In this thesis I have analyzed how the phenomenon level of contrast, a consequence of the relation between level of light and distribution of light, works within urban green areas. For this particular site, the too high level of contrast is a result of the high level of light distributed 1) in the direction of oncoming pedestrians and 2) in a single zone of light and 3) on a too condensed surface area and 4) in a space with multiple vertical elements (in a dark space with low reflectance values). Being in the only lighted area surrounded by trees (vertical elements absorbing or reflecting light), with eyes adapted to its level of light, consequently, makes it impossible to see beyond the path. This since our eyes always adapt to the brightest spot in our field of view, which in all directions is a spot very close to the user. And since adapting to the emitted and reflected light our eyes cannot also adapt to the darkness beyond this enclosed space. Another perspective on this, also related to the very basics of our vision has to do with the task oriented lighting solutions. We humans have two different types of vision - central and peripheral. The central vision is approximately 2% of our field of view, it is the small spot where our gaze focus, the rest is peripheral vision. The strange thing is that modern urban lighting design have focused almost solely on task lighting and the central vision, and left the peripheral vision literally disorientated. Because, in order for the peripheral vision to help us navigate and collect spatial information, it needs variable lightning with multiple zones of light, creating differences in shade, revealing form and depth. The main contribution of this thesis, beyond defining knowledge regarding how light acts in these specific situations, is the development of a lighting design method specifically for urban green areas from a practice based design perspective (see figure 16). And that I have started the work of creating practical knowledge and answers to the question: How can the method be used in practice?

Security of cryptographic algorithms relies on the computational difficulty of deriving the secret key using public information. Cryptanalysis, including logical and implementation attacks, plays an important role in allowing the security community to estimate their cost, based on the computational resources of an attacker. Practical implementations of cryptanalytic systems require complex designs that integrate multiple functional components with many parameters. In this thesis, methodologies are proposed to improve the design process of cryptanalytic systems and reduce the cost of design space exploration required for optimization. First, Bluespec, a rule-based HDL, is used to increase the abstraction level of hardware design and support efficient design space exploration. Bluespec is applied to implement a hardware-accelerated logical attack on ECC with optimized modular arithmetic components. The language features of Bluespec support exploration and this is demonstrated by applying Bluespec to investigate the speed area tradeoff resulting from various design parameters and demonstrating performance that is competitive with prior work. This work also proposes a testing environment for use in verifying the implementation attack resistance of secure systems. A modular design approach is used to provide separation between the device being tested and the test script, as well as portability, and openness. This yields an open-source solution that supports implementation attack testing independent of the system platform, implementation details, and type of attack under evaluation. The suitability of the proposed test environment for implementation attack vulnerability analysis is demonstrated by applying the environment to perform an implementation attack on AES. The design of complex cryptanalytic hardware can greatly benefit from better design methodologies and the results presented in this thesis advocate the importance of this aspect. / Master of Science

The target of the ‘Green Overlays’ research was a cost effective, minimal disruption, sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to the wholesale demolition, removal and complete reconstruction of the existing structural concrete pavement. The important problem of flexural resistance for strengthening concrete pavements with structural overlays has been scrutinised. A new mix design method for steel fibre reinforced, roller compacted, polymer modified, bonded concrete overlay has been proposed. The mixes developed were characterized of high flexural strength and high bond strength with the old concrete substrate. ‘Placeability’ and ‘compactability’ of the mix were two dominant issues during laboratory investigation. An innovative approach for establishing the relationship between Stress and Crack Face Opening Displacement for steel fibre reinforced concrete beams under flexure was developed. In addition, a new and simple method for calculating the interfacial Strain Energy Release Rate of both, a two-dimensional specimen and a three-dimensional model of the overlay pavement system were developed. This method can be readily and easily used by practicing engineers. Finally, a new test specimen and its loading configuration for measuring interfacial fracture toughness for concrete overlay pavements were established. The interfacial fracture toughness of a composite concrete beam, consisted of steel fibre-reinforced roller compacted polymer modified concrete bonded on conventional concrete and undergoing flexure, was assessed. In summary, this thesis presents four key findings: A new mix design method for steel fibre-reinforced roller compacted polymer modified concrete bonded on conventional concrete. A new method for establishing the fibre bridging law by an inverse analysis approach. A new, simplified method for calculating strain energy release rate at the interface of a composite beam. A new, innovative technique for calculating strain energy release rate at the interface of an overlaid pavement. The thesis contains a plethora of graphs, data-tables, examples and formulae, suitable for future researchers.

En jämförelse av Abetongs beräkningsunderlag och statistik från tryckprov visar att sliprarna klarar mycket mer belastning än vad beräkningarna visar. I den här studien har en utvärdering av använda beräkningsmetoder gjorts, samt en jämförelse mellan olika dimensioneringsprinciper för att komma så nära resultaten vid tryckprov som möjligt. Beräkningar med förenklat tryckblock och idealiserad-rektangulär parabolisk arbetskurva visade att det senare alternativet gav ett något högre värde på sliprarnas momentkapacitet, men förändringen förklarade inte varför den verkliga momentkapaciteten är så mycket högre än den framräknade. Den faktor som enligt den här undersökningen påverkar betongens tryckhållfasthet och i sin tur ger en större momentkapacitet än vad tidigare beräkningar visar är förhindrad tvärutvidgning. Studien visar att hänsyn till förhindrad tvärutvidgning bör tas med i beräkningar på betongsliprars hållfasthet. Detta medför att det finns utrymme att minska betongklass på Abetongs slipermodell A26 från C58/70 till C50/60. / A comparison of the calculation data from Abetong and statistics from pressure tests shows that the sleepers can handle more load than the calculations show. In this study, an evaluation of used calculation methods has been made and a comparison between different principles of dimensioning to get as close to the result from the pressure tests as possible. Calculations with rectangular stress distribution and idealized parabola-rectangle diagram showed that the second alternative gave a bit higher value on the sleeper bending moment capacity, but the difference did not explain why the real bending moment capacity is so much higher than the calculated one. According to this study confined concrete gave a larger capacity than the previous calculations. With regards to that effect the compressive strength of the concrete almost doubled, which together with an increased critical strain gave a bending moment capacity very close the one obtained from the pressure tests. This study concludes that the confined concrete effect should be considered when calculating the concrete strength. This also means that there is a possibility to reduce the concrete strength of Abetong’s sleeper model A26 from C58/70 to C50/60.

大型及多重專案管理須面對繁複關聯的組織、複雜變動的流程、交疊共用的資源等，其績效控制及資訊系統建置等問題素為專案管理領域中關鍵性的研究課題。本文旨在提出為提昇大型及多重專案管理績效的全球資訊網資訊系統設計方法，並舉出營建業工程專案作為所提方法促成電子化應用之實例說明。系統之應用領域分析採用超媒體方法，概念設計採用物件導向之混合模式方法，系統建置則以全球資訊網為環境，並透過物件導向程式設計及軟體整合方法達成。 / Since large-scale and multiple project management involves interdependent organizations, dynamic processes, as well as shared resources, the methodologies related to project performance control and information system development have become critical research topics in the project management domain. The goal of this paper is to propose a web design method for developing information system to efficiently and effectively support the multi-project management processes. A construction project is used as an example to illustrate how the proposed approach is applied to enable electronic applications for the construction business. A hybrid modeling technique is adopted during the application analysis and conceptual design stages that integrates hypermedia node-link model and object-oriented model. As for physical implementation on the WWW environment, object-oriented programming design and software integration approaches are used to achieve the goal.

Abstract Health behaviour change is challenging and is addressed by the international community. Many people try to effect change for a healthier lifestyle, but they find it difficult to sustain their new habits. Today, technological applications support people who want to change their behaviour, oftentimes by utilising social influence: The influence of others on one’s behaviour. Social influence consists of different aspects, the particularities of which are often neglected in design. This thesis focusses on the design of the social comparison aspect of social influence. Social comparison psychology supports the view that when facing a lack of objective measurements, people tend to compare themselves to others who are similar to them for self-evaluation, self-enhancement, self-prediction, and coping. In psychology, social comparison theory has shown great potential in the aforementioned areas as well as challenges regarding its application. In the design of technology, social comparison theory has been utilised but lacks extensive exploration. In this thesis, four perspectives are considered to better understand social comparison in design: Existing designs, designers’ perspective, healthcare professionals’ perspective, and user research for social comparison. The four perspectives are explored using qualitative methodologies and through design science research. The knowledge took the form of a Multiple-perspective Approach Design (MAD) for social comparison features in technology that supports health behaviour change. MAD aims to support designers when working with social comparison in health behaviour change, by presenting social comparison potentials and challenges informed by the different perspectives. MAD builds upon the knowledge transferred from the field of psychology regarding social comparison and on the research conducted to understand the four perspectives of social comparison. / Tiivistelmä Terveyskäyttäytymisen muutos on haastavaa ja sitä käsittelee kansainvälinen yhteisö. Monet ihmiset yrittävät tehdä muutoksia kohti terveellisempiä elämäntapoja, mutta heidän on vaikea ylläpitää uusia tapojaan. Tänä päivänä teknologiset sovellukset tukevat ihmisiä, jotka haluavat muuttaa käyttäytymistään, usein hyödyntämällä sosiaalista vaikutusta: toisten vaikutusta omaan käyttäytymiseen. Sosiaalinen vaikutus koostuu erilaisista näkökulmista, joiden erityispiirteitä on usein laiminlyöty suunnittelussa. Tässä opinnäytetyössä keskitytään sosiaalisen vertailun näkökulman suunnitteluun sosiaalisessa vaikutuksessa. Sosiaalisen vertailun psykologia tukee näkemystä siitä, että objektiivisten mittausten puuttuessa, ihmiset pyrkivät vertaamaan itseään muihin, jotka ovat samankaltaisia, itsearvioinnin, itsensä vahvistamisen, itsearvioinnin ja selviytymisen kannalta. Psykologiassa sosiaalisen vertailun teoria on osoittanut potentiaalinsa edellä mainituilla aloilla, mutta sen soveltamiseen liittyy haasteita. Sosiaalisen vertailun teoriaa on hyödynnetty teknologian suunnittelussa, mutta laaja-alaisempi tutkimus aiheesta on puutteellista. Tässä opinnäytetyössä tarkastellaan neljää näkökulmaa ymmärtämään paremmin sosiaalista vertailua suunnittelussa: Olemassa olevat mallit, suunnittelijoiden näkökulma, terveydenhuollon ammattilaisten näkökulma ja käyttäjätutkimus sosiaaliseen vertailuun. Näitä neljää näkökulmaa tutkitaan käyttämällä laadullisia tutkimusmenetelmiä ja suunnittelutieteellistä tutkimusta. Kerätyn tiedon perusteella muodostettiin monia toimijoita tarkasteleva lähestymistapa suunnitteluun (MAD), joka koskee sosiaalisen vertailun ominaisuuksia teknologiassa, joka tukee terveyskäyttäytymisen muutosta. MAD pyrkii tukemaan suunnittelijoita, jotka työskentelevät sosiaalisen vertailun parissa terveyskäyttäytymisen muutoksessa, esittämällä sosiaalisen vertailun mahdollisuuksia ja haasteita, joita on kerätty eri näkökulmista. MAD perustuu psykologian alalta kerättyyn tietämykseen sosiaalista vertailusta ja toteutettuun tutkimukseen, joka on tehty sosiaalisen vertailun neljän näkökulman ymmärtämiseksi.

This works explores how to work with Event scores as a design method. In the search for what is real or what is reality the already existing things are being explored. The work started with investigating suitable ways to work with the moving body in the design process, with the aim to find a method that gave control but also left some parameters to the undecided and ambiguous. Convinced that this will lead to something new some parts of the process were highlighted and re-formulated. / Program: Modedesignutbildningen

Lines are a fundamental part of visual perception. This work explores how to conceptually work with lines as guildelines when constructing garments. The aim is to investigate the dynamics of straight lines through experimental construction of dress.This dissertation is conducted through experimental artistic research. The main applied method is constructing from striving line compositions to three-dimensional shape. Other line properties, such as angle, width or length became influential variables in creating form and dynamic in combination with the choice of colour and fabric. Line compositions can provide strong dynamics given it’s put in relation to body and movement. / Program: Modedesignutbildningen

Ce présent travail concerne les aspects de la réparation et du renforcement des ouvrages utilisant des matériaux composites et plus particulièrement, il traite le cas des poutres en béton endommagées. La méthode de renforcement des ouvrages en béton par collage de matériaux composites est une pratique qui connaît actuellement un essor important. Dans cette optique, on propose d’apporter une contribution à l’analyse du comportement des poutres endommagées en béton par matériaux composites. La nouvelle méthode de renforcement interne NSM (Near Surface Mounted) consiste en l’insertion de bandes de Polymères Renforcées de Fibres (PRF) dans des engravures préparées préalablement dans le béton d'enrobage des surfaces tendues, remplies de résines époxydiques pour fixation. Pour construire un système renforcé de NSM efficace, les armatures en PRF doivent être en mesure de transférer ses efforts longitudinaux développés à l'élément de flexion en béton armé afin d'assurer l’action du composite, avec une compatibilité de déformation des matériaux. Les spécimens testés sont composés de poutres coutres avec une section rectangulaire de (100 mm x180 mm) et une longueur de 1300 mm renforcés avec PRFC-NSM. D’autres spécimens de poutres rectangulaires ont été testés avec une section de 200 mm x 400 mm et une longueur de 2300 mm, les renforts en PRF utilisés sont des plats ou des joncs. Les paramètres étudiés dans ce travail concernent la classe de résistance en compression, le taux de renfort, le type de composite et le degré d’endommagement. L’étude expérimentale sur le comportement des poutres endommagées puis renforcées sollicitées en flexion 4 points a dévoilé beaucoup de critères de performances en termes de ductilité, de rigidité et de capacité portante. Une modélisation analytique a été menée afin de comparer les réponses moment-courbure analytiques avec celles obtenues expérimentalement. Une fois cette modélisation validée, l’approche analytique a été couplée avec la méthode des plans d’expériences dans le but d’évaluer l’influence de différents paramètres et leurs interactions tels que le type de renfort (carbone, Joncs, aramide), le taux d’armatures passives et de renfort et la classe de résistance sur les réponses concernant la capacité portante et la ductilité des poutres renforcées. / This work deals with aspects of repair and reinforcement of structures and in particular, it deals with the case of damaged concrete beams. The method of reinforcing concrete structures by adhesive bonding of composite materials is a practice which is currently undergoing a major expansion. In this context, we propose to contribute to the analysis of the behavior of damaged concrete beams by composite materials. The new NSM (Near Surface Mounted) internal reinforcement method consists of the insertion of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (PRFC) strips in pre-prepared etchings in the encapsulation concrete of stretched surfaces filled with epoxy resins for fixing. To build an effective NSM reinforced system, FRP reinforcements must be able to transfer its developed longitudinal forces to the reinforced concrete flexure element to ensure the action of the composite with material deformation compatibility. The specimens tested consist of beams with a rectangular section (100 mm x 180 mm) and a length of 1300 mm reinforced with PRFC-NSM. Other specimens of rectangular beams were tested with a section of 400 mm x 800 mm and a length of 2300 mm, the FRP reinforcements used were either plates or rods. The parameters studied in this work concern the strength of the concrete, the reinforcement rate, the type of composite, the degree of damage. The experimental study on the behavior of damaged beams, then reinforced and subjected to bending, revealed many performance criteria in terms of ductility, stiffness and bearing capacity. Analytical modeling coupled with the experimental design method was carried out in order to evaluate the responses of the beams tested according to the interaction of the different parameters such as the reinforcement type (carbon, joncs, aramid), the Passive and reinforcement rates and strength class of reinforced beams.

Dans le domaine de la conception d’Interfaces Homme-Système (IHS), un des concepts clés est celui de la Conception Centrée Utilisateurs (CCU), qui place les utilisateurs au centre de la démarche. Bien que cette démarche constitue une avancée considérable pour proposer des solutions qui répondent aux besoins et aux attentes des utilisateurs finaux, elle n’est pas totalement adaptée lorsque ces derniers présentent des déficiences multiples. Egalement, malgré les bénéfices de la CCU, il est constaté que les concepteurs demeurent peu nombreux à appliquer cette démarche, l’utilisation d’approches plus classiques restant encore dominante. Les concepteurs sont peu sensibilisés à la prise en compte des utilisateurs finaux, encore moins lorsque ceux-ci présentent des déficiences.Face à ces constats, notre travail s’est articulé selon deux axes réalisés en parallèle. Nous avons élaboré et formalisé une méthode de conception systémique d’IHS : AMICAS (Approche Méthodologique Innovante de Conception Adaptée Systémique), afin de permettre la conception d’outils et services adaptés aux utilisateurs finaux, quelles que soient leurs spécificités. Cette méthode a été testée auprès d’enfants en situation de multihandicap dans un contexte scolaire et de personnes âgées en institution. En parallèle, nous avons élaboré un système d’aide à la décision, à destination des concepteurs d’IHS, afin de les sensibiliser à la prise en compte des utilisateurs finaux et de leurs déficiences dans les démarches de conception. Au regard des résultats obtenus, nous proposons en synthèse une version améliorée de la méthode de conception AMICAS et une mise en ligne de notre système d’aide. / In the field of Human-System Interface (HSI) design, one key concept is the User-Centred Design (UCD), an approach that considers the user as the centre of the design process. Although this approach is a significant advance to provide solutions that meets the needs and expectations of end-users, it is not totally suitable for end-users with multiple disabilities. Moreover, despite the benefits of the UCD, only few designers apply this approach. The use of standard approaches remains dominant. There is a general lack of awareness among designers on how take account of end-users, even less when the end-users have multiples disabilities.In view of these observations, our work has been structured to two main axes, conducted in parallel. We have elaborated and formalized design method of HSI, named AMICAS (Innovative Methodological Approach of Adapted Systemic Design), in order to design tools or services adapted for users, whatever their disabilities are. This method has been tested to children with multiple disabilities in educational context and with elderly in care homes. Also, we have developed a decision support tool. The purpose of this tool is to help designers to take into account end-users and their disabilities into the design stage. Based on the results, we suggest in synthesizing an improved version of AMICAS and we have published the decision support tool online.