L’organisation biologique, du niveau moléculaire jusqu’au niveau des performances de l’organisme. La locomotion est une fonction neurophysiologique hautement intégrée illustrant un tel processus multi-échelle. Le déclin des performances de locomotion avec l’âge, comme la vitesse maximale, a été observé pour de nombreuses espèces, aussi bien en captivité qu’en milieu naturel. Cependant, ces descriptions restent souvent succinctes, sans précision sur la progression de ces performances au cours du vieillissement. Dans ces travaux, nous utilisons une équation bi-phasique pour décrire la relation entre performance de locomotion et âge sur l’ensemble de la durée de la vie pour Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus domesticus, Canis familiaris, Equus caballus et Homo sapiens. Les performances maximales de locomotion se révèlent être des bio-marqueurs robustes pour suivre la progression des performances sur l’ensemble de la durée de vie des animaux, permettant ainsi d’estimer le pic physiologique et le début du déclin des performances. De plus, dans tous les cas, nous remarquons que la forme de progression des performances maximales selon l’âge est similaire et conservée d’une espèce à l’autre ; seule varie la pente dans le temps, dépendant de l’espèce et la performance mesurée. L’observation des performances selon le genre ne montre pas de différence dans la forme de l’enveloppe. Néanmoins, elle révèle des écarts variables dans les performances maximales entre femelles et mâles selon les espèces. Enfin, les conditions thermiques affectent les performances maximales de locomotion, mais la forme de l’enveloppe reste aussi préservée. Nous avons ensuite étudié le développement et l’expansion de cette dynamique au cours du siècle dernier pour les performances athlétiques maximales d’Homo sapiens. Cette étude révèle que la forme s’est progressivement précisée au cours du temps en s’étendant à tous les âges et suivant homothétiquement la progression des records du monde. Néanmoins, la progression semble ralentir au cours des dernières décennies, laissant présager l’atteinte possible des limites biologiques d’Homo sapiens. Ces travaux offrent de nouvelles perspectives sur l’utilité des approches comparatives et l’utilisation d’un bio-marqueur comme les performances de locomotion pour suivre les dynamiques sur l’ensemble de la durée de vie à différentes échelles. Elles apportent aussi un regard novateur sur la progression des performances avec l’âge, en intégrant à la fois les processus de développement et de vieillissement, permettant ainsi de préciser les pics physiologiques et la forme des progressions des performances sur toute la durée de la vie. / Aging is a complex, multi-scale process that affects all levels of biological organization from molecular structure to individual behavior. Locomotion is a highly integrated neurophysiological function that illustrates this process. The functional decline in locomotion with age has been described in a wide-range of species, both domestic and wild, and appears as a common aspect of senescence among animals. However, in most cases these descriptions remain incomplete and the dynamics of age-related changes are poorly understood. Here, we use a conceptual feature to describe age-related changes in locomotor performances for Caenorhabditis elegans, Mus domesticus, Canis familiaris, Equus caballus and Homo sapiens. We show that measurements of locomotor performance are consistent biomarkers of age-related changes, with a well preserved pattern regardless of the type of effort or duration. We also show that age-related pattern for locomotor performance are modulated by gender and environment. Nevertheless, in every case, the pattern remains similar and very well preserved. The second part of this work introduces the concept of phenotypic expansion and focuses on the expansion of the age-related pattern for Homo sapiens during the last century. Since the first edition of modern Olympic Games in 1896, athletes have consistently improved previous records, echoing scientific and industrial progress. Their data constitute privileged and accurate biomarkers, as sport performances reflect highly integrated neuro-physiological traits based on complex multifactorial interactions. Following the progression of the world records, the age-related pattern expanded gradually during the 20th century. However, the last decades show a slow-down in the expansion, following again the recent asymptotic levelling off of world records, which no longer supports the historical motto “Citius, Altius, Fortius”. This work provides new insights about the utility of an age-based comparative approach to provide a thorough understanding of aging processes and also for gaining insights into aging at different levels of biological organization and in an evolutionary perspective.

This master thesis deals with the development of an expansive anchor material. This material is intended especially for the engineering and power industry where the operating conditions cause thermal stresses of the anchor. In order to meet the requirements for a firm and secure connection of the anchored part, it is necessary to achieve excellent physical-mechanical properties of the developed material such as high compressive strength, high tensile strength based on the base, and resistance to thermal stresses till 200 ° C. All of these processes must be achieved after the ageing of the cement material. Due to the current trend of modern materials that are environmentally friendly, the use of partial replacements for Portland cement is used as a substitute for a primary binder.

The thesis is devoted to the utilisation of expansion turbines in the thermal power stations and in the industry companies using gas pressure reduction for technology purposes. The theoretic part of this thesis deals with the technology equipment such as steam and gas turbines, generators and reduction stations. The special attention is given to the expansion turbines with regard to its dividing in two groups: for steam reduction and for gas reduction. The parctical part includes the preliminary and detailed calculation of the expansion turbin for parameters of reduction line for combustion turbines, the generator proposal and the possibility of power extraction. The economic part completes the thesis with the economic evaluation of investment efficiency.

Detta examensarbetes syfte var att undersöka möjligheter till förbättring av hantering av lagernivåer för Bygg Ole Saltsjö-Boo. En kombination av aspekter från både systemteknik och industriell ekonomi har använts. I rapporten applicerades Guaranteed Service-Level modellen baserad på historisk försäljning i kombination relevanta teorier om lagerkostnad. Rapporten var begränsad till att behandla utvalda produkter med hög omsättning från två utvalda leverantörer till Bygg Ole. Efterfrågan för alla produkter i rapporten utom en är icke säsongsberoende. Särskild hänsyn har dessutom tagits till servicenivå, kapitalkostnader och variation i efterfråga. Resultatet gav att en implementering av modellen skulle ge lägre lagernivåer och därmed lägre lagerkostnader. Slutsatsen från rapporten var att modellen skulle kunna implementeras, eventuellt med höga administrativa kostnader i början. Bygg Ole har också en möjlighet att använda ett ordersystem baserat på den matematiska GSL-modellen (Guaranteed Service-Level) i kombination med prognoser över efterfrågan producerade av försäljningsavdelningen på Bygg Ole. Detta skulle potentiellt kunna öka precisionen i lagerhanteringen. Den nuvarande lagerräntan är relativt lågt bestämd och därför minskas de beräknade besparingarna från implementering av modellen. Om lagerräntan skulle vara högre skulle den ekonomiska fördelen med implementeringen vara tydligare. Rekommendationen till Bygg Ole är att tillämpa den rekommenderade GSL-modellen i kombination med ett system för prognos över efterfrågan på några utvalda produkter och sedan utvärdera resultatet. / The aim of this thesis was to examine possible improvements in the inventory management and procedure of ordering at Bygg Ole Saltsjö-Boo. A combination of aspects from both Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering and Management has been used. In the report, a Guaranteed Service-Level model based on historical data of sales in combination with relevant theories about inventory carrying cost has been applied. The study was limited to specific chosen products with high sales from two selected suppliers of Bygg Ole. All these products in the study except one experienced low seasonal variety in demand. Furthermore special consideration was taken to service level, cost of capital and variability of demand. The result was that an implementation of the model would yield lower inventory levels and therefore lower carrying costs of inventory. The conclusion from the report was that the model could be implemented, although with possibly high administrative costs in the beginning. Bygg Ole also has a possibility of using an ordering system based on the mathematical GSL-model (Guaranteed Service-Level) in combination with forecasts of demand conducted by the sales department of Bygg Ole. This could potentially increase precision in the inventory management. The current inventory carrying charge is compounded relatively low and therefore decreases the calculated savings from implementing the model. If the carrying charge would be higher, the benefits of implementation would be more evident. The recommendation for Bygg Ole is to apply the recommended GSL-model in combination with a demand forecast planning system on a few selected products and then evaluate the result.

Förr i tiden, ångturbiner har främst använts för baskraft operation. Numera med den ökade utvecklingen av varierande förnyelsbara är samma ångturbiner motstå högre cykliska operativa system med mer frekvent uppstarter och snabbt föränderliga laster. Som sådan, förbättra den operativa flexibiliteten hos installerade och framtida utformad ångturbiner är en viktig aspekt för att övervägas av utrustning. Ångturbin uppstart är en intressant fas eftersom anses vara den mest intrikata av transienter. Under denna fas kan maskinen potentiellt utsättas för omåttlig termiska spänningar och axiella gnugga på grund av differentiell termisk expansion. Dessa två termiska fenomen antingen konsumera komponent livstid eller kan leda till maskinhaveri om inte kontrolleras noggrant. Som sådan, det finns en balans som skall beaktas mellan ökande turbin uppstart hastighet samtidigt som säker drift och livslängd bevarande av dessa maskiner. För att förbättra den transienta operationer av ångturbiner, blir det viktigt att undersöka deras termiska beteende under uppstarter. För att göra detta, är det viktigt att ha verktyg som kan förutäga den termiska responsen hos maskinen. I denna avhandling fungerar effekterna av olika aspekter och randvillkor om resultaten av ST3M, en KTH internt verktyg, undersöktes med syfte att förstå hur stor blev deras inverkan på sättet att fånga den termiska beteendet hos turbinen i termer av metalltemperatur och differentiell expansion. En industriell högtrycksturbinen validerades mot uppmätta data och genomförs på en känslighetsanalys; denna analys visade att den geometriska approximation införa fel i resultaten, att användningen av empiriska Nusselt korrelationer ge liknande resultat som den validerade modellen och att håligheten antaganden har en stor inverkan på utvecklingen av expansionsskillnaden. Slutligen har en strategi för att validera någon annan liknande turbin till en av studien fallet föreslås för att ge en vägledning för framtida arbeten i hur att validera en modell och vilka är de mest inflytelserika parametrar att ta hand om. / In the past, steam turbines were mostly used for base load operation. Nowadays, with the increased development of variable renewable technologies, these same steam turbines are withstanding higher cyclic operational regimes with more frequent start-ups and fast changing loads. As such, improving the operational flexibility of installed and future designed steam turbines is a key aspect to be considered by equipment manufacturers. Steam turbine start-up is a phase of particular interest since is considered to be the most intricate of transient operations. During this phase, the machine can potentially be subjected to excessive thermal stresses and axial rubbing due to differential thermal expansion. These two thermal phenomena either consume component lifetime or can lead to machine failure if not carefully controlled. As such, there is a balance to be considered between increasing turbine start-up speed while ensuring the safe operation and life preservation of these machines. In order to improve the transient operation of steam turbines, it becomes important to examine their thermal behavior during start-up operation. To do that, it is important to have tools able to predict the thermal response of the machine. In this thesis work the impact of different aspects and boundary conditions on the results of ST3M, a KTH in-house tool, were investigated with the aim of understanding how large was their impact on the way to capture the thermal behavior of the turbine in terms of metal temperature and differential expansion. A small industrial high pressure turbine was validated against measured data and implemented on a sensitivity study; this analysis showed that the geometrical approximation introduce errors in the results, that the use of empirical Nusselt correlations give similar results to the validated model and that the cavity assumptions have a large impact on the trend of the differential expansion. Lastly, a strategy to validate any other similar turbine to the one of the study case was proposed in order to give a guide to future works in how to validate a model and what are the most influent parameters to take care of.

L'objectif de la thèse a été d'explorer différentes voies de dispersion de charges graphitiques dans des élastomères de type polyisoprène dans le but d'améliorer les propriétés mécaniques et barrière. Pour augmenter les interactions entre le graphite et l'élastomère et donc diminuer les interactions entre charges, les charges graphitiques ont été modifiées chimiquement. Le graphite a été préalablement oxydé pour obtenir du graphite oxydé (GO) contenant des groupements époxyde, hydroxyle et acide carboxylique, susceptibles de servir comme sites d'ancrage de molécules et de chaînes polymères. Afin d'améliorer la compatibilité du GO avec la matrice polyisoprène, des amines et des alkoxysilanes ainsi que des chaînes polyisoprène ont été greffées sur le GO. Des taux de greffage variant de 4 à 50 % en poids ont été obtenus selon la technique de fonctionnalisation utilisée. Une expansion thermique du GO a aussi été étudiée et a conduit à la formation d'une structure graphitique poreuse. Des composites polyisoprène contenant 15 pce de ces charges graphitiques modifiées ont ensuite été préparés et ont montré une diminution de la perméabilité à l'air (-70 % pour les composites graphite traité thermiquement, par rapport à ceux chargés uniquement en noir de carbone) ainsi qu'une amélioration des propriétés mécaniques. Enfin, l'utilisation de liquides ioniques comme agents dispersants a été étudiée. Des composites caoutchouc-graphite avec 1 % en poids de liquides ioniques ont montré un renforcement plus élevé (+ 25 % pour la contrainte à 300 % d'élongation) tout en conservant un allongement à la rupture similaire par rapport à des composites contenant uniquement du noir de carbone / The aim of this study was the investigation of various dispersion methods for graphite-based fillers in elastomers such as polyisoprene, to enhance mechanical and barrier properties. To increase graphite-rubber interactions and so decrease filler-filler aggregation, graphite-based fillers have been chemically modified. Graphite was previously oxidized into graphite oxide (GO), bearing epoxide, hydroxyl and carboxylic acid groups, which could further act as anchor sites for molecules and polymer chains. To increase the compatibility between GO and the polymeric matrix, amines and alkoxysilanes, as well as polymer chains, were grafted on GO. Grafting contents between 4-50 wt% were obtained, depending on the functionalization technique which was used. A thermal modification path of GO was also investigated and led to the formation of porous graphite structure. Polyisoprene composites containing 15 phr of these graphite-based fillers were prepared and showed decreased air permeability (-70 % for composites containing thermally-treated graphite filler, as compared to those containing carbon black only) as well as enhanced tensile properties. Finally, the use of ionic liquids as dispersing agents was investigated. Natural rubber – graphite composites with 1 wt% of ionic liquid displayed enhanced reinforcement (+ 25 % for the stress at 300 % strain) while maintaining similar strain at break to composites containing carbon black only

This dissertation presents a self-contained study of periodically-driven quantum systems. Following a brief introduction to Floquet theory, we introduce the inverse-frequency expansion, variants of which include the Floquet-Magnus, van Vleck, and Brillouin-Wigner expansions. We reveal that the convergence properties of these expansions depend strongly on the rotating frame chosen, and relate the former to the existence of Floquet resonances in the quasienergy spectrum. The theoretical design and experimental realisation (`engineering') of novel Floquet Hamiltonians is discussed introducing three universal high-frequency limits for systems comprising single-particle and many-body linear and nonlinear models. The celebrated Schrieffer-Wolff transformation for strongly-correlated quantum systems is generalised to periodically-driven systems, and a systematic approach to calculate higher-order corrections to the Rotating Wave Approximation is presented. Next, we develop Floquet adiabatic perturbation theory from first principles, and discuss extensively the adiabatic state preparation and the corresponding leading-order non-adiabatic corrections. Special emphasis is thereby put on geometrical and topological objects, such as the Floquet Berry curvature and the Floquet Chern number obtained within linear response in the presence of the drive. Last, pre-thermalisation and thermalisation in closed, clean periodically-driven quantum systems are studied in detail, with the focus put on the crucial role of Floquet many-body resonances for energy absorption.

Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka och skapa förståelse om hur första linjens cheferresonerar kring sitt ledarskap när organisationen genomgår en expansion. Metod: En studie som beskriver ledarskapet uppfattas ur ett chefsperspektiv genomförd medabduktiv ansats som utgångspunkt, vidare med semistrukturerade intervjuer där treplutonchefer från Luftvärnsregementet i Halmstad har varit delaktiga. Slutsats: Studien har visat att första linjens chef tillämpar och prioriterar relationsbygge i sittledarskap när organisationen genomgår en expansion. Detta görs genom att entusiasmera,skapa personkännedom, bygga tillit till medarbetarnas lösande av arbetsuppgifter samt attporträttera sig och agera som förebild. Stora delar av första linjens chefers agerande ochresonerande kan associeras med teorin om det transformativa ledarskapet. Följaktligenupplever första linjens chefer att de för närvarande har en hög arbetsbelastning som förefallervara en följd av expansionen. En av anledningarna kan vara den upplevelse av bristanderesurser i organisationen som finns. Det konstateras att första linjens chefer har en stor viljaatt lösa de arbetsuppgifter som de tilldelas och sätter organisationens intressen före sina egna.På så vis tar de sig igenom en upplevd ansträngd tid i organisationen. / Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate and create understanding how first linemanagers reflect on their leadership when the organization goes through an expansion. Method: A study that describes the perception of leadership from a supervisor perspectivecarried out with an abductive approach. Moreover semi structured interviews were done withthree platoon commanders from the Air Defence Regiment in Halmstad. Conclusion: The study has shown that first line managers apply and prioritizerelationship-building in their leadership when the organization goes through an expansion.Their way of acting is creating enthusiasm, making room for a more personal relationship andgiving trust to team members' ability to solve assignments. First line managers lead byexample and aim to act as role models. Their leadership style resembles transformativeleadership in both reasoning and acting. The first line managers currently experience a heavyworkload that they associate with the organizational expansion. According to theirperception, the reason for this is a lack of resources in the organization. It can further beconcluded that first line managers have strong will to solve their assignments and put theorganizations interest ahead of their own. This is how they carry out their work andleadership during a perceived tough period in the organization.

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia. There are currently over 460 million people living with diabetes and the incidence rate for the most common types is sharply on the rise. The hyperglycaemia and subsequently the majority of diabetic side-effects can be cured by ß-cell transplantation. There is a severe lack of donor tissue for clinical transplantations, hence ß cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer an attractive option for obtaining the necessary cells for a ß-cell therapy. The current ß-cell differentiation protocols are lengthy, expensive and relatively inefficient. Therefore, it remains unrealistic to scale up production to obtain the necessary 1 billion cells per patient to achieve normoglycaemia. The exponential expansion of an intermediate pancreatic progenitor (PP) population would allow for significant reduction of the cost and time necessary for the production of ß-cells in vitro and, more importantly, it would allow to relatively easily obtain the number of cells necessary for clinical applications. Thus far, the reproducible expansion of suitable hPSC-derived PPs in a chemically-defined, feeder-free culture condition has not been reported. Our lab has found that a previously reported medium suitable for the temporary expansion of reprogrammed fibroblast-derived PPs could occasionally, in 20% of the cases, mediate expansion of PSC derived PPs. To elucidate the requirements for reproducible expansion, I analysed transcriptomic data from PSC-derived PPs before and following expansion. Several regulated signalling pathways were identified and from these data, I formulated nine candidate expansion conditions (C0-C8) to test. Five of these conditions were able to reproducibly expand hPSC-derived PPs. Of those five conditions, C6 was found to mediate the fastest expansion with a doubling time of 2.2 days, maintained a stable expression of the crucial bipotent trunk progenitor transcription factor (TF) markers PDX1, NKX6.1, SOX9 and FOXA2 and minimized the expression of the hepatic and intestinal markers AFP and CDX2. The C6 expanded PPs were able to further differentiate into pancreatic endocrine progenitors (PEPs) in three-dimensional (3-D) islet-sized clusters formed in micropatterned wells. Micropatterned wells offer the additional advantage of size-controlled, uniform clusters and low culture volumes compared to suspension culture bioreactors proposed for the large-scale production of such clusters, but the use of micropatterned wells has not been reported for such an application thus far. These PEPs showed strong upregulation of the crucial endocrine specific TF NGN3 and around 90% were positive for NEUROD1, a downstream effector of NGN3, as determined by flow cytometry analysis. The PEPs were subsequently differentiated into insulin (INS)-producing ß-cells at around 20% efficiency. The ß-cells were also strongly expressing functionality genes such as zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8), glucokinase (GCK), prohormone convertase 1/3 (PC1/3) and sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1, a subunit of KATP channel) and around 10% of them were expressing the crucial maturation marker MAFA, as determined by flow cytometry analysis of ß-cells derived from the H1INS1-GFP/MAFA-mCHERRY double reporter line generated in the lab. In summary, I have established a feeder-free, chemically defined and ‘good manufacturing practice’ (GMP)-compatible culture condition for the exponential expansion of hPSC-derived PPs that allows for the production of ß-cells at a fraction of the cost of conventional differentiation protocols. Ongoing work is being done to further optimise the expansion conditions to completely eliminate hepatic and intestinal markers and to optimise the subsequent differentiation steps in micropatterned wells to achieve a high-efficiency differentiation towards functional ß-cells. / Diabetes Mellitus ist eine Gruppe metabolischer Krankheiten, die sich durch chronische Hyperglykämie charakterisiert. Es gibt zurzeit über 460 Millionen Menschen, die mit Diabetes leben und die Inzidenzrate der häufigsten Formen steigt dramatisch. Die Hyperglykämie und die Mehrheit der daraus resultierenden diabetischen Begleiterscheinungen können durch ß Zell Transplantation geheilt werden. Da es einen enormen Gewebespendermangel für klinische Transplantationen gibt, bieten von humanen pluripotenten Stammzellen (hPSCs) stammende ß Zellen eine attraktive Option, um die notwendigen Zellen für eine ß Zell Therapie zu erhalten. Die momentanen ß Zell Differenzierungsprotokolle sind langwierig, teuer und relativ ineffizient. Deshalb bleibt eine Produktionsvergrößerung zur Gewinnung der notwenigen 1 Milliarde Zellen pro Patient zum Erreichen einer Normoglykämie unrealistisch. Die exponentielle Expansion einer intermediären pankreatischen Vorläuferpopulation (PP) würde eine signifikante Kosten und Zeitreduktion zur Produktion von ß Zellen in vitro erlauben und, noch wichtiger, würde relativ einfach ermöglichen, die notwendigen Zellzahlen für klinische Anwendungen zu erzielen. Bisher wurde von einer reproduzierbaren Expansion geeigneter, von hPSC stammenden PPs in einer chemisch definierten Zellkulturbedingung, die frei von Feeder Zellen ist, nicht berichtet. Unser Labor fand heraus, dass ein im Vorfeld veröffentlichtes Medium, welches für die vorrübergehende Expansion von reprogrammierten, von Fibroblasten stammenden PPs geeignet ist, in 20% der Fälle die Expansion von aus hPSC gewonnenen PPs herbeiführen konnte. Um die Anforderungen für eine reproduzierbare Expansion zu eruieren, analysierte ich transkriptomische Daten von aus PSC gewonnenen PPs vor und nach erfolgter Expansion. Mehrere regulierte Signalwege wurden identifiziert und von diesen Daten formulierte ich neun zu testende Kandidatenexpansionsbedingungen (C0-C8). Fünf dieser Bedingungen ermöglichten es von PSC stammende PPs reproduzierbar zu expandieren. Von diesen fünf Bedingungen war C6 die, welche die schnellste Expansion mit einer Dopplungszeit von 2.2 Tagen herbeiführte, eine stabile Expression der essenziellen Marker von bipotenten Stammvorläuferzellen, PDX1, NKX6.1, SOX9 und FOXA2, aufrechterhielt und die Expression von den hepatischen und intestinalen Markern AFP und CDX2 minimierte. Den C6 expandierten PPs war es möglich, sich in pankreatisch endokrine Vorläufer (PEP) in dreidimensionalen (3 D), inselgroßen Kluster, welche in mikrogemusterten Wells geformt wurden, zu differenzieren. Mikrogemusterte Wells bieten den zusätzlichen Vorteil von größenkontrollierten, uniformen Kluster und niedrigen Kulturvolumina im Vergleich zu Suspensionskulturbioreaktoren, welche für die Großmengenproduktion solcher Kluster vorgeschlagen wurden. Jedoch wurde bisher über die Benutzung von mikrogemusterten Wells für solch eine Anwendung nicht berichtet. Diese PEPs zeigten eine starke Hochregulation des essenziellen, endokrin spezifischen Transkriptionsfaktors (TF) NGN3 und 90% waren positiv für NEUROD1, einem nachgelagerten Effektor von NGN3, was anhand der Analyse der Durchflusszytometrie bestimmt wurde. Darauffolgend wurden die PEPs mit einer Effizienz von etwa 20% in Insulin (INS) produzierende ß Zellen differenziert. Diese ß Zellen zeigten ebenfalls eine starke Expression von Funktionalitätsgenen wie ZnT8, GCK, PC1/3 und SUR1 und etwa 10% von ihnen exprimierten den essenziellen Maturationsmarker MAFA, wie es mittels Analyse der Durchflusszytometrie von aus einer INS-GFP/MAFA-mCHERRY Doppelreporterlinie gewonnenen ß Zellen bestimmt wurde. Zusammenfassend habe ich eine Kulturbedingung für die exponentielle Expansion von aus hPSC gewonnenen PPs etabliert, die frei von Feeder Zellen, chemisch definiert und kompatibel mit der Guten Herstellungspraxis ist, welche die Produktion von ß Zellen zu einem Bruchteil der Kosten konventioneller Differenzierungsprotokollen ermöglicht. Es wird weiterhin daran gearbeitet, die Expansionsbedingungen zu optimieren, um die hepatischen und intestinalen Marker komplett zu eliminieren und die darauffolgenden Differenziationsschritte in mikrogemusterten Wells zu verbessern, um letztendlich eine hocheffiziente Differenzierung zu funktionellen ß-Zellen zu erreichen.

This thesis will focus on a major Swedish city, Karlstad. The study uses a combined method consisting of a content analysis and semi-structured interviews. The qualitative content analysis is based on categorizing ongoing detailed plans for housing development in Karlstad. The respondents in the semi-structured interviews consist of people active in real estate development in Karlstad, the current chairman of the urban planning committee in Karlstad, and another politician with experience of urban planning. The purpose of the thesis is to investigate the development pattern in the housing sector in a Swedish city. This in connection with investigating how the cooperation between local actors works regarding housing development. In the next step, the purpose is operationalized by studying Karlstad as a case. The section on previous research presents relevant research on the topic of development in the housing sector. The theory chapter provides the theoretical framework for the study. A theoretical model regarding how development is achieved in the housing sector is central, the model summarizes various factors that contribute to achieving development. The results section presents the respondents' experience of how housing planning looks like in Karlstad and how cooperation works between different local actors. How Karlstad is growing with a focus on both densification and expansion in the city is central to the empirical data. A central part of the empirical data is that there is a picture of differing opinions on how cooperation looks between different local actors. One conclusion reached is that Karlstad works for an inclusive and varied densification while the city is expanding. Another conclusion that can be reached is that sustainability thinking in terms of social, economic and ecological aspects is to some extent guiding contemporary housing planning but will become even more important in the future. The main research question relevant to this thesis is: What is the pattern of development in the housing sector in Karlstad? / I denna uppsats är en svensk större stad i fokus, Karlstad. I studien används en kombinerad metod som består av en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och semistrukturerade intervjuer. Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen utgår från att kategorisera pågående detaljplaner gällande bostadsutveckling i Karlstad. Respondenterna i de semistrukturerade intervjuerna utgörs av tre personer verksamma inom fastighetsutveckling i Karlstad. Dessutom har den nuvarande ordförande för stadsbyggnadsnämnden i Karlstad och en annan politiskt aktiv person med erfarenhet från stadsbyggnad intervjuats. Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka exploateringsmönstret i bostadssektorn i en större svensk stad. Detta i samband med att undersöka hur samarbetet mellan lokala aktörer fungerar gällande bostadsutveckling. I nästa led operationaliseras syftet genom att studera Karlstad som fall. I avsnittet gällande tidigare forskning presenteras relevant forskning kring ämnet exploatering. Teorikapitlet utgör det teoretiska ramverket för studien. En teoretisk modell gällande hur en exploatering nås är central och modellen sammanfattar olika faktorer som möjliggör exploatering av bostäder. I resultatdelen presenteras respondenternas upplevelse av hur bostadsplaneringen ser ut i Karlstad och hur samarbetet fungerar mellan olika aktörer. Hur Karlstad växer med fokus på att det både sker en förtätning i staden och en expansion av staden är centralt i empirin. En central del i empirin är att det finns en bild av att det finns åsikter som skiljer sig åt kring hur samarbetet ser ut mellan olika lokala aktörer. En slutsats som nås är att Karlstad verkar för en inkluderande och varierande förtätning samtidigt som staden expanderar. En annan slutsats som går att nå är att hållbarhetstänket ur sociala, ekonomiska och ekologiska aspekter är till viss del vägledande i nutida bostadsplanering men kommer i framtiden att bli ännu viktigare. Den huvudsakliga forskningsfrågan som är aktuell i detta uppsatsskrivande är: Hur ser mönstret av exploatering ut i bostadssektorn i Karlstad?