Francis Xavier is of historical importance in two respects: (1) he was one of the small band of men who, led by Ignatius of Loyola, founded the Society of Jesus, and (2) he was the first Christian missionary to Japan. In addition to these major points of importance, he life and work are in close relation to the historical events, both ecclesiastical and secular, of the first half of the sixteenth century. A more complete biographical study of Xavier must bring in the names and offices of numerous leaders of church and state in many countries. It must also, at least to some extent, sketh the outlines of the condition of religion, of international rivalries, and of colonial expansion in his time. Our goal in the present study is a more modest one than such a biography. It concerns especially the mind of Francis Xavier in relation to his mission. Nevertheless, some attention to these broader aspects of the state of the world in Xavier's times have been found necessary as we have proceeded with our subject...

En este texto presentamos una edición crítica de un documento conservado en el Archivo Romano de la Compañía de Jesús, escrito por el jesuita Diego de Rosales en Arauco, Chile, el 20 de abril de 1643. El destinatario de la carta era el jesuita Luis de Valdivia que había fallecido, en Valladolid, el 5de noviembre de 1642. El remitente, al no conocer la noticia de la muertede Valdivia, convirtió implícitamente su texto en un retrato de una ausencia evocando su presencia a través de la referencia a los frutos del proyecto de guerra defensiva, ideado por Luis de Valdivia, entre 1612 y 1626, en el confín meridional del virreinato peruano.

This thesis examines the activity of the Jesuits in Colombia during the nineteenth century; it demonstrates how their return to the country in 1844 became a highly controversial political issue until 1884, when the national government authorized their permanent residence. The Jesuits were established in the country from 1844 to 1850, and then from 1858 to 1861. These two short sojourns generated significant debate between the Conservative and Liberal parties. The first return of the Jesuits coincided with the formation of these two parties and the debate over the separation of Church and State. It was after the Guerra de los Supremos, with the defeat of the Liberal Party and victory for the Conservative Party, that the latter passed a law on mission schools that allowed the return of the Society after its exile during colonial times. The Liberals considered the law of April 1842 to be a tactic used by the Conservatives to empower their political project, and when the Jesuits arrived in the country, the Liberal Party started a campaign against them in Congress and through the press. As the invitation for their return to New Granada had been issued by the Conservative government, Liberals considered them to be allies of the Conservatives and deserving of their political antipathy. The decrees issued regarding the return of the Jesuits clearly stated that they were to be assigned to Colegios de Misiones and Casas de Escala (Rest Residences) in mission territories. The Superior General of the order in Rome and the ecclesiastical authorities in Colombia interpreted the law as justifying the work of the Jesuits in establishing missions among the indigenous people and also in education in general. Eladio Urisarri, the official in Rome in charge of arranging the return of the Jesuits, supported this interpretation, but the latent ambiguity was a continual issue. The thesis analyses these episodes within the context of the republic’s politics and the state of the Colombian Church at the time, and examines the Jesuits’s experiences in Bogotá and the other dioceses where they were present.

La typographie faisait partie des arts et métiers développés dans les missions Jésuites auprès des Guarani au Paraguay au XVIIIe siècle. Nous analysons les huit ouvrages encore existants produits dans les missions, décrivons chacun d’entre eux et faisons un historique de leurs contenus et des circonstances de leurs productions. Quand cela s’avère possible, nous comparons différents exemplaires du même titre, en essayant de comprendre le fonctionnement de ces ateliers d’impression. Nous tendons à saisir le rôle de l’impression dans les stratégies d’évangélisation des Jésuites partout dans le monde et nous nous penchons sur les débuts de l’imprimerie en Amérique coloniale et le rôle de la Compagnie de Jésus dans son développement. / Typography was one of the arts and crafts developed by the Jesuits in the Guarani missions of Paraguay in the XVIIIth century. We examine all of the extant books produced in the missions, describing each one and giving a history of their content and of the circumstances of their manufacture. When possible, we compare different copies of the same title, trying to understand how these printing workshops worked. We try to grasp the role of printing in the strategies of the Jesuits around the globe and we examine the beginnings of printing in colonial America and the role of the Society of Jesus in its development

Thesis advisor: Johannes de Wit / While internationalization in higher education is widely documented, little research has been conducted on how internationalization efforts at the 28 Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States have been operated. Through three exploratory case studies at Boston College, Saint Louis University, and the University of San Francisco, administrators, faculty members, and students were interviewed to address questions of rationales, strategies, outcomes with respect to internationalization, in relation to the Jesuit mission. Information from institutional websites and Jesuit documents served to round out the analysis of global engagement at Jesuit higher education institutions in the United States. Informed by the literature, the study draws on data collected from the 24 semi-structured interviews including individual and focus groups of international and study-abroad students. The study employs the conceptual framework of three pillars of internationalization at home, abroad, and through partnerships, provided by De Wit, Howard, Egron-Polak, & Hunter (2015). The findings show the growth of Jesuit institutions in the United States in the number of their internationals students, more concentration on global curricula, more opportunities for study abroad, and promotion of international partnerships. However, the study illustrates that Jesuit colleges and universities in the United States are still more regional or national institutions and are involved in internationalization at a preliminary stage of the process with ad hoc and fragmented strategic plans. The thesis ends with recommendations for more global collaboration and frequent assessment among Jesuit entities in order to sustain their operation and continually pursue the international mission of their Jesuit tradition, for a more balanced approach between the business/reputation model and the mission model, for more faculty and international students support, and for more attention to international alumni. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Educational Leadership and Higher Education.

Thesis advisor: James O'Toole / In the 1960s American Jesuit secondary school administrators struggled to resolve a profound tension within their institutions. The religious order's traditional educational aim dating back to the 1500s emphasized influence through contact with "important and public persons" in order that the Jesuits might in turn help direct cultures around the world to a more universal good. This historical foundation clashed sharply with what was emerging as the Jesuits' new emphasis on a preferential option for the poor. This dissertation argues that the greater cultural and religious changes of the 1960s posed a fundamental challenge to Catholic elite education in the United States. The competing visions of the Jesuits produced a crisis of identity, causing some Jesuit high schools either to collapse or reinvent themselves in the debate over whether Jesuit schools were for richer or for poorer Americans. The dissertation examines briefly the historical process that led to this crisis of identity, beginning with the contribution of Jesuit education to the Americanization of massive numbers of first and second-generation immigrant Catholics as they adjusted to life in America in the first half of the twentieth century. As Catholics adapted, increasingly sophisticated American Jesuit schools became instrumental in the formation of a Catholic elite, and many of the institutions found themselves among elite American schools. This elite identity was disrupted by two factors: the cultural volatility of the 1960s and the Jesuits' election of a new leader, Pedro Arrupe. While some Jesuit educators embraced Arrupe's preferential option for the poor, others feared it would undercut the traditional approach of outreach to the elite. Through a case study of one Jesuit boarding school, the dissertation seeks to expand our understanding of the impact of 1960s social change into the less-explored realms of religion and education. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Grande parte do que sabemos a respeito do planalto paulista no século XVI provém das cartas jesuíticas, fontes documentais de extraordinária riqueza, produzidas por meio de uma prática textual regida por parâmetros bastante específicos e parte fundamental da atividade missionária da Companhia de Jesus. Uma tradição historiográfica longa e influente buscou na correspondência jesuítica elementos que ajudaram a compor certas imagens tradicionais acerca da vida no planalto paulista colonial e das características de seus moradores, discutidas e problematizadas nas pesquisas mais recentes. Dentre estas imagens tradicionais, a ideia de que os moradores das vilas de Santo André da Borda do Campo e São Paulo de Piratininga davam pouca atenção à Igreja ou à vida cristã em geral ecoa ainda em estudos recentes. Esta ideia baseia-se na articulação entre as narrativas epistolares quinhentistas, algumas referências documentais do século posterior e o paradigma historiográfico da especificidade paulista. Entretanto, por meio de uma análise sistemática das cartas jesuíticas do século XVI, centrada na consideração de sua estrutura retórica e formal, é possível decompor estas camadas interpretativas e problematizar a prática discursiva da comunicação epistolar da Companhia de Jesus, no que se refere à vivência religiosa dos colonos do planalto paulista. Dessa forma, recupera-se a dimensão política de acusações como indianização dos costumes, desrespeito às autoridades ou vida pecaminosa. / Much of what we know about the Paulista Plateau in the sixteenth century stems from Jesuitic letters, documentary sources of extraordinary wealth, produced through a textual practice governed by very specific parameters and fundamental part of the missionary activity of the Society of Jesus. A long and influential historiographical tradition searched elements in the Jesuitic correspondence that have helped to compose some traditional images about life in the colonial Paulista Plateau and the characteristics of its residents, which have been discussed and problematized in the latest researches. Among these traditional images, the idea that the villagers of Santo André da Borda do Campo and São Paulo de Piratininga paid little attention to the Church or the Christian life in general still echoes in recent studies. This idea is based on the articulation between the epistolary narratives of the sixteenth century, some documentary references from the subsequent century and the historiographical paradigm of paulista specificity. However, by means of a systematic analysis of the Jesuitic letters from the sixteenth-century, focused in the consideration of its formal and rhetorical structure, it is possible to decompose these interpretative layers and problematize the discursive practice of the epistolary communication of the Society of Jesus, in relation to the religious experience of the settlers of the Paulista Plateau. Thus, it is recovered the political dimension of accusations as \"Indianization\" of manners, disrespect for authority or sinful life.

Pouco após a morte do jesuíta José de Anchieta, em 1597, na província brasileira da Companhia de Jesus, e durante todo o século seguinte, muitas biografias de caráter hagiográfico sobre o padre foram escritas e publicadas por jesuítas, no Brasil e na Europa. Em paralelo, um processo eclesiástico foi aberto na Santa Sé em princípios do Seiscentos com o fim de canonizar o religioso. A iniciativa partiu dos companheiros do Brasil, e recebeu grande apoio da Cúria Geral da Ordem. Esta, desde a década de 1580, se dedicava a propagar, interna e externamente, uma determinada memória institucional e uma identidade jesuítica comum, representada pelos santos, beatos e membros considerados mais notáveis da Companhia, como José de Anchieta. No presente trabalho, procuramos investigar as principais razões que mobilizaram tanto a Cúria romana da Ordem, quanto jesuítas que viviam em contextos missionários tão distintos, no Novo e no Velho Mundo, a se apropriarem da figura de Anchieta, divulgarem discursos sobre a sua vida e santidade e promoverem a sua canonização. Acreditamos que este estudo oferece uma nova interpretação sobre os sentidos atribuídos e os usos feitos dos discursos hagiográficos produzidos entre 1598 e 1677 sobre José de Anchieta. Tanto no contexto luso-brasileiro quanto em contextos locais na Europa, as biografias devotas do jesuíta foram dotadas de diversos significados políticos e religiosos, e utilizadas para fins que ultrapassavam o seu propósito ordinário de edificação espiritual e religiosa. / Shortly after the death of the jesuit José de Anchieta in 1597 in the brazilian province of the Society of Jesus, and throughout the following century, many biographies of a hagiographic character about the priest were written and published by jesuits in Brazil and Europe. In parallel, an ecclesiastical process was opened in the Holy See in the early seventeenth century in order to canonize the religious. The initiative came from the companions of Brazil, and received great support from the General Curia of the Order. Since the 1580s, the Curia has been dedicated to propagate, internally and externally, a certain institutional memory and a common jesuit identity, represented by the saints, blessed and members of the Company considered most remarkable, such as José de Anchieta. In the present work, we seek to investigate the main reasons that mobilized both the Roman Curia of the Order and jesuits living in such different missionary contexts, in the New and Old World, to appropriate the figure of Anchieta, to make speeches about his life and holiness and to promote his canonization. We believe that this study offers a new interpretation on the attributed meanings and uses made of the hagiographic discourses produced between 1598 and 1677 about José de Anchieta. Both in the portuguese and brazilian context and in local contexts in Europe, the devout biographies of the jesuit were endowed with various political and religious meanings and were used for purposes that went beyond their ordinary purpose of spiritual and religious edification.

Esta tese tem como objetivo a análise de fontes escritas nos contextos das missões jesuítas estabelecidas na corte mogol e no Tibete. Abordamos também a presença da Ordem em Bengala, tecendo relações entre esse espaço e as missões supracitadas. Nosso recorte cronológico cobre o período de 1570 até 1721, isto é, iniciamos nossas investigações na década que antecede o estabelecimento dos religiosos na corte de Akbar, e encerramos nossas análises no ano em que Ippolito Desideri deixa Lhasa. Concentramo-nos principalmente na questão da necessária relação entre as estratégias de conversão adotadas nessas missões e a (re) elaboração de categorias que indicassem e respaldassem o diálogo, a persuasão e o convencimento como os mais prudentes métodos catequéticos / In this thesis, we aim to analyze written sources produced by jesuits stablished at the Mughal court and in Tibet. We shall also approach the presence of the Order in Bengal, weaving relations between this space and the aforementioned missions. Our chronological limits concerns the period from 1570 to 1721, i.e., we began our investigations in the decade preceding the establishment of the jesuits in Akbars court, and resume our survey in Ippolito Desideris last year in Lhasa. We focus mainly on the necessary relationship between the conversion strategies adopted in these missions and the (re) elaboration of categories that indicate dialogue and persuasion as the most prudent catechetical method

INTRODUÇÃO: A Companhia de Jesus desde o seu início influenciou as mais diversas esferas da sociedade, incluindo o campo informacional. Uma das formas de exercer tal influência foi através das cartas escritas pelos religiosos. OBJETIVO: Identificar e analisar as primeiras prescrições para a escrita epistolar da Companhia de Jesus, investigando o conteúdo das prescrições e comparando-as entre si. MÉTODO: Revisão de literatura sobre o contexto histórico-informacional do século XVI, mais especificamente sobre as primeiras décadas da expansão do impresso e a epistolografia no período, focando nos manuais para a escrita de cartas; a revisão procurou ressaltar as contribuições dos jesuítas no contexto. RESULTADOS: O levantamento encontrou três normas epistolares nos primeiros anos da Companhia: as Reglas (1547), alguns artigos das Constituições relativos ao tema (1558) e a Formula scribendi (1565), cuja tradução em língua portuguesa foi feita exclusivamente para este trabalho. A análise delas mostrou que a Companhia elaborou normativas rígidas para a produção e circulação das cartas, mas que possibilitaram a criação de uma verdadeira rede de informações epistolares pelo mundo. CONCLUSÕES: Os jesuítas tiveram papel relevante no contexto informacional do século XVI, sobretudo através de suas cartas. Por determinarem questões como autores, destinatários, temas das cartas e seus prazos, as normas epistolares foram de essencial importância para a manutenção dessa rede de informações. / INTRODUCTION: The Society of Jesus from its inception has influenced the most diverse spheres of society, including the informational field. One of the ways of exercising such influence was through the letters written by the religious. OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze the first prescriptions for the epistolary writing of the Society of Jesus, investigating their contents and comparing them with each other. METHOD: Literature review on the historical-informational context of the sixteenth century, more specifically on the first decades of print expansion and epistolography in the period, focusing on manuals for writing letters; the review sought to emphasize the contributions of the Jesuits in the context. RESULTS: The survey found three epistolary norms in the first years of the Society: the Rules (1547), some articles of the Constitutions (1558) on the subject and the Formula scribendi (1565), whose translation into Portuguese was made exclusively for this work. Their analysis showed that the Society developed rigid norms for the production and circulation of letters, but that made possible the creation of a true network of epistolary information throughout the world. CONCLUSIONS: The Jesuits played a relevant role in the informational context of the sixteenth century, especially through their letters. By determining issues such as authors, recipients, themes of the letters and their deadlines, the rules of letters were of essential importance for the maintenance of this information network.