor tanto na Espanha quanto na América Latina, o frei dominicano Bartolomé de Las Casas que lutou a favor dos indígenas frente a injustiça da guerra deflagrada pelos conquistadores espanhóis e da cristianização por meio das armas. Entre esses dois controversistas encontra-se outro teólogo-jurista, catedrático da Universidade de Salamanca, Francisco de Vitoria. Vitoria elaborou o Derecho Natural y de Gentes, obra que concedeu a Sepúlveda e Las Casas argumentos para fundamentar suas doutrinas. A julgar pelos resultados duradouros da conquista, Sepúlveda atingiu seus objetivos. A cristandade foi implantada em substituição às religiões dos nativos e os interesses políticos e econômicos dos conquistadores, entrementes, foram concretizados. Las Casas, por sua vez, ao discordar desse método, propôs, em sua obra, Del único modo de atraer a todos los pueblos a la verdadera religión, uma cristianização pacífica que se conduzisse somente por meio da pregação do evangelho e da fé cristã. Para chegarem a essa posição, ambos os controversistas analisaram as fontes e tradições literárias aristotélica, agostiniana e tomista, em especial. O projeto missionário colonial vislumbrado por Sepúlveda e Las Casas, definiu as duas hermenêuticas eclesiásticas presentes na América Latina que se estenderam até o século XIX quando aportou-se na América uma nova proposta de missão através dos protestantes.