Para acompanhar o avanço tecnológico e a competitividade, faz-se necessário proporcionar ao trabalhador condições para que ele possa desenvolver suas atividades com conforto e segurança (CHIAVENATO, 1999). Entre as estratégias utilizadas destacam-se a Ergonomia e os programas educacionais que atuam nas diferentes formas de prevenção relacionadas ao trabalho (LAURELL e NORIEGA, 1989). Diferentes autores (VIEL e ESNAULT, 2000; BRANDIMILLER, 1999; GRAF, GUGGENBÜHL e KRUEGER, 1995; SOUZA, 1995 entre outros) concordam que a posição sentada estática pode gerar sobrecarga na estrutura ósteomuscular. Na busca da variabilidade postural, na posição sentada, são apontadas mudanças ergonômicas. Entretanto, Coury e Rodgher (1997), destacam que fatores biomecânicos e psicossociais também podem interferir na postura do trabalhador. Diante disso, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi verificar a interferência da Escola Postural no Trabalho (EPTRA) e do uso de mobiliário ergonômico sobre o comportamento postural na posição sentada. Os objetivos específicos foram: (1) analisar, (2) comparar e (3) classificar o comportamento postural, na posição sentada, em sete regiões corporais, em dois momentos da jornada laboral; (4) Identificar a variabilidade e repetitividade do comportamento postural, na posição sentada; (5) identificar o nível de desconforto corporal, (6) traçar um paralelo entre o desconforto corporal e o comportamento postural, na posição sentada e (7) identificar como os participantes da EPTRA perceberam sua postura corporal. Utilizou-se uma metodologia predominantemente quantitativa. Os participantes do estudo eram servidores da Justiça Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (n=142), com idade de 21 a 64 anos (x =39,28; ±9,38), dos sexos masculino e feminino que trabalhavam na posição sentada. Eles foram divididos em quatro grupos: (1) Participantes da EPTRA que não utilizavam mobiliário ergonômico; (2) Usuários de mobiliário ergonômico; (3) Participantes da EPTRA que utilizavam mobiliário ergonômico; (4) Participantes que não sofreram qualquer intervenção. A EPTRA foi composta de 26 encontros de trinta minutos, em dias pré-definidos e dois encontros personalizados no posto de trabalho. O mobiliário ergonômico foi implantado com enfoque macroergonômico e de acordo com as necessidades da instituição. Os instrumentos de medida quantitativa foram: (1) avaliação da postura sentada (APSE) e (2) escala análogo-visual de desconforto corporal. (4) Identificar a variabilidade e repetitividade do comportamento postural, na posição sentada; (5) identificar o nível de desconforto corporal, (6) traçar um paralelo entre o desconforto corporal e o comportamento postural, na posição sentada e (7) identificar como os participantes da EPTRA perceberam sua postura corporal. Utilizou-se uma metodologia predominantemente quantitativa. Os participantes do estudo eram servidores da Justiça Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (n=142), com idade de 21 a 64 anos (x =39,28; ±9,38), dos sexos masculino e feminino que trabalhavam na posição sentada. Eles foram divididos em quatro grupos: (1) Participantes da EPTRA que não utilizavam mobiliário ergonômico; (2) Usuários de mobiliário ergonômico; (3) Participantes da EPTRA que utilizavam mobiliário ergonômico; (4) Participantes que não sofreram qualquer intervenção. A EPTRA foi composta de 26 encontros de trinta minutos, em dias pré-definidos e dois encontros personalizados no posto de trabalho. O mobiliário ergonômico foi implantado com enfoque macroergonômico e de acordo com as necessidades da instituição. Os instrumentos de medida quantitativa foram: (1) avaliação da postura sentada (APSE) e (2) escala análogo-visual de desconforto corporal. Diante dos resultados apresentados pode-se inferir que os participantes da EPTRA mostraram maior variabilidade e melhor classificação do comportamento postural do que os usuários de mobiliário ergonômico. / In order to keep track of technological advances and competitiveness it becomes necessary to provide employees with good work conditions. So, they can be able to develop their activities comfortably and safely (CHIAVENATO, 1999). Amongst the used strategies are ergonomic and educational programs focusing at different prevention ways related to work (LAURELL and NORIEGA, 1989). Authors (VIEL and ESNAULT, 2000; BRANDIMILLER, 1999; GRAF, GUGGENBÜHL and KRUEGER, 1995; SOUZA, 1995 amongst others) agree that the static sitting position can generate osteomuscular overload. Researching for postural variability at the sitting position some ergonomic changes are pointed. However, Coury and Rodgher (1997) emphasize that biomechanical and social factors also can interfere at workers posture. In the face of all this background the primary objective of this study was to verify the influence of the Back School at the Workplace Program (BSWP) and the utilization of ergonomic furniture under the postural behavior of employees at the sitting position. The specific objectives were: (1) analyze, (2) compare and (3) classify the postural behavior at the sitting position in seven body regions in two different moments of the work journey; (4) identify the variability and repetitiveness of postural behavior at the sitting position; (5) identify the level of body discomfort; (6) delineate a parallel between the body discomfort and postural behavior at the sitting position and (7) identify how the BSWP participants perceived their body posture. A predominantly quantitative methodology was performed. The participants were civil servants of Federal Justice of Rio Grande do Sul (n=142), ages ranging from 21 to 64 years old (x=39,28; +-9,38) male and female genders working at the sitting position. They were divided in four groups: (1) participants of BSWP that did not utilize ergonomic furniture; (2) users of ergonomic furniture; (3) participants of BSWP that did utilize ergonomic furniture; (4) participants that did not undergo any intervention. The BSWP consisted of 26 sessions of 30 minutes each in pre-determined days and two personalized sessions at the workplace. The ergonomic furniture was set with macro ergonomic focus and according to the institution needs. The quantitative measurement instruments were: (1) assessment of the sitting posture (ASP) and (2) analogous-visual scale of body discomfort. The qualitative assessment utilized a semi-structured interview with pre-determined categories according to the quantitative variables. The inter-groups ASP results demonstrated changes in the postural behavior in participants (groups) of BSWP both at the beginning (group 1=pelvis region p<0,01*; group 3=scapular waistline region p<0,01*) and the end of work journey (group 3=scapular waistline region p=0,05* and knee region <0,01*). Group 2 showed statistical difference in cervical region (p<0,01*) and knee region (p<0,01*). Through the comparison of the postural behavior (the beginning with the end of the work journey) it was verified that groups 1 and 3 showed significant increase in the mean postural indexes while groups 2 and 4 displayed no variation. Concerning to the classification of postural behavior it was verified that groups 1 and 3 had more significant results at both the reference and higher risk postures. The analogous-visual scale showed no significant difference between groups in body discomfort. At the qualitative interview the BSWP participants mentioned a reduction in the body discomfort during the work journey and also that they have done adaptations in their workplace independently of being formerly ergonomic or not. Before the presented results it is possible to deduce that BSWP participants showed higher and better postural behavior variability and classification, respectively than the ergonomic furniture users.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:24Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 valente_el_me_bauru.pdf: 1607888 bytes, checksum: 3bc84b9fbb99de10d1255231044e9bed (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O design ergonômico estuda a relação entre os usuários e a tecnologia, objetivando a melhoria das interfaces e usabilidade dos produtos. Os calçados são produtos que interagem diariamente com seres humanos e objetivam protejer e adornar (através da moda) a extremidade dos membros inferiores, cuja estrutura física e fisiológica parece ser influenciada pelo uso de calçados com salto alto e suas dimensões. Este estudo objetivou compreender como se dá a percepção de desconforto/conforto pelo público feminino e analisar as caracteristicas antropométricas das Extremidades dos Membros Inferiores (EMIs) deste público. A metodologia atendeu aos aspectos éticos; foram utilizados protocolos padronizados e equipamentos específicos (Brannock) para a medição dos pés. Os resultados da abordagem perceptiva indicaram que o desconforto está associado ao uso de calçados com saltos alto, mas o uso desse produto ainda é preferido pelas usuárias. Quanto aos aspectos antropométricos, concluiu-se que as dimensões dos pés direito e esquerdo apresentam diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p '<OU=' 0,01), reiterando a necessidade de uma melhor adequação dimensional dos calçados aos parâmetros antropométicos específicos para a população feminina brasileira / Ergonomic design studies the relationship between users and technology, aiming to improve product interface and usability. Footwear is a product that has an influence on human beings, and its purpose, by means of fashion, is to protect and to make women's feet more beautiful, whose physical and physiological structure seems to be influenced by the use of high-heeled shoes and their dimensions. the study herein aims to understand how women perceive discomfort and comfort as well as to analyze their related to ends of the lower limbs (EMI) anthropomorphic features. Methodology used is in compliance with ethical aspects; standard protocols and specific equipment (Brannock) were used for feet measure purposes. Perception-oriented approach results indicate that discomfort is associated with the use of high-heeled shoes; nonetheless users still prefer to use them. Concerning anthropomorphic features, conclusion is that right and left foot size present significant statistical differences (p '<OU=' 0,01), reinfrocing the need to better dimensionally fit footwear to Brazilian women population anthropomorphic-related parameters

Submitted by JULIANA MARTINS PEREIRA null (juliana_pereira@hotmail.com) on 2017-12-01T17:16:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 repositorio tese juliana martins pereira.pdf: 3483507 bytes, checksum: 8c379ee959750f0bd7a03e82d338f42e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Minervina Teixeira Lopes null (vina_lopes@bauru.unesp.br) on 2017-12-01T18:08:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_jm_dr_bauru.pdf: 3323639 bytes, checksum: 0835b11d6f560ef0a051dedc6bfcc42c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-01T18:08:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 pereira_jm_dr_bauru.pdf: 3323639 bytes, checksum: 0835b11d6f560ef0a051dedc6bfcc42c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Compreendemos que a escola é constituída por indivíduos (crianças, jovens, adultos) que exercem diferentes papéis interdependentes (professor, aluno, funcionário, gestor, pais etc), ou seja, suas ações influenciam e são influenciadas pelos outros a todo o momento. Sendo assim, pontuamos inicialmente a hipótese de que professores imersos numa teia de interdependências não têm a devida clareza sobre as relações de poder. Ou melhor, o professor se sente coagido pelas normas e regras de funcionamento da escola e não percebe que também exerce força coercitiva em relação ao outro favorecendo, consequentemente, práticas tradicionais escolares que impulsionam o desenvolvimento do mal-estar docente. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se na presente pesquisa analisar a ―coerção da instituição escolar que ocorre em diferentes direções, entre governo do estado, equipe escolar, alunos e comunidade e as percepções de professores que lecionam no Ensino Médio sobre a violência que permeia esse contexto. Compreender como lidam com essa questão e quais as consequências para sua vida profissional e pessoal. Para isso, estabelecemos como participantes um grupo de professores da área de linguagens e códigos estabelecida pelo Ministério de Educação e Cultura (MEC) – Português, Inglês, Arte e Educação Física. Caracteriza-se como um estudo de natureza qualitativa, cuja abordagem é a História do Tempo Presente. Após os procedimentos requisitados pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa ao qual o projeto foi submetido, realizamos reuniões com os professores das referidas disciplinas em três Unidades Escolares pertencentes à região centro-oeste paulista, totalizando quinze participantes (três professores de Educação Física, dois de Arte, três de Inglês e sete de Português). A técnica para a coleta dos dados – entrevista em grupo ou grupo focal – consistiu na gravação das reuniões, que foram filmadas e posteriormente transcritas, textualizadas e analisadas à luz da literatura sobre o tema. Os referenciais teóricos adotados para a discussão dos dados foram o sociólogo Norbert Elias e, complementarmente o psicanalista Sigmund Freud. Como conclusões podemos destacar: a dicotomia indivíduo/sociedade evidenciada pelos professores; a dificuldade em se reconhecerem como corresponsáveis pelo difícil quadro da educação pública na atualidade; a mudança no equilíbrio de poder nas relações escolares motivada, entre outros fatores, pelas políticas de democratização da educação pública, bem como pelos esforços de inclusão na educação formal de crianças e adolescentes de segmentos sociais antes ignorados; o estranhamento demonstrado pelos professores em relação ao comportamento de seus alunos e o ―desejo de que se enquadrem naquilo que acreditam ser o comportamento correto. Alguns professores mostraram-se resistentes quanto à utilização das inovações tecnológicas no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Além disso, as mudanças na legislação educacional e a sensação de estarem perdendo o controle sobre seu trabalho, especialmente em virtude de avaliações externas e da progressão continuada tem afetado sobremaneira sua identidade profissional, especialmente entre os professores de português. Evidenciou-se, ainda, a fragilidade na formação de professores; as queixas sobre a pouca participação dos pais na educação dos filhos, a sobrecarga e más condições de trabalho e, em relação aos fatores que os levaram à docência, observamos que, na maioria dos casos foram motivados pelo ―acaso ou pela conveniência. Já no que se refere à violência explícita, os professores presenciam agressões na escola, mas foram poucos que declararam terem tido problemas graves. Como consequência, oito professores apresentaram sintomas claros do desenvolvimento do mal-estar docente, sendo que o mais citado foi a depressão. Acreditamos que, no atual contexto educacional, o mal-estar docente parece ―inevitável. Mesmo que não esteja presente em toda a carreira do professor, o desinvestimento, a interiorização e a despersonalização, que leva à diminuição do envolvimento afetivo, são características da última fase da carreira docente e tem se manifestado até mesmo em professores mais novos. Enfim, apenas no momento em que os professores ―tomarem consciência de que a sociedade não é ―lá fora poderemos começar a pensar em alternativas para que o contexto escolar se torne um ambiente menos insalubre para todos aqueles que nele interagem. / We understand that a school is composed by individuals (children, young people, adults) who play different and interdependent parts (teacher, student, employee, manager, parent, etc.), which means that their actions affect and are affected by others all the time. Therefore, we have initially pointed out the hypothesis that teachers who are immersed in a web of interdependences do not have proper clarity about power relations. Better yet, teachers feel coerced by operating standards and rules from the school, not realizing that they also coerce others, consequently promoting traditional school practices that push the progression of faculty discomfort. For that matter, the aim of this study was to analyze ―coercion in an educational institution occurring in different directions among state government, school staff, students and community, as well as analyze the perceptions of High School teachers about the violence that passes through this context. The purpose was to understand how they deal with this matter and what are the consequences for their professional and personal lives. To this end, we established a group of teachers of languages and codes as participants, which are, according to the Ministry of Education (MEC) – Portuguese, English, Arts and Physical Education. This is a qualitative study based on the History of the Present approach. After the procedures requested by the Research Ethics Committee to which the project was submitted, we held meetings with the teachers from said subjects in three School Units owned by the Regional Board of Education from Bauru – SP, consisting of fifteen participants (three teachers of Physical Education, two of Arts, three of English and seven of Portuguese). The method for data collection – group interview or focus group – was to record the meetings, which were later transcribed, put into text and analyzed according to the research literature on the subject. The theoretical references used for discussion of data were from sociologist Norbert Elias, and from psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud complementarily. Among the final considerations, it is possible to emphasize: the dichotomy individual/society evidenced by the teachers; the difficulty in recognizing themselves as co-responsible for the complicated situation of public education nowadays; the change in the power balance of motivated school relations, among other factors by democratization policies from public education, as well as the inclusion efforts of formal education of children and teenagers from social segments previously ignored; the strangeness demonstrated by teachers concerning the behavior of their students and the ―desire that they would fit in what teachers believe to be proper behavior. Some teachers were opposed to the use of technological innovations in the teaching and learning process. In addition, changes in the educational legislation and the feeling that they are losing control over their work, especially because of external evaluations and continuous progression, has been excessively affecting their professional identity, particularly of Portuguese teachers. It has been identified a vulnerability in teacher training: complaints about low participation of parents in children‘s education, work overload and poor working conditions. It has also been noted that most of them became teachers by ―chance or convenience. Concerning explicit violence, teachers witness physical aggression at school, but only a few declared having serious problems. As a consequence, eight teachers presented clear symptoms of progression of faculty discomfort, with depression being the most mentioned. All in all, we believe that faculty discomfort seems to be ―inevitable. Although it is not present throughout the whole teaching career, deprivation, internalization and depersonalization, which lead to lower emotional involvement, are characteristics of the last phase of the teaching career, and they have been manifested even among younger teachers.

O objetivo desta dissertação, situada na linha de pesquisa Psicologia e Educação e inscrita no campo das conexões entre a Psicanálise e a Educação, é refletir a respeito do mal-estar docente em relação ao desamparo psíquico do sujeito. Após a abertura de um panorama de nossa sociedade contemporânea, desenvolvido com base em estudos de Bauman, Lipovetsky e Jonas, no qual, abordei os efeitos da globalização na vida dos seres humanos, ressaltei os aspectos das pressões externas em relação ao mal-estar na atualidade. Em seguida, busquei em obras de Freud, Lacan e seus seguidores aspectos internos que nos predispõem a essa forma de sofrimento, mas que podem também direcionar o sujeito em busca de uma saída singular para esses problemas. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de cunho psicanalítico, desenvolvida em uma escola pública de educação infantil que contou com a participação de nove, das doze docentes que ali atuam. A pesquisa de campo se dividiu em quatro etapas e foi desenvolvida a partir do segundo semestre de 2007 até o início do primeiro semestre de 2009, tendo sido realizadas duas visitas por semana durante esse período. A primeira etapa caracterizou-se por observações e sondagens, ocorridas durante o segundo semestre de 2007. A segunda etapa da pesquisa teve início no fim de 2007 e se estendeu até fevereiro de 2008, caracterizando-se pela mudança do objeto de investigação é o período em que a pesquisa foi direcionada ao mal-estar que as professoras da escola revelavam sentir e se constituíram nas bases sobre as quais todo o trabalho se desenvolveu. A terceira etapa ocorreu no primeiro semestre letivo de 2008 e é caracterizada pelo envio de correspondências por parte das professoras, nas quais revelam seus sentimentos e expectativas quanto ao ambiente e ao cotidiano escolar. Essas cartas tornaram-se o eixo desta investigação. A quarta etapa teve início no segundo semestre de 2008 e se estendeu a maio de 2009 e se caracterizou pelo desenvolvimento de algumas atividades alternativas na escola. O mal-estar docente constatado refere-se, sobretudo, às relações vivenciadas entre os profissionais no ambiente escolar e às posições nas quais permanecem. A ênfase desta pesquisa encontra-se na escuta dessas professoras, enfatizando a possibilidade de elas se ouvirem e de perceberem que a ação surge sempre como possibilidade de mudança. Paralelamente, toda essa situação vivenciada ressoava igualmente em mim e, por esse motivo, optei por não descartar o material coletado. Após análises e reflexões, verifiquei a importância de buscarmos a linguagem do inconsciente que, em meio a tantas outras linguagens, permanece ainda esquecida no ambiente escolar. / The purpose of this dissertation, which lies in the research sphere of Psychology and Education, and also goes in the area of the connection between Psychoanalysis and Education, is to reflect the teaching discomfort in relation to the psychological abandonment of the subject. At first, I developed an overview of our contemporary society, based on the studies of Bauman, Lipovetsky and Jonas, in which I pointed out the effects of globalization in our lives, and emphasized the aspects of external oppression in relation to that discomfort nowadays. Next, I searched for internal aspects that can predispose us to this kind of distress, but may also direct the subject towards a particular outlet concerning these issues, based on the works of Freud, Lacan and their followers. It is a psychoanalytic research, developed in a childhood education public school, in which nine out of the twelve teachers who work there took part. The action research was divided into four steps that occurred from the second half of 2007 until the beginning of the first half of 2009, consisting of two visits per week. The first step was made up of observations and surveys, which occurred during the second half of 2007. The second phase of research began in late 2007 and lasted until February 2008, and it is characterized by the change on the research purpose in this period, the aim was at the discomfort that teachers indicated; it stated the bases on which all the work is done. The third stage occurred in the first semester of 2008 and is characterized by the letters those teachers sent, telling about their feelings and expectations concerning not only the school environment, but also its routine. Those writings have become the reference to this research. The fourth phase began in the second half of 2008, went through May 2009 and it was expressed by the development of some alternative activities at school. The teaching discomfort which could be verified, particularly refers to what those professionals experienced in the school environment and the remaining conditions. The emphasis of this research lies in listening to those teachers, emphasizing the possibility they have to listen to one another and understand that it is always possible to have changes in action. I chose not to discard the collected material as the experience also rebounded. Thus, after some analysis and reflection, Ive perceived the importance of seeking the language of the unconscious in the midst of many other languages, which is still overlooked in the school environment.

Para acompanhar o avanço tecnológico e a competitividade, faz-se necessário proporcionar ao trabalhador condições para que ele possa desenvolver suas atividades com conforto e segurança (CHIAVENATO, 1999). Entre as estratégias utilizadas destacam-se a Ergonomia e os programas educacionais que atuam nas diferentes formas de prevenção relacionadas ao trabalho (LAURELL e NORIEGA, 1989). Diferentes autores (VIEL e ESNAULT, 2000; BRANDIMILLER, 1999; GRAF, GUGGENBÜHL e KRUEGER, 1995; SOUZA, 1995 entre outros) concordam que a posição sentada estática pode gerar sobrecarga na estrutura ósteomuscular. Na busca da variabilidade postural, na posição sentada, são apontadas mudanças ergonômicas. Entretanto, Coury e Rodgher (1997), destacam que fatores biomecânicos e psicossociais também podem interferir na postura do trabalhador. Diante disso, o objetivo principal deste estudo foi verificar a interferência da Escola Postural no Trabalho (EPTRA) e do uso de mobiliário ergonômico sobre o comportamento postural na posição sentada. Os objetivos específicos foram: (1) analisar, (2) comparar e (3) classificar o comportamento postural, na posição sentada, em sete regiões corporais, em dois momentos da jornada laboral; (4) Identificar a variabilidade e repetitividade do comportamento postural, na posição sentada; (5) identificar o nível de desconforto corporal, (6) traçar um paralelo entre o desconforto corporal e o comportamento postural, na posição sentada e (7) identificar como os participantes da EPTRA perceberam sua postura corporal. Utilizou-se uma metodologia predominantemente quantitativa. Os participantes do estudo eram servidores da Justiça Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (n=142), com idade de 21 a 64 anos (x =39,28; ±9,38), dos sexos masculino e feminino que trabalhavam na posição sentada. Eles foram divididos em quatro grupos: (1) Participantes da EPTRA que não utilizavam mobiliário ergonômico; (2) Usuários de mobiliário ergonômico; (3) Participantes da EPTRA que utilizavam mobiliário ergonômico; (4) Participantes que não sofreram qualquer intervenção. A EPTRA foi composta de 26 encontros de trinta minutos, em dias pré-definidos e dois encontros personalizados no posto de trabalho. O mobiliário ergonômico foi implantado com enfoque macroergonômico e de acordo com as necessidades da instituição. Os instrumentos de medida quantitativa foram: (1) avaliação da postura sentada (APSE) e (2) escala análogo-visual de desconforto corporal. (4) Identificar a variabilidade e repetitividade do comportamento postural, na posição sentada; (5) identificar o nível de desconforto corporal, (6) traçar um paralelo entre o desconforto corporal e o comportamento postural, na posição sentada e (7) identificar como os participantes da EPTRA perceberam sua postura corporal. Utilizou-se uma metodologia predominantemente quantitativa. Os participantes do estudo eram servidores da Justiça Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (n=142), com idade de 21 a 64 anos (x =39,28; ±9,38), dos sexos masculino e feminino que trabalhavam na posição sentada. Eles foram divididos em quatro grupos: (1) Participantes da EPTRA que não utilizavam mobiliário ergonômico; (2) Usuários de mobiliário ergonômico; (3) Participantes da EPTRA que utilizavam mobiliário ergonômico; (4) Participantes que não sofreram qualquer intervenção. A EPTRA foi composta de 26 encontros de trinta minutos, em dias pré-definidos e dois encontros personalizados no posto de trabalho. O mobiliário ergonômico foi implantado com enfoque macroergonômico e de acordo com as necessidades da instituição. Os instrumentos de medida quantitativa foram: (1) avaliação da postura sentada (APSE) e (2) escala análogo-visual de desconforto corporal. Diante dos resultados apresentados pode-se inferir que os participantes da EPTRA mostraram maior variabilidade e melhor classificação do comportamento postural do que os usuários de mobiliário ergonômico. / In order to keep track of technological advances and competitiveness it becomes necessary to provide employees with good work conditions. So, they can be able to develop their activities comfortably and safely (CHIAVENATO, 1999). Amongst the used strategies are ergonomic and educational programs focusing at different prevention ways related to work (LAURELL and NORIEGA, 1989). Authors (VIEL and ESNAULT, 2000; BRANDIMILLER, 1999; GRAF, GUGGENBÜHL and KRUEGER, 1995; SOUZA, 1995 amongst others) agree that the static sitting position can generate osteomuscular overload. Researching for postural variability at the sitting position some ergonomic changes are pointed. However, Coury and Rodgher (1997) emphasize that biomechanical and social factors also can interfere at workers posture. In the face of all this background the primary objective of this study was to verify the influence of the Back School at the Workplace Program (BSWP) and the utilization of ergonomic furniture under the postural behavior of employees at the sitting position. The specific objectives were: (1) analyze, (2) compare and (3) classify the postural behavior at the sitting position in seven body regions in two different moments of the work journey; (4) identify the variability and repetitiveness of postural behavior at the sitting position; (5) identify the level of body discomfort; (6) delineate a parallel between the body discomfort and postural behavior at the sitting position and (7) identify how the BSWP participants perceived their body posture. A predominantly quantitative methodology was performed. The participants were civil servants of Federal Justice of Rio Grande do Sul (n=142), ages ranging from 21 to 64 years old (x=39,28; +-9,38) male and female genders working at the sitting position. They were divided in four groups: (1) participants of BSWP that did not utilize ergonomic furniture; (2) users of ergonomic furniture; (3) participants of BSWP that did utilize ergonomic furniture; (4) participants that did not undergo any intervention. The BSWP consisted of 26 sessions of 30 minutes each in pre-determined days and two personalized sessions at the workplace. The ergonomic furniture was set with macro ergonomic focus and according to the institution needs. The quantitative measurement instruments were: (1) assessment of the sitting posture (ASP) and (2) analogous-visual scale of body discomfort. The qualitative assessment utilized a semi-structured interview with pre-determined categories according to the quantitative variables. The inter-groups ASP results demonstrated changes in the postural behavior in participants (groups) of BSWP both at the beginning (group 1=pelvis region p<0,01*; group 3=scapular waistline region p<0,01*) and the end of work journey (group 3=scapular waistline region p=0,05* and knee region <0,01*). Group 2 showed statistical difference in cervical region (p<0,01*) and knee region (p<0,01*). Through the comparison of the postural behavior (the beginning with the end of the work journey) it was verified that groups 1 and 3 showed significant increase in the mean postural indexes while groups 2 and 4 displayed no variation. Concerning to the classification of postural behavior it was verified that groups 1 and 3 had more significant results at both the reference and higher risk postures. The analogous-visual scale showed no significant difference between groups in body discomfort. At the qualitative interview the BSWP participants mentioned a reduction in the body discomfort during the work journey and also that they have done adaptations in their workplace independently of being formerly ergonomic or not. Before the presented results it is possible to deduce that BSWP participants showed higher and better postural behavior variability and classification, respectively than the ergonomic furniture users.

Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit dans le cadre du développement des mannequins numériques pourl’évaluation ergonomique de la conception de véhicule, plus particulièrement des commandesautomobiles. Il vise à développer des modèles biomécaniques permettant la prise en comptede la dynamique du mouvement et de la force exercée lors d’une tâche pour prédire lemouvement et l’inconfort associé. Ce travail s’est focalisé sur la pédale d’embrayage.Concernant le développement des critères d’inconfort, le concept du mouvement neutre estexploré. Une méthode, basée sur la comparaison entre des mouvements avec desconfigurations imposées et ceux moins contraintes, est proposée. Elle a permis l’identificationde paramètres biomécaniques pertinents et de proposer des indicateurs d’inconfort pour laconception de la pédale d’embrayage.Les relations entre la posture et la force d’appui ont été étudiées expérimentalement en faisantvarier le niveau d’effort exercé sur une pédale statique. Nos résultats montrent que la directiond’effort et l’ajustement postural suivent le principe de minimisation des couples articulaires.Par ailleurs l’utilisation d’un critère de minimisation de l’activité musculaire a montré uneamélioration de la prédiction de la direction d’effort pour les efforts peu élevés.Les indicateurs d’inconfort proposés dans cette étude fournissent des informations objectivespermettant aux ingénieurs de conception de comparer des solutions alternatives de design. Letravail sur les mécanismes de contrôle de l’effort et de la posture constitue, quant à lui, unepremière étape dans l’optique de prendre en compte la force exercée dans la simulation deposture. / This thesis takes place in the context of the development of digital human models forergonomic assessment of vehicle design, particularly automotive controls. It aims to developbiomechanical models that can take into account the dynamics of movement and the forceexerted during a task to predict the movement and the associated discomfort. This workfocused on the clutch pedal.For the development of the discomfort criteria, the concept of neutral movement is explored.An approach, based on comparing imposed pedal configurations and less constrained pedalconfigurations movements, has been proposed. It allowed the identification of relevantbiomechanical parameters and to propose indicators of discomfort for the design of the clutchpedal.The relationships between posture and force exertion were studied experimentally by varyingthe level of force exerted on a static pedal. Our results show that the direction of forceexertion and the postural adjustment follow the principle of minimization of joint torques.Furthermore, the use of a criterion for minimizing muscle activity showed an improvement inpredicting the direction of effort for the low and intermediate force levels.Discomfort indicators proposed in this study provide objective information that allows designengineers to compare design alternatives. Work on the control mechanisms of force exertionand posture is, in turn, a first step towards the simulation of posture/movement by taking intoaccount force exertion.

Ce travail de thèse vise à comprendre les effets des paramètres de conception de l'habitacle automobile tels que la hauteur de toit et la largeur du bavolet sur le mouvement d'entrée et de sortie et sur l'inconfort perçu. La méthode consiste à comparer expérimentalement des mouvements de moindre inconfort avec d'autres plus contraignants en modifiant la géométrie de l'habitacle. Grâce à un conformateur à géométrie variable, 5 configurations de postes de conduite sont définies sur 3 hauteurs d'assise représentant une sportive, une berline et un monospace. Le système optoélectronique Vicon et des capteurs d'efforts sont utilisés pour mesurer le mouvement et toutes les forces de contact, permettant une analyse fine des interactions entre les sujets et le conformateur. 26 sujets ont participé à l'expérimentation, dont la taille varie du 5ème percentile femme au 95ème homme. A l'aide d'un mannequin numérique, la cinématique (angles articulaires) et la dynamique (couples articulaires) du mouvement sont reconstruites. Les résultats montrent que l'exigence en hauteur de toit dépend peu de la stature et de la hauteur de siège. L'analyse biomécanique du mouvement révèle que les grandes statures présentent une plus forte flexion du tronc que les petites statures. Ceci peut s'expliquer par le fait que l'espace autour du siège est plus réduit pour les petites statures en raison de la position plus avancée du siège dans l'habitacle. Un abaissement de seulement 45mm du toit fait qu'un véhicule devient inacceptable pour le conducteur. Le volant joue un rôle essentiel pour l'accessibilité, pour produire le couple d'extension nécessaire au genou gauche pour s'extraire du véhicule / This PhD thesis aims at understanding the effects of the roof height and the sill width on the car ingress/egress motion and the perceived discomfort. The method consists in comparing experimentally the less constrained motion with more constrained ones by controlling design parameters. Thanks to an adjustable car mock-up, 3 configurations of roof height and sill width were tested by volunteers on three seat heights representing a small car, a medium-size car and a minivan. A Vicon motion capture system and 6-axes force sensors were used in order to measure the motion and all external contact forces and to allow an accurate analysis of the interactions between the driver and the car. 26 volunteers participated in the experiment, selected according to their stature in order to cover a large range of the French driver (from 5th percentile female to 95th percentile male). Using a Digital Human Model, the kinematics (joint angles) and the dynamics (joint torques) of the motion were reconstructed. The results show that the demand for the roof height is not influenced by the car configuration nor the volunteer‟s stature. A biomechanical analysis highlights that the short volunteers adopt a more upright trunk than the tall ones due to smaller space available between the seat and the steering wheel for short persons. In addition, a small change of 45 mm in roof height may lead to an unacceptable car configuration. Finally, the steering wheel is an essential car element helping drivers to produce the necessary extension torque at the left knee for getting up

With more legislation being enforced to achieve a reduction in road transport CO2 emissions, automotive companies are having to research and develop technologies that deliver greener driving . Whilst emissions from passenger vehicles have dropped over recent years, there has been an increase in emissions from light commercial vehicles (LCVs). The nature of LCV delivery work is a routine of ingress/egress of the vehicle, changing from a standing to a seated posture repetitively throughout the day. One research focus is packaging occupants in to a smaller vehicle space, in order to reduce the amount of vehicle emissions over its lifecycle. For LCVs, benefits from space saving technology could be an increase in overall loading space (with the same vehicle length) or a reduction in the overall length/weight of the vehicle. Furthermore, an elevated seat posture could reduce the strain on drivers during ingress/egress, as it is closer than that of a conventional seat to a standing posture. Whilst space saving technology has obvious benefits, current driving conventions and standards are not inclusive of new and novel seated postures when packaging a driver in to a vehicle. The fundamental purpose of a vehicle driver s seat is to be comfortable and safe for the occupant and to facilitate driving. It has been shown that a seat needs both good static and dynamic factors to contribute to overall seat comfort. Additionally, comfortable body angles have been identified and ratified by studies investigating comfortable driving postures; however, this knowledge only applies to conventional driving postures. For an elevated posture , defined as having the driver s knee point below the hip point, there is little research or guidance. The overall aim of this thesis is to identify the ergonomic requirements of a wide anthropometric range of drivers in an elevated driving posture for LCVs, which was investigated using a series of laboratory based experiments. An iterative fitting trial was designed to identify key seat parameters for static comfort in an elevated posture seat. The results showed that in comparison with a conventional seat: Seat base length was preferred to be shorter (380mm compared with 460mm); Seat base width was preferred to be wider (560mm compared with 480mm); Backrest height was preferred to be longer (690mm compared with 650mm). These findings provided a basis for a seat design specification for an elevated posture concept seat, which was tested in two subsequent laboratory studies. A long-term discomfort evaluation was conducted, using a driving simulator and a motion platform replicating real road vibration. Discomfort scores were collected at 10-minute intervals (50-minutes overall) using a body map and rating scale combination. The results indicated that in comparison with the conventional posture, the elevated posture performed as well, or better (significantly lower discomfort for right shoulder and lower back; p<0.05, two-tailed), in terms of long-term discomfort. Furthermore, the onset of discomfort (i.e. the time taken for localised discomfort ratings to be significantly higher than the baseline ratings reported before the trial) occurred after as little as 10 minutes (conventional posture) and 20 minutes (elevated posture) respectively. A lateral stability evaluation was conducted using low-frequency lateral motion on a motion platform (platform left and right rolls of 14.5°). Stability scores were reported after each sequence of rolls, comparing scores on a newly developed lateral stability scale between three seats: Conventional posture seat; Elevated posture concept seat (EPS1); Elevated posture concept seat with modifications aimed at improving stability (EPS2). Participants reported being more unstable in EPS1, compared with the conventional posture seat (p<0.05, Wilcoxon). However, the EPS2 seat performed equally to the conventional posture seat. These findings suggest that the elevated posture seat developed in this research is a feasible and comfortable alternative to a conventional posture seat. Furthermore, the final elevated seating positions showed that real space saving can be achieved in this posture thus allowing for more compact and lighter vehicles and potentially reducing strain on drivers during ingress/egress.

Litteraturen beskriver larynxmask som ett skonsamt alternativ till intubation med endotrakealtub. Tidigare studier visar dock att det inte är ovanligt med halsbesvär postoperativt, i form av halsont och/eller heshet. Syftet med studien var att undersöka förekomst och karaktär av halsbesvär postoperativt efter användning av två olika larynxmasker. Författarna genomförde en pilotstudie där nitton vuxna patienter, både män och kvinnor, som erhållit Pro-Breathe® eller I-gel® larynxmask under anestesin ingick. Patienterna intervjuades 60 minuter respektive 24 timmar efter uttagandet av larynxmasken. Intervjun bestod av två slutna frågor om halsont och heshet samt en öppen fråga om hur det kändes i halsen. Den öppna frågan visade att andra typer av halsbesvär förekommer, bland annat irritabilitet, svårigheter att svälja, torrhet och svullnadskänsla. Pilotstudiens metod lämpade sig att använda och svarade mot studiens syfte. Resultatet visade att olika typer av halsbesvär var vanligt postoperativt. Åtta av tio patienter som haft Pro-Breathe® samt sju av nio patienter som haft I-gel® hade någon typ av halsbesvär. / The literature describes the laryngeal mask as a gentle alternative to intubation with endotracheal tube. Previous studies show that it is not unusual with throat discomfort postoperatively, in terms of sore throat and/or hoarseness/dysphonia. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and nature of throat discomfort postoperatively after the use of two different laryngeal masks. The authors conducted a pilot study in which nineteen adult patients, both men and women, who received Pro-Breathe® or I-gel® laryngeal mask during anesthesia was included. The patients were interviewed 60 minutes and 24 hours after the laryngeal mask were removed. The interview consisted of two sealed questions about sore throat and hoarseness/dysphonia and one open question about how it felt in the throat. The open question showed that other types of throat discomforts occurred, including irritability, difficulty swallowing, dryness and swelling sensation. The method of the pilot-study was suitable to use and responded to the study's purpose. The results showed that different types of throat discomfort were common postoperatively. Eight out of ten patients who received Pro-Breathe® and seven out of nine patients who received I-gel® had some type of throat discomfort.

[pt] Esta tese propõe-se a desenvolver o conceito de memória do desconforto como um articulador de sentido em obras literárias contemporâneas em contraposição à noção de memória apaziguada, buscando apontar que o primeiro conceito enfatiza o caráter disruptivo da memória, demonstrando que muitas lembranças numa narrativa de uma história de vida servem justamente à incompreensão, insatisfação e desconforto, enquanto a outra enfoca uma postura de apaziguar as lacunas da memória forjando um conceito ilusório de segurança e paz. Para tanto, foram analisadas e comparadas obras literárias de José Saramago (As pequenas memórias), Pedro Nava (em especial Baú de Ossos e Beira-Mar), Amadou Hampâté Bâ (Amkoullel: o menino fula) e Antônio Lobo Antunes (A morte de Carlos Gardel e O manual dos inquisidores), tendo como pano de fundo proposições teóricas da Sociologia do Conhecimento, dos Estudos Culturais e dos Estudos de Memória. / [en] This thesis proposes to develop the concept of memory of discomfort as an articulatory tool of meaning in contemporary literary works as opposed to the notion of pacified memory, pointing that the first concept emphasizes the disruptive nature of memory, showing that many memories in a narrative of a life story serve better to misunderstanding, dissatisfaction and discomfort, while the other focuses on an attitude of pacifying the gaps of memory forging an elusive concept of security and peace. Thus, this thesis analyzes and compares some literary works namely José Saramago (As pequenas memórias), Pedro Nava (especially Baú de ossos and Beira-Mar), Amadou Hampâté Bâ (Amkoullel: o menino fula) and António Lobo Antunes (A morte de Carlos Gardel and O manual dos inquisidores), with the backdrop of theoretical propositions of Sociology of Knowledge, Cultural Studies and Memory Studies.