As cooperativas de crédito são instituições financeiras que têm como finalidade principal a prestação de serviços bancários e de intermediação financeira voltando-se para a geração de benefícios ao cooperado, através de benefícios econômicos encontrados sob a forma cooperativada. Considerando o objetivo destas organizações, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência das mesmas considerando duas vertentes: 1) a atividade de intermediação financeira; e 2) a atividade de prestação de serviços bancários, a partir de variáveis contábeis. A técnica utilizada para a avaliação da eficiência foi a Análise Envoltória de Dados e foram analisados os determinantes da eficiência por meio de regressões do tipo Tobit. A amostra é composta por 315 cooperativas singulares listadas na base de dados do Banco Central do Brasil e foram utilizados os dados dos balancetes anuais e semestrais (soma dos semestres para as contas de resultado de cada ano) apresentados para período de 2007 a 2014. Os resultados indicaram baixa eficiência das cooperativas na prestação de serviços bancários, com 73% da amostra apresentando ineficiência ao longo de todos os anos do período em análise. Na atividade de intermediação financeira 20 cooperativas foram eficientes ao longo do período completo, com as demais apresentando graus de ineficiência abaixo de 16% em todos os anos. Quanto aos determinantes da eficiência, verificou-se como principais fatores na atividade de intermediação financeira a Imobilização, a Insolvência, o Descasamento Passivo e as Despesas Administrativas, enquanto na atividade de prestação de serviços os principais determinantes foram a Captação por Floating e as Despesas Administrativas. Os resultados da eficiência na intermediação financeira indicaram baixos graus de ineficiência, enquanto os altos graus de ineficiência na prestação de serviços bancários alertaram para a pouca importância dada ao fornecimentos destes serviços e para a importância de se utilizar dois modelos distintos para a avaliação da eficiência em cooperativas de crédito, dado o comportamento desvinculado entre as duas atividades avaliadas. / Credit unions are financial institutions whose main purpose is the provision of banking and financial intermediation turning to the generation of benefits to the cooperative through economic benefits found in the cooperative form. Considering the purpose of these organizations, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of these organizations considering two aspects: 1) the financial intermediation activity and 2) the activity of banking services. For this aim it was used accounting variables. The technique used for the assessment of efficiency was the Data Envelopment Analysis and the determinants of efficiency were analyzed using Tobit regressions. The sample is composed of 315 individual cooperatives listed in the Central Bank\'s database of Brazil and it was used the data of the annual and semi-annual balance sheets (sum of semesters for the result accounts of each year) presented for the period 2007 to 2014. The results indicated low efficiency of cooperatives in providing banking services, with 73% of the sample showing inefficiency over each year of the period. In the financial intermediation activity 20 cooperatives were effective over the entire period, and the other cooperatives presented degrees of inefficiency below 16% in every year of the period. As the determinants of efficiency, it was as key determinants in financial intermediation activity: the immobilization, the insolvency, the mismatch liabilities and the administrative expenses, while in activity of providing services the main determinants were the capture by floating and the administrative expenses. The results of efficiency in financial intermediation were considered satisfactory, but the high degree of inefficiency in the provision of banking services warned of the low priority given to the provision of such services and the importance of using two different models for the assessment of efficiency in credit cooperatives, given the unlinked behavior between the two activities evaluated.

As cooperativas de crédito são instituições financeiras que têm como finalidade principal a prestação de serviços bancários e de intermediação financeira voltando-se para a geração de benefícios ao cooperado, através de benefícios econômicos encontrados sob a forma cooperativada. Considerando o objetivo destas organizações, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a eficiência das mesmas considerando duas vertentes: 1) a atividade de intermediação financeira; e 2) a atividade de prestação de serviços bancários, a partir de variáveis contábeis. A técnica utilizada para a avaliação da eficiência foi a Análise Envoltória de Dados e foram analisados os determinantes da eficiência por meio de regressões do tipo Tobit. A amostra é composta por 315 cooperativas singulares listadas na base de dados do Banco Central do Brasil e foram utilizados os dados dos balancetes anuais e semestrais (soma dos semestres para as contas de resultado de cada ano) apresentados para período de 2007 a 2014. Os resultados indicaram baixa eficiência das cooperativas na prestação de serviços bancários, com 73% da amostra apresentando ineficiência ao longo de todos os anos do período em análise. Na atividade de intermediação financeira 20 cooperativas foram eficientes ao longo do período completo, com as demais apresentando graus de ineficiência abaixo de 16% em todos os anos. Quanto aos determinantes da eficiência, verificou-se como principais fatores na atividade de intermediação financeira a Imobilização, a Insolvência, o Descasamento Passivo e as Despesas Administrativas, enquanto na atividade de prestação de serviços os principais determinantes foram a Captação por Floating e as Despesas Administrativas. Os resultados da eficiência na intermediação financeira indicaram baixos graus de ineficiência, enquanto os altos graus de ineficiência na prestação de serviços bancários alertaram para a pouca importância dada ao fornecimentos destes serviços e para a importância de se utilizar dois modelos distintos para a avaliação da eficiência em cooperativas de crédito, dado o comportamento desvinculado entre as duas atividades avaliadas. / Credit unions are financial institutions whose main purpose is the provision of banking and financial intermediation turning to the generation of benefits to the cooperative through economic benefits found in the cooperative form. Considering the purpose of these organizations, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of these organizations considering two aspects: 1) the financial intermediation activity and 2) the activity of banking services. For this aim it was used accounting variables. The technique used for the assessment of efficiency was the Data Envelopment Analysis and the determinants of efficiency were analyzed using Tobit regressions. The sample is composed of 315 individual cooperatives listed in the Central Bank\'s database of Brazil and it was used the data of the annual and semi-annual balance sheets (sum of semesters for the result accounts of each year) presented for the period 2007 to 2014. The results indicated low efficiency of cooperatives in providing banking services, with 73% of the sample showing inefficiency over each year of the period. In the financial intermediation activity 20 cooperatives were effective over the entire period, and the other cooperatives presented degrees of inefficiency below 16% in every year of the period. As the determinants of efficiency, it was as key determinants in financial intermediation activity: the immobilization, the insolvency, the mismatch liabilities and the administrative expenses, while in activity of providing services the main determinants were the capture by floating and the administrative expenses. The results of efficiency in financial intermediation were considered satisfactory, but the high degree of inefficiency in the provision of banking services warned of the low priority given to the provision of such services and the importance of using two different models for the assessment of efficiency in credit cooperatives, given the unlinked behavior between the two activities evaluated.

本論文著眼於「無法在任意時點，利用不同經濟個體進行避險」的總體衝擊， 以「經濟個體的終生消費流量平滑化」為目標貫穿全文，探討金融中介活動所扮演的角色。全文包含兩部分。 第一部分，假設經濟體系的風險性資產總量固定且產出每期波動，是總體衝擊的來源。本文認為金融中介在累積利潤的同時，也建立了為經濟個體提供總體衝擊緩衝機制的能力；中介的利潤空間、獨占力量及契約內容共同影響總體風險分攤的運作。而金融中介與直接金融交易二者的風險分攤功能彼此互補，並非相互競爭。此外，政府應適當規範金融中介的市場結構，避免金融中介擁有過大或不足的獨占力量，進而引導中介提供福利水準較高的金融契約。 第二部分，進一步考慮將資源投入安全性與風險性生產技術的投資決策。本文認為在「經濟個體面臨個別流動性風險、且缺乏流動性的長期生產技術屬於風險性投資」的情況下，跨世代金融中介可以利用股權形式的金融契約，吸引每期新世代經濟個體參與，使當期既存中年世代參與者的風險配置效率藉由新存款的挹注而獲得改善、減緩產出波動與個人流動性需求不確定對經濟個體終生消費配置的衝擊。新世代經濟個體參與跨代中介機制不僅可與中年世代共享經濟繁榮的好處，提升事前期望效用；並且亦延續中介既有的經營策略，繼續從事跨世代金融中介業務。

[pt] Nesta pesquisa documenta-se um novo canal de contágio internacional. Estuda-se o mercado de dívida soberana de Londres no período pré-1914, no qual, dada a ausência de agências internacionais de monitoramento e altos custos de coleta de informação, a intermediação financeira representou um papel importante na transmissão de informações aos investidores. A partir da análise de dois eventos de crise financeira - o Funding Loan brasileiro em 1898 e o Funding loan grego em 1893 - mostra-se que os preços de títulos públicos de países sem ligações econômicas com os países em que as crises se originaram, mas que mantinham relacionamento com os mesmos intermediários financeiros, sofreram uma significante redução relativa logo após a ciência dos investidores sobre as crises. Este resultado sugere que os investidores extraíram informação sobre a qualidade do crédito dos países com base na existência de relações credorintermediário financeiro. Este spillover é, em essência, informativo e não derivado de fundamentos econômicos em comum ou regras de realinhamento de portfólio. / [en] In this research I document a novel type of international financial contagion, whose driving force is shared financial intermediary. I study the London peripheral sovereign debt market the pre-1914 period, in which, given the absence of international monitoring agencies and substantial agency costs, financial intermediation played a major informational role to investors. Analyzing two events of financial distress - the Brazilian Funding Loan of 1898 and the Greek Funding Loan of 1893 - I find that the bond prices of countries with no meaningful commercial relations with the distressed countries, but which shared the same financial intermediary, suffered a reduction relative to the rest of the market just after the market learned about the crises, evidencing that investor were extracting information about the soundness of a debtor based on the financial intermediate which vouched the issued. This spillover is informational in essence, and arises as the flip-side of the relational lending coin: the same reason which explains why relational finance (in this case, underwriting) helps alleviate informational and incentive problems also produce contagion.

Cette thèse approfondit les distorsions et frictions créant la mauvaise allocation du capital dans les pays émergents, c’est à dire une accumulation de capital hétérogène entre secteurs privé et public, une épargne excessive (des ménages et des entreprises), et le ralentissement de l’investissement dans certains secteurs. Le premier chapitre montre, à travers un modèle dynamique d’équilibre général comprenant différents types d’entreprises, que dans l’économie Chinoise, l’allocation de l’épargne des ménages vers les entreprises publiques (SOEs) par le système bancaire a une portée à la fois domestique et internationale. Tout d’abord, elle permet d’expliquer en grande partie la configuration des flux de capitaux en Chine : malgré la forte croissance de sa productivité globale des facteurs, la Chine observe une forte accumulation de réserves de change tandis que l’entrée d’ Investissements Directs Etrangers (IDE) est importante. En outre, en canalisant l’épargne des ménages vers les SOEs, cette allocation du capital explique également, dans ce modèle, la chute de la consommation (qui est un problème actuel majeur de la transition Chinoise). Des frictions supplémentaires sont introduites dans le modèle, comme la privatisation, l’expropriation du capital, l’aléa moral et les contrôles de capitaux, jouant également un rôle significatif dans l’apparition des déséquilibres de l’économie Chinoise. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur la distorsion ayant joué un rôle clé dans la mauvaise allocation du capital de l’économie Chinoise, le biais de crédit en faveur des SOEs, et étend son analyse aux autres pays émergents en se focalisant sur les entrées d’IDE. L’étude est empirique avec des approches globale et sectorielle, s’appuyant sur différentes méthodologies appliquées à deux échantillons de pays émergents. L’augmentation de la distribution de crédit aux SOEs, au détriment des entreprises privées, ralentit l’augmentation des entrées d’IDE, spécifiquement dans les secteurs manufacturiers. En effet, ces derniers ont une dépendance aux financements externes élevée et la part d’entreprises privées est plus importante que dans les secteurs tertiaires. Afin de corriger les déséquilibres de l’économie Chinoise analysés dans le cadre théorique du premier chapitre, le troisième chapitre propose un système fiscal constitué de taxes hétérogènes entre les différents types d’entreprises en Chine (SOEs, firmes privées domestiques et étrangères), ainsi que de taxes sur les revenus des ménages et sur les remboursements de crédits. Les réformes visent la diminution du surinvestissement de la plupart des entreprises, une plus forte consommation, et la maximisation du bien-être. Certaines réformes imposent des taxes plus élevées dans les entreprises publiques, permettant notamment une réallocation de la force de travail vers les entreprises privées domestiques et étrangères. De plus, l’ajustement des coûts des facteurs de production (travail et capital) entre les secteurs privé et public, et entre les entreprises domestiques et étrangères, est parfois nécessaire pendant les réformes appliquées dans ce modèle. Ces réformes pour la hausse de la consommation et la baisse de l’investissement apportent aux ménages des bénéfices en terme de bien-être, et le rééquilibrage de la demande intérieure ne requiert pas nécessairement d’ajustement de la position financière extérieure. Enfin, la thèse se termine par une extension du modèle précédent, avec des rigidités nominales et des taxes sur la consommation de biens étrangers et domestiques appliquées pendant les réformes ciblant une hausse de la consommation. / This thesis deepens the distortions and frictions creating the misallocation of capital in emerging economies, that is, an heterogeneous capital accumulation between private and public sectors, excessive savings rates (both household and corporate), and the slowdown of investment in certain sectors.The first chapter shows, through a dynamic general equilibrium model comprising various types of firms, that in the Chinese economy, the allocation of household savings to State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) by the banking system has domestic and international consequences.First, this allocation explains to a large extent the configuration of capital flows in China: despite its high total factor productivity growth, China observes an accumulation of foreign reserves while inward Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) are massive. Moreover, by channeling household savings toward SOEs, this allocation of capital also explains, in the model, the drop in consumption (which is a current major issue of the Chinese transition). Additional frictions are introduced in the model, such as privatization, capital expropriation, moral hazard and capital controls, which have a significant effect on the emergence of the Chinese economy’s imbalances.The second chapter focuses on the key distortion at the origin of the capital misallocation in the Chinese economy, the credit bias in favor of SOEs, and extends the study to the other emerging economies by analyzing the effect on inward FDI. The work is empirical, with global and sectoral approaches, relying on different methodologies applied to two samples of emerging economies. The increase in credit distribution to SOEs, to the detriment of private firms, slows the increase in inward FDI, specifically in manufacturing sectors. Indeed, the latter have a high external financial dependence and the share of private firms is larger than in tertiary sectors.So as to correct the imbalances that are analyzed in the theoretical framework of the first chapter, the third chapter proposes a fiscal system that is constituted of heterogeneous taxes between the different types of firms in China (SOEs, private domestic and foreign firms), and of taxes on household incomes and loan repayments. These reforms aim at decreasing the overinvestment of most firms, enhancing consumption, and maximizing welfare. Certain reforms include a higher taxation of state-owned firms, which leads to a reallocation of the labor force toward private domestic and foreign firms. Moreover, the adjustment of production factor costs (labor and capital) between private an public sectors, and between domestic and foreign firms, is necessary for certain reforms applied in this model. These reforms that increase consumption and reduce the investment rate bring welfare benefits to households, and the readjustment of the external financial position is not necessary to the domestic rebalancing of the economy. Finally, the thesis ends with an extension of the previous model, which includes nominal rigidities and heterogeneous consumption taxes across home and foreign goods during the reforms that increase the consumption ratio.

本文以Levine（1991）設計流動性與經濟成長的理論模型，為主要架構來分析，針對金融中介幫助流動性風險改善做一探討。實證對象為亞洲地區之台灣、南韓與菲律賓三國，實證方法採用傳統最小平方法與近代發展的共整合檢定法，檢測成長指標與流動性指標的關係，實證結果發現台灣地區大部分的成長指標與流動性指標之間為顯著正向的關係，而南韓只有一小部份的指標之間為正向的關係但檢定結果可能不顯著，菲律賓的情形也是有一小部份的指標之間為顯著正向的關係。所以本文的實證結果如同大部分的實證文獻所提，金融中介的發展對實質經濟成長有正的影響，但有可能因為解釋變數的選取、實證國家選擇的差異、樣本時間的長短與模型設定的不同，而導致不同的結果。

This doctoral thesis contains three empirical research papers that center on the topics of private equity and the role of advisors in mergers and acquisitions. "Your Former Employees Matter: Private Equity Firms and Their Financial Advisors” is a study of how social networks that are formed by previous employment relations affect private equity firms’choice of financial advisors. A financial advisor is more likely to advice on a transaction if a former employee is one of the private equity professionals who constitute the deal team for the particular transaction. In turn, information and deals are sourced to private equity firms from sell-side financial advisors within the previous employment network. "Dual Role Advisors and Conflicts of Interest” focuses on the potential conflicts of interest that may arise when an advisor to a firm targeted in a merger or acquisition is simultaneously involved in financing the bidder. Overall, the results suggest that investment banks in these situations may not have fulfilled their obligation of obtaining the highest possible price on behalf of the seller. "Private Equity Firms and Quick Flip Sales” examines the particulars of quick flip investments and three hypotheses that may explain their prevalence. Private equity firms typically are long term investors, but occasionally exits take place in less than 18 months. Results point to that such quick flips may partly be due to conflicting interests between the limited and general partners. / <p>Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2010. Sammanfattning jämte 3 uppsatser</p>

This thesis consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, titled "Aggregate Risk and Bank Risk-Taking", I propose a general equilibrium model in which strategic interactions between banks and depositors may lead to endogenous bank fragility and a drop in investment and output. With some opacity in bank balance sheets, depositors form expectations about bank risk-taking and demand a return on bank deposits according to their risk. This creates strategic complementarities and possibly multiple equilibria: in response to an increase in funding costs, banks may optimally choose to pursue risky portfolios that undermine their solvency prospects. In a bad equilibrium, bank lending is crowded out by risky asset purchases and weak economic fundamentals lead to a banking crisis. Policy interventions face a trade-o¤ between alleviating banks' funding conditions and strengthening their risk-taking incentives. Due to this trade-off, liquidity provision to banks may eliminate the good equilibrium when it is not targeted. Targeted interventions have the capacity to eliminate the bad equilibrium. The second chapter, titled "Gambling Traps", analyzes macroeconomic dynamics under this framework in a dynamic general equilibrium model. I show that self-fulfilling expectations about high bank risk-taking may lead to 'gambling traps' associated with slow recovery from crises. In a gambling trap, high bank funding costs hinder the accumulation of bank net worth, leading to a prolonged period of financial fragility and a persistent decline in economic activity. I bring this model to bear on the European sovereign debt crisis, in the course of which under-capitalized banks in default-risky countries experienced an increase in funding costs and raised their holdings of domestic government debt. The model is quantified using Portuguese data and accounts for macroeconomic dynamics in Portugal in 2010-2016. Finally, I show that subsidized loans to banks, similar to the European Central Bank's longer-term refinancing operations (LTRO) may perpetuate gambling traps. The third chapter, titled ''Shadow Banking and Market Discipline on Traditional Banks'', is joint work with Matthieu Darracq-Paries, Christo¤er Kok, and Dawid · Zochowski. In this chapter, we present a general equilibrium banking model in which shadow banking arises endogenously and undermines market discipline on traditional banks. We show that depositors' ability to re-optimize in response to crises imposes market discipline on traditional banks: these banks optimally commit to a safe portfolio strategy to prevent early withdrawals. With costly commitment, shadow banking emerges as an alternative banking strategy that combines high risk-taking with early liquidation in times of crisis. We bring the model to bear on the 2007-09 financial crisis in the United States, during which shadow banks experienced a sudden dry-up of funding and liquidated their assets. We derive an equilibrium in which the shadow banking sector expands to a size where its liquidation causes a fire-sale and exposes traditional banks to liquidity risk. Higher deposit rates in compensation for liquidity risk also weaken threats of early withdrawal and traditional banks pursue risky portfolios that may leave them in default. Financial stability is achieved with a tax on shadow bank profits or collateralized liquidity support to traditional banks.

Cette thèse se compose de trois articles qui s’insèrent dans une même problématique sur les interrelations entre les secteurs financier et réel en Corée du sud. Notre analyse empirique a vérifié le bon fonctionnement de certains composants du mécanisme de transmission entre les secteurs financier et réel. Tout d'abord, nous avons constaté que le canal du crédit bancaire a fonctionné comme l'un des canaux de transmission de la politique monétaire (Chapitre1). Ensuite, nous avons vérifié empiriquement que la capitalisation des banques est un facteur important dans la transmission des chocs de politique monétaire (Chapitre2). Enfin, notre analyse sur l’interaction entre le prix de l’immobilier et le crédit bancaire a montré qu’il existait une relation à long terme entre les prix de l'immobilier et les prêts bancaires (Chapitre 3). Comme vérifié empiriquement dans notre analyse, le secteur financier et le secteur réel sont étroitement liés par le choc financier ou réel. Les résultats mettent en valeur les points suivants vis-à-vis des politiques monétaires et de supervision. Premièrement, il est important que la politique monétaire prenne en compte la régulation du capital et son effet sur l’économie. Deuxièmement, en prenant en compte le fait que le prêt hypothécaire est très étroitement lié à la conjoncture économique en Corée, l’instrument de la politique macroprudentielle pour réduire la procyclicité est nécessaire. La banque centrale et l’autorité prudentielle peuvent collaborer à développer ces instruments. / This thesis consists of three Articles that fit into the same issue on the interrelationships between the financial and real sectors in South Korea. Our empirical analysis has verified the correct functioning of certain components of the transmission mechanism between the financial and real sectors. Firstly, we found that the bank lending channel has functioned as one of the transmission channels of monetary policy (Chapter 1). Then, we verified empirically that the capitalization of banks is an important factor in the transmission of monetary policy shocks (Chapter 2). Finally, our analysis of the interaction between property prices and bank lending has shown that there is a long-term relationship between property prices and bank lending (Chapter 3). As empirically verified in our analysis, the financial sector and the real sector are closely linked through shocks, either financial or real. The results highlight the following points vis-à-vis the monetary policy and macroprudential policy. First, it is important that monetary policy takes into account the capital regulation and its effect on the economy. Second, taking into account the fact that the mortgage is very closely linked to the economic situation in Korea, macroprudential policy instruments is required to reduce procyclicality. The central bank and the supervisory authority can collaborate to develop these instruments.

Submitted by Walter Gomes da Silva Junior (waltergomesjr@gmail.com) on 2018-08-28T19:07:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2018-08-28T19:11:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Isabele Garcia (isabele.garcia@fgv.br) on 2018-08-28T20:59:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-28T20:59:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Spread Bancário América Latina - Walter Gomes.pdf: 1440714 bytes, checksum: 08cd6a32fa157e1bfba38dc04bc018a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-27 / Os spreads bancários na América Latina apresentam altos patamares, quando comparados a outras regiões e economias do mundo. Este trabalho tem por objetivo a análise comparativa dos fatores determinantes do spread bancário, nas principais economias da América Latina, para isso, utilizaram-se dados agregados de 73 economias do mundo, sendo 11 delas países da América Latina. Partindo-se de uma base com 51 variáveis independentes, foram gerados modelos de regressão em painel. Os resultados obtidos evidenciam, que o patamar dos spreads praticados na América Latina, são principalmente impactados pela inadimplência, provisões de crédito, custos administrativos e de pessoal, concentração bancária e diversificação das receitas. / The banking spreads in Latin America show high levels when compared to other regions and economies of the world. This work has the objective of comparative analysis of the determinants factors of the banking spreads in the main economies of Latin America, for that, was used aggregated data of 73 economies in the world, 11 of which are Latin American countries. Starting from a base with 51 independent variables, panel regression models were generated. The results show that the level of spreads in Latin America is mainly impacted by nonperforming loans, the level provisions, administrative and personnel costs, banking concentration and revenues diversification.