Access to adequate and nutritionally balanced food to achieve a productive and healthy life for all individuals, on a daily basis, has been an elusive challenge in several parts of the world. In many developing countries such as Botswana, increasing per capita food consumption has been hampered by poverty as well as poor access to marketable skills and employment opportunities. Experience and studies elsewhere indicate that international trade liberalization based on comparative cost advantage in the goods sectors, can greatly improve per capita food consumption through improved export market access and reduction in tariffs. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of international trade liberalization on food security/household welfare and the competitiveness of the agricultural sector in Botswana. In undertaking this study basically two hypotheses were made. Firstly, it is hypothesized that trade liberalization within SACU through the reduction of agricultural tariffs on food commodities can improve per capita consumption by reducing domestic food prices. Currently, products like maize grain, beef, dairy and wheat grain attract an import duty which partly increases their domestic prices within SACU. Poor households in Botswana, in particular, spend a disproportionate share of their disposable income on food most of which is imported. Secondly, this study also hypothesizes that improved market access of agricultural exports for Botswana based on WTO rules could generate additional foreign earnings that could be used to import more food. Globally, agricultural trade is characterized by distortions that restrict free commerce based on comparative advantage. Direct producer price and input subsidies together with export subsidies to farmers especially in major trade players like the EU, USA and Japan constitute barriers to trade and disadvantage developing countries like Botswana which have comparative advantage in several farm commodities. Subsidies by major industrialized countries create an artificial comparative advantage for their farmers as without direct farmer assistance, it is doubtful if some of them could invest in agriculture! Secondary data on international trade and social accounting matrix (SAM) were used in this study. Trade data were used to conduct policy simulations in order to determine the effects of trade liberalization on food security and competitiveness of the agricultural sector in Botswana. SAM data for 1993/94 were modified and used to generate income and price multipliers to undertake policy simulations. Data from SAM captures the income and demand linkages in the economy. Using partial equilibrium and economy-wide approach (SAM multiplier analysis), this study shows that Botswana can improve its household welfare or per capita food consumption through an increase in export earnings which in turn could be used to import more food at competitive prices. Except for meat products especially beef, Botswana is a net-importer of most food items. Based on a partial equilibrium agricultural trade policy model, this study found that the country’s agricultural sector enjoys global comparative advantage in beef exports if there was global trade liberalization. The model advocates for the reduction of direct producer price, input and export subsidies in the agricultural sector by WTO members. Beef earnings including those from other goods like textiles and minerals are used to purchase imported food to increase domestic supply. Through a SAM income multiplier analysis, policy simulations on improved export market access for beef and textiles indicated that households, factors and activities gained from global trade liberalization. However, poor households without assets or factors such as capital and skills marginally benefited from improved export market access. This finding also indicates the potential negative income distributional effects which require policy support to benefit poor households during trade liberalization. Beef and textiles exports were chosen when undertaking policy simulations based on improved market access. With a SAM price multiplier analysis, policy simulations based on SACU tariff reduction on maize grain, beef, powdered milk and wheat grain was made. Applied tariffs were used for policy simulations. A reduction in tariffs not only improves household welfare, factors and activities also benefit through lower domestic food costs/prices. This study found that SACU tariff reduction indeed contributed to welfare improvements among households in Botswana as their cost of living declined. Poor households, in particular, benefited most from tariff reduction in imported food commodities. Factors including low-wage workers also gained from a reduction of import duties on selected food commodities. However, government loses tariff revenue when import duties are cut while producers of exports enjoying preferential markets such as the beef producers in Botswana lose when trade-distorting agricultural subsides are removed/reduced. Like government, consumers of imported food items are, in short term, adversely affected by an increase in food prices following the reduction of trade-distorting agricultural subsidies (producer price, input and export subsidies). The results of the SAM price multiplier analysis also indicated limited price/cost transmission in the economy following tariff reduction. Limited price transmission or circular flow of cost reduction in the economy imply weak competition in the market, poor information dissemination, institutional rigidities, etc hence the need for an effective competition policy and law. An effective competition policy and authority minimizes unfair trading practices and provides consumers and the economy with choice and possibly maximum net-value for money. In addition to improving welfare and reducing cost of living, etc, this study also found that when policy simulations/shocks were made, income and demand linkages in the economy were identified. In some simulations the linkages demonstrated a strong circular flow of income/price transmission while in others the multiplier effects were weak indicating limited economic integration/competition, a policy challenge that requires efforts for sustained diversification. Based on the results from SAM multiplier analysis, this study has provided Botswana with useful information to design policies that enhance economic integration and diversification. To maximize her benefits from international trade liberalization, Botswana also needs to implement complementary policies to address supply-side constraints and improve infrastructure, competition, information technology, etc. Safeguard mechanisms are still necessary to protect the agricultural sector and the economy in Botswana from unfair trade practices including market failure. / Thesis (PhD (Agricultural Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / PhD / unrestricted

A aplicação de agrotóxicos na produção agrícola se relaciona com várias áreas do conhecimento, com destaque para a saúde pública, devido aos riscos envolvidos. No Brasil o uso indiscriminado, faz com que o país lidere, desde o ano de 2008, o consumo dessa classe de produtos. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi estimar a ingestão crônica de agrotóxicos pela população brasileira por meio da dieta, destacando as substâncias com maior consumo e suas implicações toxicológicas. Para este fim foram utilizados os alimentos registrados no bloco de consumo alimentar da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009, conduzida pelo IBGE, e a exposição foi estimada pelo cálculo de Ingestão Diária Máxima Teórica (IDMT). A caracterização do risco foi realizada pela comparação da IDMT com os valores da Ingestão Diária Aceitável (IDA), estipuladas em mg/kg peso corporal/dia sendo aplicado o peso individual dos integrantes da amostra (n=33.613) da POF (bloco de consumo alimentar). Foram elaboradas analises discriminando a população brasileira, de acordo com as grandes regiões e situação domiciliar (urbana ou rural). Dos 283 agrotóxicos considerados para a pesquisa, 68 compostos excederam ao valor da IDA. O composto brometo de metila ocupou a primeira posição como composto com maior consumo estimado para a população brasileira. Este agrotóxico é classificado como extremamente tóxico, e seu uso está em descontinuação global por causar danos à camada de ozônio, além dos riscos à saúde de trabalhadores rurais e moradores de regiões próximas às áreas de produção agrícola. Quando estudadas as grandes regiões do país, as regiões Norte (59 agrotóxicos), Nordeste (62 agrotóxicos) e Sul (48 agrotóxicos) apresentaram um menor numero de agrotóxicos extrapolando aos valores da IDA, em comparação com o total identificado para a população brasileira (n= 68). Já as regiões sudeste e centro-oeste apresentaram número superior de compostos que extrapolaram ao valor da IDA, sendo um total de 69 compostos para ambas as regiões. Também foi estudada a exposição nos setores urbano e rural, sendo constatado que 67 compostos excederam ao valor da IDA em ambas as situações domiciliares. Para a área rural os riscos envolvidos se relacionam com a aplicação destes produtos, configurando risco de intoxicação aguda. É importante considerar que a caracterização do risco crônico será mais próxima da realidade quanto melhor os dados refletirem as condições do alimento no momento do consumo. Com isso, é recomendável a realização de estudos sobre a exposição aos agrotóxicos para a população brasileira, principalmente quanto às implicações toxicológicas, e considerando os grupos mais vulneráveis. / The application of pesticides in agricultural production is related to several areas of knowledge, with emphasis on public health, due to the risks involved. In Brazil, the indiscriminate use has led the country to lead, since 2008, the consumption of this class of products. The general objective of the study was to estimate the chronic intake of pesticides by the Brazilian population through diet, highlighting the substances with the highest consumption and their toxicological implications. For this purpose, the foods registered in the food consumption block of the Family Budget Survey 2008-2009, conducted by IBGE, were used and the exposure was estimated by the calculation of Theoretical Maximum Daily Intake (IDMT). The risk characterization was performed by comparing the IDMT with the values of Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), stipulated in mg / kg body weight / day, and the individual weight of the sample members (n = 33,613) of POF to feed. Analyzes were carried out discriminating the Brazilian population, according to the major regions and domiciliary situation (urban or rural). Of the 283 pesticides considered for the research, 68 compounds exceeded the ADI value. The methyl bromide compound occupied the first position as the compound with the highest consumption estimated for the Brazilian population. This pesticide is classified as extremely toxic, and its use is in global discontinuation for causing damage to the ozone layer, in addition to the health risks of rural workers and residents of regions near the agricultural production areas. When the major regions of the country were studied, the North (59 pesticides), Northeastern (62 pesticides) and South (48 agrochemicals) regions presented a lower number of agrochemicals than those identified for the Brazilian population (N = 68). On the other hand, the southeastern and central-western regions presented a higher number of compounds that extrapolated to the value of the ADI, being a total of 69 compounds for both regions. Exposure in the urban and rural sectors was also studied, and it was found that 67 compounds exceeded the ADI value in both domiciliary situations. For the rural area the risks involved are related to the application of these products, posing the risk of acute intoxication. It is important to consider that the characterization of chronic risk will be closer to reality the better the data reflect the conditions of the food at the time of consumption. Therefore, it is advisable to carry out studies on exposure to pesticides for the Brazilian population, mainly regarding the toxicological implications, and considering the most vulnerable groups.

付記する学位プログラム名: グローバル生存学大学院連携プログラム / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(地域研究) / 甲第23303号 / 地博第284号 / 新制||地||109(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院アジア・アフリカ地域研究研究科アフリカ地域研究専攻 / (主査)教授 大山 修一, 教授 平野(野元) 美佐, 教授 高橋 基樹, 教授 太田 至 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Area Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / Multiple studies have explored aspects of food choice; however, few have used a gendered approach. Understanding issues relating to food from a gendered perspective has become crucial in terms of combating and preventing diseases and epidemics such as obesity and malnutrition within the 21st century. The notion that men and women have different perspectives in terms of food has become apparent in recent literature.

Little is known about food consumption patterns of the majority of the black population and the various factors influencing food consumption patterns. An understanding of the above aspects is critical for any business enterprise to inform the formulation of a marketing strategy. This study is an attempt to identify factors affecting food consumption patterns of three ethnic groups found the Limpopo Province. The province is unique in that it is the only province in South Africa that has a variety of ethnic groups. Various factors are considered and examined to determine how they affect food consumption patterns. These are income, religion, culture and cultural practices, and distance from town. Factors such as gender, patriotism, different life styles and age are mentioned but no emphasis is given to them. The ethnic groups included in the study are Bapedi, Shangaans and Vhavenda. Though Whites and Indians could have been included, their number is too insignificant to warrant determining the effect they might have on consumption patterns in the province. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Chi-Square techniques were used to analyse the different relationships. The findings show that income is a significant factor influencing food purchases and the frequency of purchase. Religion was found to be significant in influencing slaughtering of chickens but not in the slaughtering of sheep, goats and cattle. The effect of staying in a rural or urban area did not show any significance as this was played down by the establishment of shopping malls after 1994. The study also reveals the significance of indigenous food on the ethnic groups. The study also showed the importance of the influence of religion, especially of the Zion Christian Church in certain parts of the Limpopo Province. / Dissertation (MInst(Agrar))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / MSc / Unrestricted

After ingesting a moderate amount of food. (e.g., a 7 oz milkshake) which is labeled as high in calories, restrained eaters (dieters) eat more food than unrestrained eaters do. This counter regulatory eating effect may depend on ingesting only a small snack, a prime. The effect of a prime may depend on its palatability and on information about its caloric value. Accordingly, restrained and unrestrained eaters received a low or high palatable prime, and no, low or high calorie information. Dependent measures were salivation and amount of 4 test foods eaten. After subjects ingested the prime, salivation was reliably greater for high than for no calorie information groups, irrespective of restraint. salivation was reliably correlated with calorie information, and with amount of food eaten, for restrained eaters but not for unrestrained eaters. Differences in amount eaten were negligible across groups. However, restrained eaters tended to eat more peanuts than unrestrained eaters did in the low calorie information condition. Based on these and previous data, it was suggested that the effect of calorie information on salivation may have been a consequence of subjects' prior experiences with foods of different caloric values. Possibly, salivation to high calorie information represents a conditioned response to a food that is perceived as palatable and filling. However, responding may be greater for restrained than for unrestrained eaters. Finally, the effect of calorie information on salivation supports the argument against an extreme separation of internal (physiological) and external (environmental) variables. / Master of Science / After ingesting a moderate amount of food. (e.g., a 7 oz milkshake) which is labeled as high in calories, restrained eaters (dieters) eat more food than unrestrained eaters do. This counter regulatory eating effect may depend on ingesting only a small snack, a prime. The effect of a prime may depend on its palatability and on information about its caloric value. Accordingly, restrained and unrestrained eaters received a low or high palatable prime, and no, low or high calorie information. Dependent measures were salivation and amount of 4 test foods eaten. After subjects ingested the prime, salivation was reliably greater for high than for no calorie information groups, irrespective of restraint. salivation was reliably correlated with calorie information, and with amount of food eaten, for restrained eaters but not for unrestrained eaters. Differences in amount eaten were negligible across groups. However, restrained eaters tended to eat more peanuts than unrestrained eaters did in the low calorie information condition. Based on these and previous data, it was suggested that the effect of calorie information on salivation may have been a consequence of subjects' prior experiences with foods of different caloric values. Possibly, salivation to high calorie information represents a conditioned response to a food that is perceived as palatable and filling. However, responding may be greater for restrained than for unrestrained eaters. Finally, the effect of calorie information on salivation supports the argument against an extreme separation of internal (physiological) and external (environmental) variables.

Tang, Lai La. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-123). / Abstracts in English and Chinese ; appendix also in Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.1 / Introduction --- p.1 / Statement of Problem --- p.1 / Definition of Mihn Baau --- p.2 / Scope of Study --- p.3 / Literature Review --- p.6 / The Anthropology of Food --- p.6 / The Globalization of Foodways --- p.6 / The Localization of Food --- p.7 / Consumption --- p.9 / Class Distinction --- p.10 / Significance --- p.15 / Methodology --- p.16 / In-depth Interview --- p.17 / In-depth Interview with Consumers --- p.17 / In-depth Interview with Bakeries --- p.19 / In-depth Interview with Bakers --- p.19 / Observation --- p.20 / Structure of Thesis --- p.21 / Chapter Chapter 2: --- The Development of Mihn Baau in Hong Kong --- p.23 / Post Second World War: The Subsistence Consumption --- p.24 / The 1950s and The 1960s: The Emergence of Enriched Type --- p.25 / The 1970s: The Emergence of Substantial Type --- p.36 / The 1980s: The Emergence of Re-created Japanese Style --- p.39 / The 1990s onwards: The Diversified Development --- p.43 / Chapter Chapter 3: --- The Current Types of Mihn Baau --- p.52 / The Growing Diversification of Mihn Baau with Specialized Taste --- p.52 / Types of Bakery --- p.60 / Neighborhood Bakery --- p.60 / Bakery Chain --- p.61 / Specialty Bakery --- p.63 / Bakery H: The Neighborhood Bakery --- p.66 / Types of Mihn Baau --- p.69 / Bakery P: The Japanese Bakery Chain --- p.70 / Types of Mihn Baau --- p.75 / Chapter Chapter 4: --- The Consumption of Mihn Baau --- p.80 / The Different Consumption Patterns Observed in the Two Bakeries --- p.80 / Bakery H: The Prevalence of Necessity Consumption --- p.80 / Bakery P: The Reflection of Conspicuous Consumption --- p.82 / The Consumption Patterns from the Consumers' Perspective --- p.86 / Situational Context of Mihn Baau Consumption --- p.89 / The Preferences for Mihn Baau --- p.91 / Chapter Chapter 5: --- Conclusion --- p.103 / References --- p.111 / Appendix 1: Profile of Informants from the Consumer Group --- p.124 / Appendix 2: Questionnaire for Consumers --- p.125 / Appendix 3: Interview Questions for Consumers --- p.128 / Appendix 4: Solicitation Letter for Bakeries --- p.129 / Appendix 5: Interview Questions for Bakeries --- p.131 / Appendix 6: Interview Questions for Bakers --- p.132 / Appendix 7: Types of Mihn Baau in Bakery N --- p.133 / Appendix 8: Types of Mihn Baau in Bakery H --- p.135 / Appendix 9: Types of Mihn Baau in Bakery P --- p.136

Orientador: Elisabete Salay / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T14:38:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanches_Michele_D.pdf: 1042336 bytes, checksum: 9d298f9a474c666c5fb40becedadb2bb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Ha um extenso rol de evidencias cientificas revelando um aumento no consumo de alimentos fora do domicilio. Dessa forma, o fornecimento das informacoes nutricionais pelos restaurantes constitui-se numa ferramenta que pode auxiliar os individuos a realizarem suas escolhas alimentares (fora de casa) de maneira mais consciente. Os objetivos principais da presente pesquisa sao: identificar a frequencia de consumo das refeicoes realizadas fora do domicilio pelos consumidores, avaliar a atitude no tocante a informacao nutricional disponibilizada em restaurantes, determinar o nivel do conhecimento nutricional e identificar associacoes estatisticamente significativas entre a atitude, o conhecimento e variaveis socioeconomicas e demograficas dos individuos. Este estudo foi conduzido com 250 consumidores adultos (125 de cada genero) residentes no municipio de Campinas (SP). O instrumento utilizado foi um questionario previamente testado. Para avaliar a atitude dos entrevistados elaborou-se uma escala Likert. A fim de identificar o nivel do conhecimento nutricional usou-se um questionario composto por 56 questoes referentes ao conhecimento dos alimentos fontes de alguns nutrientes e da relação entre dieta-doenca. A identificacao da atitude referente as informacoes nutricionais disponibilizadas nos restaurantes foi feita atraves do calculo da media, do desvio-padrao, da porcentagem das respostas de cada categoria da escala e do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Com o intuito de identificar associacoes significativas entre a atitude referente as informacoes nutricionais disponibilizadas nos servicos de alimentacao e o conhecimento nutricional com as variaveis socioeconomicas e demograficas utilizou-se a Regressão Linear Multipla. Para verificar a associacao entre a frequencia de consumo do almoço realizado em diferentes locais com as caracteristicas socioeconomicas e demográficas foram utilizados o teste t de Student, a Analise da Variancia (ANOVA) e o Teste de LSD de Fisher. E, finalmente, para diagnosticar uma relacao entre a atitude sobre a informação nutricional e o conhecimento nutricional utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlacao de Pearson. Os resultados revelaram que 98% da amostra costumava almocar fora de casa e esta foi a refeicao realizada mais frequentemente fora do domicilio, o restaurante utilizado com maior frequencia para realizar o almoco foi o do tipo self service, sendo que o fator considerado de maior importancia para a escolha do estabelecimento foi a higiene. Cerca de 78% dos consumidores entrevistados concordaram muito que as informacoes nutricionais dos alimentos oferecidos nos restaurantes sao fundamentais para consumidores que necessitam ter uma dieta especifica. Encontrou-se que 54,8% revelaram uma atitude extremamente positiva em relacao as informacoes nutricionais disponibilizadas nos restaurantes. Com relacao ao conhecimento nutricional, verificou-se que 50% dos participantes obtiveram notas superiores a 6,3 para o conhecimento dos nutrientes e, acima de 7,5 para a relação dieta-doenca. Os testes estatisticos detectaram associacoes significativas entre a freqüência de consumo das refeicoes fora de casa, o nivel de conhecimento nutricional e a atitude com as variaveis socioeconomicas e demograficas. Identificou-se uma associacao positiva entre a atitude referente as informacoes nutricionais e o conhecimento nutricional dos individuos. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem apoiar o desenvolvimento de programas governamentais na area de informacao nutricional. Eles sustentam a importancia de se desenhar campanhas para grupos especificos da populacao para a promocao de uma alimentacao saudavel / Abstract: There is an extensive roll of scientific evidences disclosing an increase in the food consumption outside the home. In this way, the supply of nutritional information by the restaurants consists in a tool that can assist the individuals to carry out their alimentary choices (outside home) in a more conscientious way. The main objectives of the present research are: to identify the frequency of consumption of the meals eaten outside the home for the consumers, to evaluate the attitude regarding to the nutritional information available in restaurants, to determine the level of the nutritional knowledge and to identify associations statistically significant between the attitude, the knowledge and socioeconomic and demographic variables of the individuals. This study was led with 250 adult consumers (125 of gender) residents in the city of Campinas (SP). The instrument used was a questionnaire previously tested. To evaluate interviewees¿ attitude a Likert scale was elaborated. In order to identify the level of the nutritional knowledge it was used a questionnaire composed by 56 questions regarding to the knowledge of food sources of some nutrients and the relation between diet-disease. The identification of the attitude regarding to the nutritional information available in restaurants was made through the calculation of the average, the standard-deviation, the percentage of the answers of each category of the scale and the alpha coefficient of Cronbach. It was used the Multiple Linear Regression with the intention to identify significant association between the attitude referring to the nutritional information available in the food services and the nutritional knowledge with the socio-economic and demographic variables. To verify the association between the frequency of consumption of the lunch eaten in different places with the socioeconomic and demographic features it as used test t of Student, the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Test of LSD of Fisher. And, finally, to diagnose a relation between the attitude on the nutritional information and the nutritional knowledge, the coefficient of correlation of Pearson was used. The results disclosed that 98% of the sample used to lunch outside the houses and this was the meal more frequently eaten outside home, the restaurant used more frequently to have lunch was one of the type self service, being hygiene the factor considered of higher importance for the choice of the establishment. About 78% of the interviewed consumers agreed a lot that the nutritional information of foods offered in the restaurants are basic for consumers who need to have a specific diet. About 54,8% disclosed an extremely positive attitude in relation to the nutritional information available in the restaurants. In relation to the nutritional knowledge, it is verified that 50% of the participants got higher grades to 6,3 for the knowledge of the nutrients and, above 7,5 for the relation diet-disease. The statistical tests detected significant associations between the frequency of consumption of the meals outside the house, the level of nutritional knowledge and the attitude with the socio-economic and demographic variables. A positive association was identified between the attitude regarding to the nutritional information and the nutritional knowledge of the individuals. The results of this research can support the development of governmental programs in the area of nutritional information. They support the importance of campaigns for specific groups of the population for the promotion of a healthful feeding / Doutorado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Doutor em Alimentos e Nutrição

South Africa ranks high among the developing countries with income inequality and household food insecurity is a major concern in the country. The overall objective of the study was to investigate access and practices, which lead to increasing household access to nutritious food by households. The students registered for the one-year course identified households in the Dysselsdorp settlement in the Western Cape, South Africa which they worked closely with in food gardening. Descriptive research methods were used to assess food access and identify the socio-economic and demographic variables for this study. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to gather data, following the College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences of the University of South Africa’s ethical protocol and guidelines. Data were collected in the middle and at the end of the coursework (mid-term and end-term). A semi-structured baseline questionnaire was used to interview households and to conduct focus group discussions with the students. The baseline questionnaire consisted of five sections, namely the socio-demographic information, food utilization, food availability, food accessibility and the living standards measurement scores. A stratified random sampling strategy was used to select 30 students to participate in the focus group discussions. The students identified three or four households, which they worked closely with and those households were purposively selected for the baseline interviews. vi Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences programme (IBM SPSS 24). Descriptive statistics (mean, frequencies and standard deviation) were used to compare the data. The 24-hour recall and 7 days food frequency recall was used to assess the household food consumption patterns. Qualitative data were recorded, transcribed, then themes and connections were used to explain the data and correlated with the objectives of the study. The socio-demographic data showed that most of the respondents were above 50 years old and they had an average number of 5.2 members. Thirty-one percent (31%) of the household heads had reached grade 8 to 12 in school, while 69% were those who had not gone to school and completed up to grade 7. Majority of the households relied on social grants as a source of income. The amount of money spent on food by the households in a month was between 0-R500 (63%) and 37% spent above R500 on food. Women participated more in food-related activities than men and the gardening activities were shared by the members of the households. The HDDS is a qualitative method for food consumption, which reflects household access to a variety of foods. The HDDS consists of food groups that the household has consumed over the past 24-hours and it is calculated based on the 12 food groups from the food consumed which are summed up; the mean score is used to determine diet diversity (Swindale & Bilinsky, 2006). The findings in this study is that the average HDDS increased from 5.6 to 6.4, which is above the recommended cut-off point for dietary quality (Steyn et al., 2006). Both the 24-hour recall and 7 days food frequency reported a high consumption of carbohydrates and meat, and less consumption of other food groups such as milk, vii eggs, fruits and vegetables were noted. The households relied on a variety of coping strategies such as asking for food from family or neighbours, depending on charity/grants, finding other sources of food and collecting wild food. All the households grew their own fruits, vegetables and crops. However, livestock production was practiced by 10% of the participating households. The households used preservation methods such as keeping food in a dry place (26), sun drying (38), canning (6), freezing (53) and refrigeration (11) to keep and store vegetables. The Living Standard Measurement (LSM) is a tool which focuses on household access to services and facilities (Faber et al., 2017). Household characteristics range from level 1 up to level 10, and a score from 1 to 4 are considered to be poor and lack access to services, while scores above 5 have improved access to resources and services. The LSM results of the households indicates that they have improved access to services as all the households scored above five. All the households, had access to land with water, electricity and toilet facilities in the yard. The major constraints experienced by the households were insufficient water, theft, pests, plant diseases and livestock which destroyed the crops. It is recommended that the government provide programmes aimed at developing communities, promoting healthy eating and food production. Workshops on nutrition education should be continuous and focus on basic sanitation, food hygiene. Income generation small-scale businesses, crop production, and livestock rearing will assist in alleviating hunger and unemployment. These initiatives could be extended to other areas of the country as a way to improve food security. / Life and Consumer Sciences / M.C.S.

The food industry is one of the main contributors to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. The greatest impact is caused by production of animal-sourced foods. To reduce the planetary burden, a dietary shift from animal-based to more plant-based foods is necessary. Policy interventions are tools to achieve such a shift. For policies to be successful, acceptability is a crucial component. Several variables such as age, gender, education level, and geographical residence have previously been identified as decisive for policy acceptability. The aim of the present research is to go beyond these findings and obtain a deeper understanding of acceptability of policy proposals for reduced consumption of animal-sourced foods. Qualitative interviews with Swedish citizens were conducted to investigate which factors influence high respective low policy acceptability. Results indicate that environmental concern, exposure to plant-based foods, perceptions of others’ views, and environmental norms are crucial factors shaping policy acceptability, as these mediate several other critical factors. The discussion pointed out beliefs about the sufficiency of plant-based foods and the necessity of meat, ideas about consumers of plant-based foods as radical, and perceived effectiveness and fairness of the policies to be entry points for increasing policy acceptability, as these beliefs are theoretically established to be susceptible to change. Insights from the research can be used for policy design and communication efforts. The study offers recommendations to communicate the sufficiency and healthiness of plant-based foods, to frame its consumers in a more inclusive and appealing way for meat and dairy consumers to identify with, and to expose the policy tradeoffs by contrasting them with the environmental cause. / Mistra Food Futures WP7