Abstract Title: Building Trust: The contradiction between security and democracy in post apartheid South Africa Author: Magnus Persson Supervisor: Svante Lundberg This paper aims to investigate the contradiction between security and democracy in post-apartheid South African policing, and was executed on the field together with the South African Police Service (SAPS). The theoretical point of departure is that trust between people, in relation to the institutions of society, is fundamental to democratic development. This in combination with previous research on police reform, police academy socialization, community policing and militarization has lead to the conclusion that a remilitarization process is under way and that a militaristic approach to policing is likely to be counterproductive in terms of achieving democratic development. The study has been executed on a South African police academy as well as at two different police stations with the combined methods of participatory observation and interviews.

Text in Afrikaans / Summaries in English and Afrikaans / Misdaad is deesdae op almal se Iippe. Daar verloop nie 'n dag of die media lewer verslag oor een of ander vorm van misdaad wat plaasgevind het nie. Die vraag is nou wat gedoen kan word om die vlaag van misdaad in Suid-Afrika te stop en lewe en eiendom te beskerm. Feit is dat daar nie slegs 'n enkele stap is wat gedoen kan word om misdaad te voorkom nie. 'n Gesamentlike poging deur die hele gemeenskap is die enigste wyse waarop misdaad voorkom kan word. Proaktiewe polisiering kan aileen slaag indien die gemeenskap kollektief verantwoordelikheid vir misdaad aanvaar en daadwerklik optree om misdaad te voorkom. Die polisie, as aktiewe vennoot in die voorkoming van misdaad, het 'n opvoedingstaak deur die gemeenskap in te lig oor hoe misdaad gepleeg word, wanneer en waar dit gepleeg word en wat gedoen kan word om kwesbaarheid te verminder. 'n Gesindheid van omgee vir mekaar moet dus by die gemeenskap (die passiewe vennoot) gekweek word. Hieruit volg respek vir die lewe en eiendom van 'n ander en dit sal lei tot aktiewe optrede. Presipiterende polisiering deur die gemeenskap is 'n teken van geslaagde opvoeding. Dit word nie net ge"illustreer deur die verharding van die fisiese om9ewing nie, maar ook deur die betrokkenheid van die gemeenskap in die omgewing om dit veilig en aangenaam vir almal te maak. Blywende sukses kan slegs verseker word indien die polisie en die gemeenskap ondersteuning van ander departemente ontvang. Slegs wanneer die gemeenskap totale samewerking van aile belanghebbendes ervaar sal hulle gemotiveerd wees en voortgaan om betrokke te bly. / These days crime is on everybody's lips. Not a day passes without the media reporting on some or other crime which has taken place. The question that arises is what can be done to stop the crime wave in South Africa and protect lives and property. The fact is, there is no one single step that can be taken to prevent crime. A joint effort by the community as a whole is the only way in which crime can be prevente. Proactive policing can be successful only if the community accepts collective responsibility for crime and makes a conscious effort to prevent crime. The police as an active partner in crime prevention should educate the community about how crime is committed, when and where it is committed and what can be done to decrease vulnerability to crime. An attitude of caring for each other must be cultivated in the community (the passive partner). This will result in respect for lives and property of others and will lead to proactive conduct. Precipitating policing by the community is a sign of successful education. This is illustrated not only by the hardening of the physical environment, but also by the community's involvement in ensuring that the environment is a safe and pleasant place for all. Lasting success can only be ensured if the police and the community are supported by other departments. Only when the community has the full co-operation of all parties concerned, will members of the community be motivated to remain involved. / Police Practice / D.Litt. et Phil. (Police Practice)

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Having just celebrated ten years of democratic rule, South Africa, as a young democracy, is an emerging country in the international world. It is also emerging, from a history of police brutality in apartheid South Africa, towards embracing human rights, accountability, police-community relations and a people-orientated approach to safety issues. It is this young democratic country that is paving the way for metropolitan policing on the African continent, by setting the example in South Africa. Metropolitan/ Municipal police has found its legislative mandate through the South African Police Amendment Act (Act No. 83 of 1995). It provides an opportunity to enable positioning of local government policing in a manner that will ensure that ‘quality of life’ for all is achieved through effective, efficient and sustainable policing. This study aims to give essence to a governance model as a strategy for sustainable metropolitan policing. The research provided for the following concepts of sustainable governance as a basis or foundation to build metropolitan policing: • Institutional/ Managerial/Leadership/Sustainability; • Political Sustainability; • Representivity; • Development and Growth; • Equitable Allocation and Distribution Resources; • People-centred Approaches; • Democratic Rights; • Professionalism and Ethics; • Financial sustainability; • Effective and Efficient Processes; • Co-ordination and Integration; • Sustainable decision making; • Sustainable results The framework for sustainable governance in Metropolitan Policing is broad and key aspects that influence the main objective of this research, namely co-ordination and integration have been included, for the purpose of this study. The study provides opportunity for deep reflection on how future policing at local government level in this country is structured, shaped and managed. The international basis of the study provides lessons conceptualised within a ‘learning organisation’ context. Metropolitan police services can enrich their organisation through learning from their international counterparts and sister organisations, inclusive of the South African Police Service (SAPS). It is also the relationship with the SAPS that will be the most challenging for the metropolitan police service. A key element that shapes the interaction between the Metropolitan Police organisations and the South African Police Services is based on sharing of policing power and distribution of resources. A sustainable relationship between the SAPS and metropolitan police services is important. It directly impacts on how policing is executed. It also requires consideration when co-ordination and integration processes in metropolitan police organisations are considered. The study aims to prove the importance and necessity of integration and co-ordination; however, it also emphasises the relevance of proper systems, processes and structures within an environment prior to embracing co-ordination and integration initiatives. It binds the concept of co-ordination and integration into all facets of organisational life, arguing the basis for technological assistance to consolidate such transformation. The study brings metropolitan policing into a transit from a ‘local government traffic organisation linked to council policies’ to a modern-day police organisation that embraces the complexities within which such organisations exist, both externally and internally, finding sustainable solutions and strategies for service delivery that fits our young democratic heritage of a single decade. The challenge to shape metropolitan policing to be different from the historic apartheidstyle municipal police force will eventually be a task for leadership of the metropolitan police organisation (across all levels) in its responses to society in terms of service delivery outcomes, which will be determined by how the organisation has shaped its future (vision), what it presents to society in terms of service delivery and the measures taken to achieve sustainability. The latter refers, in principle, and for purposes of this study, to good governance and sustainable development, both of which form the cornerstone of effective and efficient policing. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Teen die agtergrond van die onlangse viering van ‘n dekade van demokrasie, staan demokratiese Suid Afrika as ‘n opkomende land op die wêreldhorison. Die land is ook besig on weg te beweeg vanaf ‘n geskende verlede wat gekenmerk was deur polisiebrutaliteit in apartheid-Suid-Afrika na die omhelsing van menseregte, verantwoordelikheid, polisie-gemeenskaps verhoudinge en ‘n mensgeoriënteerde benadering tot veiligheidsaspekte. Dit is hierdie jong demokrasie wat leiding in Afrika neem met die konsep van metropolitaanse polisiëring. Die Metropolitaanse/ Munisipale polisie verkry wettige bestaansreg in die Suid Afrikaanse Polisie Wysigingswet, (Wet Nr 83 van 1995). Dit voorsien die geleentheid om polisiëring deur middel van plaaslike regering tot reg te laat kom op ‘n manier wat verseker dat “lewenskwaliteit” vir almal deur effektiewe , doeltreffende en volhoubare polisiëring verwesenlik kan word. Hierdie studie beoog om ‘n basis te vind vir volhoubare beheer in metropolitaanse polisiering, te wete deur: • Institutionele / bestuur/ leierskap/ volhoubaarheid; • Politieke volhoubaarheid; • Verteenwoordiging; • Ontwikkeling en groei; • Gelyke verspreiding en toekenning van hulpbronne; • Mens-georiënteerde strategieë; • Demokratiese regte; • Professionalisme en etiek; • Finansiële volhoubaarheid; • Effektiewe en doeltreffende prosesse; • Ko-ordinering en integrasie; • Volhoubare besluitneming; • Volhoubare resultate. Die raamwerk vir volhoubare beheer in metropolitaanse polisiëring is wyd. Kernaspekte wat die hoofdoelwit van hierdie ondersoek affekteer, naamlik ko-ordinering en integrering, word vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie ingesluit om die argument te versterk. Die studie bied geleentheid vir nabetraging oor hoe die toekoms van polisiëring op plaaslike regeringsvlak gestruktureer, geposisioneer en bestuur word. Die internasionale grondslag van die studie bied lesse wat binne ‘n ‘lerende organisasie’ beslag gekry het. Metropolitaanse polisie-organisasies kan hul organisasies bemagtig deur van hul internasionale eweknieë en susterorganisasies soos die nasionale Suid-Afrikaanse Polisiediens. (SAPD) te leer. Dit is ook die verhouding met die SAPD wat die meeste uitdagings meebring. Naas die verhouding met die publiek, blyk dit die belangrikste te wees as gevolg van die polisiëringsmagte en standaarde wat op beide organisasies van toepassing is. Volhoubaarheid in die verhouding tussen die SAPD en die metropolitaanse polisiedienste is belangrik aangesien dit ‘n direkte impak op dienslewering asook integrasie en ko-ordinering kan hê. Hierdie studie beoog om die belangrikheid en noodsaaklikheid van integrasie en koordinering te toon. Dit beklemtoon egter ook die noodsaaklikheid daarvan dat behoorlike stelsels, prosesse en strukture in organisasies geïmplimenteer word voordat koordinering en intergrasie aangepak word. Die studie verbind die konsepte van koordinering en intergrasie met alle ander fasette van ‘n organisatoriese stelsel, met ‘n sterk fokus op die rol van tegnologie ten einde transformasie te bewerkstellig. Die studie beoog om die transformasie van ‘verkeersdienste-organisasies wat met raadsbeleid skakel’ na ‘n metropolitaanse polisiëringsdiens te vergemaklik, ten einde ‘n moderne organisasie daar te stel wat in staat is om kompleksiteit, as ‘n integrale deel van die interne en eksterne omgewing, deur middel van volhoubare strategieë te bestuur en aan die vereistes van dienslewering in ‘n jong demokrasie van tien jaar te voldoen. Die uitdaging om metropolitaanse polisiedienste in ooreenstemming met hedendaagse demokratiese en konstitutionele beleid te vestig, berus op die leierskap (op alle vlakke) in die organisasie. So ook is daar die verantwoordelikheid om te verseker dat metropolitaanse polisiedienste die diensleweringsuitkomstes behaal deur middel van ‘n volhoubare visie, die tipe en gehalte van dienste wat gelewer word en die prosesse/strategieë wat gevolg word ten einde volhoubaarheid te bereik. Laasgenoemde (volhoubaarheid) verwys, vir die doeleindes van hierdie studie, na goeie beheer en volhoubare ontwikkeling, beide deel van die hoeksteen van effektiewe en doeltreffende polisiëring.

The last decade has witnessed the rise of a new movement called “community policing.” Basic philosophical principles, which focus on improved services to the public through decentralization, better communication and decision-making processes, and more police discretion highlight the community policing movement. Essentially, community policing is the quality movement in American policing. This thesis will explore the impact of community policing on the structure and administration of police agencies. Since this movement is centered in local police agencies, the focus will also be at that level. Considerable effort will be devoted to providing an accurate description of law enforcement in the United States; however, the crux of this treatise will be on the discussion of organizational problems developed at the local level as a result of implementing community policing concepts.

As a proactive, information-based policing approach, problem-oriented policing emphasizes the use of crime analysis techniques in the analysis of the underlying causes of the problems that police deal with. In particular, analysis applications can be powerful tools for criminal investigation, such as crime reconstruction, profiling, IAFIS, VICAP, and CODIS. The SARA Model represents a problem-solving strategy of problemoriented policing. It aims to address the underlying causes of the problems and create substantial solutions. However, implementing problem-oriented policing requires a significant change in both the philosophy and structure of police agencies. Not only American policing but also the Turkish National Police should consider problem-oriented policing as an alternative approach for solving criminal activities.

It is assumed that democratic policing will help to improve the respect of human rights and democracy in a given country. Using secondary data, this study explores cross-nationally the interrelation between democratic policing practices (e.g., community policing) and democracy and human rights.The results show significant positive correlation between the practice of democratic policing and indicators of democracy and respect for human rights. The analysis strongly implies that scholars have underestimated the power of policing institutions in democratic societies.

This paper examines some causes of strain and frustration among police officers. Previous research suggests that police officers sufferfromthe lack of communication and support from their community. The failure of communication has caused turmoil in the past between communities and their police. A possible solution is community policing. Community policing is supposed to establish communication between the public and the police. Causes of strain and frustration among the police are discussed along with the possible benefits of community policing. Research has shown that community police officers suffer less strain and frustration than their brethren. On this premise a quantitative examination a police force in Northumbria, England was conducted. The quantitative analysis focuses on two groups; community police officers and police officers not involved in community policing.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo analisar as transformações na área da segurança e do controle social, tomando por objeto de estudo o policiamento comunitário em São Paulo. A pesquisa assume a premissa de que as transformações recentes na área da segurança e da justiça criminal estariam relacionadas a mudanças de ordem política, econômica e social, que teriam gerado uma nova cultura do controle que exige uma grande participação do Estado, através de medidas cada vez mais punitivas (estratégias punitivas), mas, ao mesmo tempo, reconhece a sua limitada capacidade de, sozinho, controlar o crime (estratégias adaptativas). A adoção do policiamento comunitário em São Paulo se enquadra no que David Garland (1999; 2008) define como estratégia adaptativa, na medida em que ela redistribuiu as responsabilidades do controle do crime para além da agência estatal (a polícia), e reforça as pré-condições individuais e comunitárias do autocontrole. A pesquisa defende que, na perspectiva policial, o policiamento comunitário além de uma estratégia adaptativa, apresenta-se como uma estratégia de aproximação entre polícia e comunidade para recuperar a imagem da instituição perante a população e fortalecê-la, ampliando assim o poder policial. Por outro lado, para as comunidades, compartilhar a responsabilidade pelo controle do crime refere-se também à possibilidade de controle externo das atividades policiais. O modelo de policiamento comunitário desenvolvido em São Paulo se enquadra naquele que Stenson (1993) define como modelo Social Imperialista, na qual a policia coloniza os saberes de outros organismos policiais, e a noção de responsabilização, elemento central das parcerias preventivas, está inscrita na coexistência de duas racionalidades: a racionalidade neoliberal, que se baseia em parcerias preventivas, e a racionalidade do governo social. / This research aims to analyze the changes in security and social control, taking as object of study community policing in Sao Paulo. The research takes the premise that the recent changes in security and criminal justice would be related to political, economic and social changes, which would have generated a new culture of control that requires a large participation of the State, through measures each more punitive (punitive strategies), but at the same time, recognizes its limited ability to, by itself, control the crime (adaptive strategies). The adoption of community policing in Sao Paulo fits in with what David Garland (1999, 2008) defines as an adaptive strategy, since it redistributes the responsibilities of crime control to beyond the state agency (the police), and reinforces the individual and community preconditions of self-control. The research argues that in police perspective, community policing is presented as a strategy of rapprochement between police and community to restore and strengthen the image of the institution, thereby extending the police power. On the other hand, for communities, to share responsibility for crime control refers to the possibility of controlling police activities (external control and accountability). The community policing model developed in São Paulo fits that defined by Stenson (1993) as social imperialist model, in which the police colonize the knowledge of other social agencies, and the notion of responsabilization, a core element of preventive partnerships, is entered in the coexistence of two rationales: the neoliberal, based on partnerships preventive and the social government.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-06-26T13:24:19Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karoline Coelho de Andrade.pdf: 7349201 bytes, checksum: 2657e5ca4969dd513ee8b3dea23cd5e8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-26T13:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Karoline Coelho de Andrade.pdf: 7349201 bytes, checksum: 2657e5ca4969dd513ee8b3dea23cd5e8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-22 / O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar os discursos e práticas que envolveram a implantação das Unidades Paraná Seguro, e a referente atuação policial, na cidade de Curitiba, durante os anos de 2012 a 2015. Para atingir este objetivo utilizou-se de uma metodologia qualitativa, por meio de um estudo de caso das UPS em Curitiba, pautada em pesquisa documental e bibliográfica. Foram mobilizados campos teóricos interdisciplinares, mas com um objeto de estudo em comum: a polícia. Em um primeiro momento, recorreu-se à análise histórica da polícia, tanto em seu desenvolvimento europeu, quanto brasileiro, como também às teorizações dos policing studies com o intuito de compreender a polícia, bem como a fim de descrever suas transformações ao longo do tempo. Em seguida, o trabalho voltou-se para análise empírica das Unidades Paraná Seguro para estabelecer seus contornos: além de analisar os discursos e práticas, também procurou-se examinar o contexto socioeconômico de Curitiba e, mais especificamente, dos bairros selecionados para implantação das Unidades. A partir dos dados colhidos e da compreensão atenta da polícia sob a perspectiva histórico-sociológica, pode-se perceber uma falta de correspondência entre o que as Unidades foram, a partir do trabalho policial realizado, e a maneira como é compreendida a polícia nesses dois campos de estudo. Assim, tanto a matriz histórica, quanto os policing studies compreendem a polícia em sua face tão somente repressiva – a polícia como instrumento do monopólio da força do Estado que foi embrutecida pelas características históricas do Brasil. Para realizar uma análise que pudesse compreendê-la da forma mais integral possível, recorreu-se à filosofia de Michel Foucault, formulando-se a hipótese de que as Unidades Paraná Seguro seriam, além de formas de atuação da polícia-repressão, também uma forma de mobilizar o aparelho policial no sentido de transfigurar a polícia em um agente bioeconômico da cidade. O programa foi dividido entre UPS-Segurança, encarregada dessa faceta repressiva, e UPS-Cidadania, como forma de permitir a inclusão da comunidade e de seu território nas veias do capitalismo cognitivo com a proposta de resolver problemas atinentes à vulnerabilidade social e de levar cidadania às comunidades. Em última instância, pode-se perceber que, além da atuação biopolítica da polícia, o programa procurou desenvolver uma forma específica de cidadania, a qual atribuímos o nome de cidadania governamentalizada, por tratar-se da inclusão da vida em novas formas de controle a partir do elemento econômico travestida de desenvolvimento da dimensão política, social e democrática da cidadania. / The present study aims to analyze the discourses and practices that involved the implementation of the Paraná Security Units and the related police action in the city of Curitiba, during the years of 2012 to 2015. For achieve this purpose a qualitative methodology was used through of a case study of UPS in Curitiba, based on documental and bibliographic research. Interdisciplinary theoretical fields were used with an object in common: the police. At first, we resorted to the historical analysis of the police, both in its European and Brazilian development. At second, we used the policing studies like a primary source to understand the police, as well as their transformations throughout the time. Next, the work turned to the empirical analysis of the Paraná Security Units to establish their contours: in addition to analyzing the discourses and practices, it was also sought to examine the socioeconomic context of Curitiba and, more specifically, the neighborhoods selected for the implementation of the Units. Starting from the data collected and the police's careful understanding of the historical-sociological perspective, one can perceive a lack of correspondence between what the Units were, based on the work performed, and the way police are understood in these two fields of study. Thus, both the historical matrix and policing studies understand the police on their only repressive side – the police as an instrument of the monopoly of the state force that has been brutalized by the historical characteristics of Brazil. To carry out an analysis that could comprehend it in the most integral way possible, one resorted to the philosophy of Michel Foucault, formulating the hypothesis that the Paraná Security Units would be, besides forms of action of the repressivepolice, also an instrument by which police become a bioeconomic agent of the city. The program was divided between UPS-Security, responsible for the repressive facet and UPS-Citizenship, to allow the inclusion of the community and its territory in the veins of cognitive capitalism with the proposal to resolve problems related to social vulnerability and to carry citizenship to communities. In the last instance, in addition to the biopolitical action of the police, the program tried to develop a specific form of citizenship, which we named governmentalized citizenship, to mean the inclusion of the life in new forms of control from the economic element, even if presented as a way of developing the political, social and democratic dimension of citizenship.

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / The Beginning of the paradigm shift in policing in the South African Police was first seen in 1993 when the concept of Community Policing was first introduced. The South African Police Service that was formed through the Police Act 68 of 1995 subsequently adopted Community Policing as a Corporate Strategy of the organisation. There is a question as to whether some of the efforts reflect the necessary elements of community policing or are merely reactions to a contemporary political thrust for police reform. This study seeks to critically analyse the challenges and contradictions in Community Policing in terms of strategy and organisation. Nyanga SAPS will be use as the case study. Nyanga is one of the Police Stations in the so-called Black Township that has been engulfed by Community-Police conflicts since the democratic dispensation came into existence in South Africa. The highest point of this animosity saw certain people within the community between 1998 and 1999 reporting criminal activities to Taxi Operators rather than to the police. This study will be approached through gap analysis. The author will first describe the desired state of affairs in terms where the SAPS should be, in relation to reform policies put in place by the government. This will be followed by the analysis of the present situation in Nyanga, which will highlight the shortcomings. Then the study will put forward recommendations which should address the identified shortcomings. Based on that, the strategy that should inform policing in the new millennium will be developed. The author will recommend an African approach to policing as it has become apparent that the policing approaches are different for different countries and different communities. The author will propose full participation of the public in policing, in terms of determining policing priorities in their areas.