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Framväxten av e-handel har ställt höga krav på last mile-leverans, där leverans av paket till konsumenter har blivit allt viktigare och en väsentlig del av kundens köpupplevelse. I takt med att kraven på e-handel och frakt ökar, så ökar också konsumenternas krav på servicekvalitet och leveranstid. I takt med att e-handeln fortsätter att växa behövs nya lösningar som kan leverera snabbt, effektivt och hållbart till lägre kostnader. Något som diskuterats på flera ställen är autonoma leveransfordon. Ett exempel på detta är drönare, som inte har testats i så stor utsträckning. Syftet med studien är att identifiera de krav som konsumenter ställer på drönarleveranser av paket i Sverige i en tid av ökad e-handel. Således för att bidra med kunskap kring hur skräddarsydda paketleveranser av drönare kan leda till ökad kundnöjdhet. För insamling av empirin tillämpas kvalitativ metod som genomfördes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju konsumenter för att få en inblick i konsumentens krav. Sedan har intervju med en kvalitets- och miljöchef från DHL gjorts för en inblick i hur distributionsföretag belyser dessa krav. Studiens resultat visade att konsumenterna har en nyfiken men skeptisk inställning mot leveransdrönare och att de i allt högre utsträckning förväntar sig en mer kundanpassad leverans. Andra krav som konsumenter ställer är snabba leveranser och stark förpackning. Samtidigt vill konsumenter undvika fysisk kontakt med drönare och väljer att få paket levererat till anvisad plats. Däremot finns inget större behov att betala mer för en drönarleverans trots de högre kraven på last mile leveranserna. / The rising e-commerce has placed great demands on last mile deliveries where deliveries to consumers have become increasingly important and are an important part of the shopping experience for the customer. Consumers' demands for service quality and delivery time have risen in connection with the increased e-commerce and demand for transport. In step with the ever-increasing e-commerce, new solutions are required to be able to deliver quickly, efficiently, sustainably and at a lower cost. Something that has been discussed in several places is autonomous delivery vehicles. An example of this is drones, which have not been tested to such an extent. The purpose of the study is to identify the demands that consumers place on delivery drones of parcels in Sweden in a time of increased e-commerce. Thus to contribute with knowledge about how customized deliveries by drones can lead to increased customer satisfaction. For collecting the empirical data, a qualitative method was applied that was conducted through semi-structured interviews with seven consumers to get an insight into the consumers requirements. Furthermore an interview was conducted with a quality- and environmental manager from DHL for an insight into how these requirements are highlighted. The results of the study showed that consumers have a curious but skeptical attitude towards delivery drones and that they expect a more customized delivery. Other requirements that consumers set are fast deliveries and strong packaging. At the same time, consumers want to avoid physical contact with drones and choose to have packages delivered to a specific location. However, there is no greater demand to pay more for a drone delivery despite the higher requirements for last-mile deliveries.

Drone technology has changed the way people work in construction and civil engineering activities. The aim of this report is to investigate how drones can and should be used in the best possible way. Autodesk ReCap Photo and Agisoft Metashape Professional are the two photogrammetry software programs that have been compared. The results show that Metashape can create more accurate maps and 3D models, but requires more powerful hardware to operate and takes longer time to learn. ReCap Photo is easier to handle but produces maps and 3D models that are slightly less accurate. Interviews have been conducted with experts, and they highlight that the EU regulations governing drone activity pose a great challenge for optimal usage of drones in construction and civil engineering. Assuming that drones are operated in a safe manner, they unlock significant potential gains with respect to environment, work environment and economy. Some of the most important areas of application are volumetric measurements of gravel, inspections in high altitude environments and regular mapping of construction sites. / Drönartekniken har förändrat arbetssätten i bygg- och anläggningsverksamhet. Denna rapport syftar till att undersöka hur drönare kan och bör användas på bästa sätt. Autodesk ReCap Photo och Agisoft Metashape Professional är de två fotogrammetriprogramvaror som har jämförts. Resultaten visar att Metashape kan skapa mer noggranna kartor och 3D-modeller, men kräver kraftigare hårdvara och tar längre tid att lära sig. ReCap Photo är mer lätthanterligt men ger inte lika noggranna kartor och 3D-modeller. Intervjuer med sakkunniga har genomförts, och av dessa framgår att de EU-gemensamma lagarna som reglerar drönarflygning utgör en stor utmaning för att kunna använda drönarna optimalt i bygg- och anläggningsverksamhet. Förutsatt att drönare flygs på ett säkert sätt, banar de vägen för stora potentiella vinster med avseende på miljö, arbetsmiljö och ekonomi. Några av de viktigaste användningsområdena är volymberäkning av grushögar, inspektioner på hög höjd och löpande kartering av byggarbetsplatser.

Suite à la « guerre contre le terrorisme », la frontière Canada-États-Unis est devenu de plus en plus un point focal de la sécurité. Les politiques et les innovations humaines et technologiques ont émergé comme une réponse des deux pays pour ramener la «guerre contre le terrorisme » chez. Un outil nouvellement adoptée, le véhicule aérien sans pilote (UAV) a la capacité d'avoir un impact profond sur l'efficacité et la conceptualisation de l’organisation et de la sécurité des frontières en Amérique du Nord. Cette recherche vise à comprendre les impacts de l'utilisation des UAV sur la conception, la pratique, et l’organisation de la sécurité conjoint de la frontière. L'analyse d’entretiens, de conférences et de documents nous a permis d'identifier des tendances de l'atténuation des risques, des nouvelles technologies et de la militarisation de la sécurité à la frontière, tout en décrivant en détail le programme de surveillance par UAV, ses avantages et ses défis. / In the wake of the “war on terror, ” the Canada-United States border has come to assume increased importance as a focal point of security. Policy, human and technological innovations have emerged as a response to both Canada and the United States agreeing to bring the “war on terror” home. A newly adopted tool, the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has the capacity to have a profound impact upon not only the effectiveness, but the conceptualisation of border security and its organization in North America. This thesis aims to understand how UAV border surveillance of the shared border affects the conceptions, practices and the organisation of joint Canada-U.S. border security efforts. After the analysis of interviews, conferences and literature, results allowed the researcher to identify trends involving risk mitigation, new technology and the militarization of border security, all-the-while describing in detail the UAV border surveillance program, its advantages and the challenges it faces.

The thesis analyses the legality of the use of drones in warfare based on the examination of three specific case studies. Firstly the use of armed drones in Afghanistan 2001 and 2002, then Pakistan drone strikes ongoing since 2004 and lastly the Yemen case study. A developed legal framework is used to assess the legality of the use of drones. Furthermore, it briefly touches upon the aspects of morality and ethics of the use of the unmanned aerial vehicles in combat.

Unmanned aircraft vehicles were primarily used for military purposes and are still used for them. Not only for this reason is their introduction for humanitarian aims disputable, raising various dilemmas. Supporters of humanitarian drones put emphasis on/emphasize their speed, security, data amount and the possible employment of new technology in extreme environments. Critics of humanitarian technologization stress the loss of neutrality and impartiality, politicization and militarization of humanitarian aid. Consensus does not even exist amongst academics in the field. Contemporary literature is primarily targeted on the controversy of dual-usage of UAVs and on potential technical advantages with emphasis on immediate assistance. The literature dealing with ethical issues of humanitarian drones in connection to humanitarian and development practice outside the conflict zone is almost absent, and only marginally or indirectly treats the issue. The aim of this paper is to analyse potential advantages and disadvantages of humanitarian drones' proliferation within the theoretical framework of The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations in Disaster Relief, which deals with basic dilemmas in humanitarian aid. This thesis does not...

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Studien handlade om att belysa hur UAV:s kan komma till nytta i meteorologisk forskning och att ta reda på hur bra drönare är på att mäta meteorologiska storheter. Drönare, som också kallas UAV:s (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) är mindre obemmanade luftfartyg som kan flyga autonomt eller fjärrstyras. Idag används drönare alltmer i meteorologi vilket beror mycket på den tekniska utvecklingen. Exempel på meteorologiska applikationer är mätning av vindhastighet och koncentrationen av koldioxid i luften som kan användas för att studera de lägsta atmosfäriska skikten. Storheter som mättes i detta projekt var vindhastighet, vindriktning, temperatur och relativ fuktighet på olika höjder. Mätningarna gjordes två gånger i en mätstation i Marsta, som ligger utanför Uppsala. Efteråt jämfördes datan från drönaren med data från en instrumenterad mast vid väderstationen. Resultaten visade att drönarens vindprofiler stämde ganska väl överens med mastens vindprofiler och den logaritmiska vindlagen. Under den första fältmätningen uppskattade drönaren att vindhastigheten var 8.13 ± 1.33 m/s vid hovring på tio meters höjd medan masten angav 8.41 ± 0.958 m/s. Drönarens mätvärden för vindriktningen var ibland bra och ibland mindre bra. Mätvärdena för temperaturen och den relativa fuktigheten avvek med upp mot 1 ◦C respektive 10 procentenheter. / The aim of this report was to study how UAV:s can be applied in meteorological research and find out how good drones are at measuring meteorological parameters. A drone, also known as an UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) is a smaller unmanned aircraft that can fly autonomously or under remote control. Today, drones are used more frequently in meteorology, mostly due to the recent technological development. Examples of meteorological applications include measurements of wind speed and the amount of carbon dioxide in the air which can be used to analyze the lower parts of the atmosphere. In this project, the wind speed and its direction, the temperature and the relative humidity were measured at different heights. The measurements took place twice in Marsta which is a field station outside Uppsala. Then, the data from the drone was compared to the data from a weather tower at the instrumented station. The results showed that the drone’s wind profiles were relatively similar to the profiles according to the tower and the logarithmic wind profiles. For instance, during the first flight the drone estimated the wind speed to be 8.13 ± 1.33 m/s while hovering ten metres above the ground. The tower measured 8.41 ± 0.958 m/s at the same height. The drone’s estimations of the wind direction were sometimes accurate and sometimes not accurate. The temperature and relative humidity however was different by 1 ◦C and ten percentage units respectively.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the history behind and the use of militarized drones in modern day conflicts, and to conclude whether the use of these machines, with special attention to the United States, is legal, ethical, and morally defensible. In achieving the aforementioned goals, shortcomings of current policy surrounding drone warfare will be highlighted, acting as the catalyst for a proposal for changes to be made to better suit legal, ethical, and moral considerations. The proposal of a policy to help us work with armed drones is due to the fact that this thesis acknowledges that armed drones, like guns, nuclear weapons, or any type of military technology, is here to stay and that once we acknowledge that fact, the most important step is to make sure we have the right tools to judge the conduct of conflict carried out using armed drones or other weapons that raise similar issues and questions.

The overall aim of this thesis is to look at some philosophical issues surrounding autonomous systems in society and war. These issues can be divided into three main categories. The first, discussed in papers I and II, concerns ethical issues surrounding the use of autonomous systems – where the focus in this thesis is on military robots. The second issue, discussed in paper III, concerns how to make sure that advanced robots behave ethically adequate. The third issue, discussed in papers IV and V, has to do with agency and responsibility. Another issue, somewhat aside from the philosophical, has to do with coping with future technologies, and developing methods for dealing with potentially disruptive technologies. This is discussed in papers VI and VII. Paper I systemizes some ethical issues surrounding the use of UAVs in war, with the laws of war as a backdrop. It is suggested that the laws of war are too wide and might be interpreted differently depending on which normative moral theory is used. Paper II is about future, more advanced autonomous robots, and whether the use of such robots can undermine the justification for killing in war. The suggestion is that this justification is substantially undermined if robots are used to replace humans to a high extent. Papers I and II both suggest revisions or additions to the laws or war. Paper III provides a discussion on one normative moral theory – ethics of care – connected to care robots. The aim is twofold: first, to provide a plausible and ethically relevant interpretation of the key term care in ethics of care, and second, to discuss whether ethics of care may be a suitable theory to implement in care robots. Paper IV discusses robots connected to agency and responsibility, with a focus on consciousness. The paper has a functionalistic approach, and it is suggested that robots should be considered agents if they can behave as if they are, in a moral Turing test. Paper V is also about robots and agency, but with a focus on free will. The main question is whether robots can have free will in the same sense as we consider humans to have free will when holding them responsible for their actions in a court of law. It is argued that autonomy with respect to norms is crucial for the agency of robots. Paper VI investigates the assessment of socially disruptive technological change. The coevolution of society and potentially disruptive technolgies makes decision-guidance on such technologies difficult. Four basic principles are proposed for such decision guidance, involving interdisciplinary and participatory elements. Paper VII applies the results from paper VI – and a workshop – to autonomous systems, a potentially disruptive technology. A method for dealing with potentially disruptive technolgies is developed in the paper. / <p>QC 20130911</p>