Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Thesis (D. LITT.)--University of London. / "First edition 1916." Includes bibliographical references and index.

L’approche géoarchéologique a pour objectif de discuter l’intérêt des archives sédimentaires des rammadiyat pour appréhender les dynamiques d’occupation des sols au Capsien et Néolithique. Les rammadiyat se présentent sous forme de monticules dont la stratigraphie est peu exprimée. Les fouilles récentes ont mis en évidence des sols d’occupation renouvelant les questionnements sur les modes d’occupation de ces populations capsiennes. L’approche géoarchéologique repose sur la micromorphologie des sols. Elle a été menée sur 5 sites capsiens de Tunisie et d’Algérie. Elle a permis de caractériser les modes de formation de ces rammadiyat. Les informations recueillies montrent que les rammadiyat relèvent principalement des processus liés aux activités humaines, qui ont interagi à des degrés variables avec les processus naturels. Elles ont permis de construire un modèle qualitatif de la dynamique de formation des rammadiyat, exprimé par une classification des faciès sédimentaires identifiés, selon les pratiques d’aménagement, selon les activités et selon le degré de fréquentation. Ce modèle met en évidence un premier schéma de l’organisation spatiale des sols d’occupation, matérialisant trois types espaces : un espace construit (bâtiment), un espace de cour segmenté avec des aires domestiques, voies de passage et zones de rejets et un espace peu fréquenté, en marge de l’occupation principale. L’enregistrement sédimentaire témoigne d’un mode d’occupation continu, localement rythmé par des variations dans le degré de fréquentation. Des épisodes d’abandon temporaire ou de très faible fréquentation sont ainsi observés. Cependant, leur généralisation à l’ensemble du site reste à préciser. / The aim of the geoarchaeological approach is to discuss the interest of sedimentary archives of rammadiyat, in order to understand the dynamics of soil occupancy at the Capsian and Neolithic period. The rammadiyat present the shape of a small mound, whose stratigraphy is quite undifferentiated. Recent excavations show the presence of occupation surfaces, renewing the questions about the settlement strategies and of these capsian populations. The geoarchaeological approach is based on soil micromorphology .This research was conducted on 5 capsian sites in Tunisia and Algeria and allowed us to characterize the formation processes of these rammadiyat. The collected data show that rammadiyatis mainly formed by anthropic processes related to human activity interacting with natural processes on varying degrees. It’s then possible to construct a qualitative model relating to the formation dynamics of rammadiyat, expressed by a classification of the identified sedimentary facies, according to the building practices, the activities and the intensity of human occupation. This model highlights a first framework of the spatial organization of occupation surfaces, materializing three types of spaces: a built space (dwelling), a segmented yard space with domestic areas, passageways and dump areas, and a marginal area, showing a sporadic occupation. The sedimentary record shows a continuous occupancy, locally punctuated by variations in the intensity of human occupation. Episodes of temporary abandonment or very low occupation are observed. However, their generalization to the whole site remains to be clarified.

O amor pela cidade e o interesse em conhecer a história de seus trabalhadores e de suas casas foi o que me motivou a fazer esta pesquisa. A formação dos bairros e a própria expansão urbana de Santo André têm fortes laços com o processo de migração de operários que vieram, principalmente, do interior de São Paulo e estados vizinhos, os quais buscavam aqui emprego e traziam consigo os costumes do campo para se adaptarem à nova vida na cidade. Assim, este trabalho se propõe a estudar as moradias urbanas de Santo André da primeira metade do século XX, enfocando a casa do trabalhador industrial, buscando traçar um panorama que permeia desde a produção da habitação e o espaço urbano ao seu entorno até os aspectos formais e funcionais da moradia, bem como sua organização e disposição interna. O trabalho também apresenta o resultado de uma pesquisa inédita feita em um material que se encontra arquivado no Museu de Santo André onde, através da análise de documentos e de processos de aprovação de residências entre os anos de 1929 e 1939, são estudados projetos arquitetônicos e memoriais descritivos originais de construções de residências, o que nos deu base para expor o que chamamos aqui de arquitetura popular que se configurou em toda a cidade, dentro e fora do espaço da casa. / The love by city and interest about knowing the history of its workers and their houses has motivated me to do this research. The neighborhoods formation and Santo André urban expansion itself have strong links with the migration of workers who came especially from São Paulo country side and neighbor states, witch looked for job and brought with them costumes from the country side to adapt to the new city life. So, this work proposes to study Santo André urban houses from the beginning of the twentieth century, focusing in the industrial worker house, trying to trace a panorama that ranges since the habitation production and surrounding urban space until its formal aspects, organization and interior disposal as well. This work also presents the result of an unedited research done with a material kept in Santo André Museum in which, trough documents and houses approval process between 1929 and 1939, architecture projects and original descriptive memorials of houses constructions are studied, what gave us base to expose what we call popular architecture, that has been configured in entire city, inside and outside the house space.

Este trabalho objetiva utilizar a quantificação do Déficit de Moradias como um instrumento de AVALIAÇÃO E APLICAÇÃO de Programas ou Políticas Habitacionais. Para isto utiliza-se da metodologia criada pela Fundação João Pinheiro de Belo Horizonte, formulada em 1995, para o Governo Federal. Discute-se também os impactos sobre os sub-tipos de déficit habitacional, através de análises da produção de moradias de políticas e programas habitacionais desenvolvidos pela esferas públicas de governo: Federal; Esdadual e Municipal, com recorte específico para o caso do Estado e Município de São Paulo. Expressa uma tentativa de colocar ao alcance do poder público, parâmetros e informações que lhe permita subsidiar a formulação de políticas públicas de habitação e alocação de recursos nesta área, mostrando a importância de se conhecer a situação habitacional através de uma quantificação para o déficit habitacional que permita traçar metas próximas a das ‘reais’ necessidades habitacionais. / The purpose of this work is to use the quantification of the Housings Deficit as an instrument to APPLY and EVALUATE Housing Policy and Programs. For this purpose the methodology created by João Pinheiro Foundation in Belo Horizonte (formulated in 1995, for the Federal Government) was used. Effects/impacts are argued to occur on the subtypes of housing deficit, through analyses of the production of housing politics and housing programs originated from public spheres of government on the federal, state and municipal level in Brazil. Special emphasis is placed on the state and city of São Paulo.This work expresses an attempt to place within reach of the public power parameters and information that allow them to subsidize the formalisation of public politics of habitation and allocation of features in this sector, showing the importance of knowledge of housing deficit quantification in the creation of goals that reflect housing needs realistically.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:15:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ivan Marcelino de Miranda.pdf: 3609791 bytes, checksum: a89cd1c000111b9974c6d101264d9ec9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-26 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This research has in view to analyze the process of irregular occupation in two districts of the Cotia town: Panorama Garden and Turiguara Park. The hypothesis that guided the investigation was that the most parto f the inhabitants of the occupated areas irregularally had as origin in São Paulo city, and their dislocation for Cotia was on account of an expulsion process motivated for its impoverishment. Such situation brings as consequence a process of suburbanization of the towns around of the São Paulo city, that allied to a failure of public politics directed to the housing provision toward this population, cause risk situations toward the inhabitants and threat to the environment. In the analyzed cases such processes lead to the occupation of areas of permanent preservation, represented for the occupation of fertile valleys and edge of rivers that are tributaries of the sub-basin of Guarapiranga, therefore, of protection to the sources. The investigation counted on collect historical of formation of the Cotia town, its entailing with the history of the city of São Paulo; it dealt with the politics of popular habitation fomented by the State; e reconstituted the processes of occupation from the memory of its inhabitants / Esta pesquisa visa analisar o processo de ocupação irregular em dois locais do município de Cotia: Jardim Panorama e Parque Turiguara. A hipótese que norteou a investigação foi a de que boa parte os moradores das áreas ocupadas irregularmente tinham como origem o município de São Paulo, e que seu deslocamento para Cotia foi devido a um processo de expulsão motivado pelo seu empobrecimento. Tal situação traz como consequência um processo de suburbanização dos municípios do entorno da cidade de São Paulo, que aliado à falta de políticas públicas voltadas à provisão de moradia para essa população, causa situações de risco para os moradores e ameaça ao meio ambiente. Nos casos analisados tais processos levam à ocupação de áreas de preservação permanente, representadas pela ocupação de várzeas e margem de rios que são tributários da sub-bacia da Guarapiranga, portanto, de proteção aos mananciais. A investigação contou com um apanhado histórico de formação do município de Cotia, sua vinculação com a história do município de São Paulo; tratou das políticas de habitação popular fomentadas pelo Estado; e reconstituiu os processos de ocupação a partir da memória de seus moradores

Este trabalho objetiva utilizar a quantificação do Déficit de Moradias como um instrumento de AVALIAÇÃO E APLICAÇÃO de Programas ou Políticas Habitacionais. Para isto utiliza-se da metodologia criada pela Fundação João Pinheiro de Belo Horizonte, formulada em 1995, para o Governo Federal. Discute-se também os impactos sobre os sub-tipos de déficit habitacional, através de análises da produção de moradias de políticas e programas habitacionais desenvolvidos pela esferas públicas de governo: Federal; Esdadual e Municipal, com recorte específico para o caso do Estado e Município de São Paulo. Expressa uma tentativa de colocar ao alcance do poder público, parâmetros e informações que lhe permita subsidiar a formulação de políticas públicas de habitação e alocação de recursos nesta área, mostrando a importância de se conhecer a situação habitacional através de uma quantificação para o déficit habitacional que permita traçar metas próximas a das ‘reais’ necessidades habitacionais. / The purpose of this work is to use the quantification of the Housings Deficit as an instrument to APPLY and EVALUATE Housing Policy and Programs. For this purpose the methodology created by João Pinheiro Foundation in Belo Horizonte (formulated in 1995, for the Federal Government) was used. Effects/impacts are argued to occur on the subtypes of housing deficit, through analyses of the production of housing politics and housing programs originated from public spheres of government on the federal, state and municipal level in Brazil. Special emphasis is placed on the state and city of São Paulo.This work expresses an attempt to place within reach of the public power parameters and information that allow them to subsidize the formalisation of public politics of habitation and allocation of features in this sector, showing the importance of knowledge of housing deficit quantification in the creation of goals that reflect housing needs realistically.

O amor pela cidade e o interesse em conhecer a história de seus trabalhadores e de suas casas foi o que me motivou a fazer esta pesquisa. A formação dos bairros e a própria expansão urbana de Santo André têm fortes laços com o processo de migração de operários que vieram, principalmente, do interior de São Paulo e estados vizinhos, os quais buscavam aqui emprego e traziam consigo os costumes do campo para se adaptarem à nova vida na cidade. Assim, este trabalho se propõe a estudar as moradias urbanas de Santo André da primeira metade do século XX, enfocando a casa do trabalhador industrial, buscando traçar um panorama que permeia desde a produção da habitação e o espaço urbano ao seu entorno até os aspectos formais e funcionais da moradia, bem como sua organização e disposição interna. O trabalho também apresenta o resultado de uma pesquisa inédita feita em um material que se encontra arquivado no Museu de Santo André onde, através da análise de documentos e de processos de aprovação de residências entre os anos de 1929 e 1939, são estudados projetos arquitetônicos e memoriais descritivos originais de construções de residências, o que nos deu base para expor o que chamamos aqui de arquitetura popular que se configurou em toda a cidade, dentro e fora do espaço da casa. / The love by city and interest about knowing the history of its workers and their houses has motivated me to do this research. The neighborhoods formation and Santo André urban expansion itself have strong links with the migration of workers who came especially from São Paulo country side and neighbor states, witch looked for job and brought with them costumes from the country side to adapt to the new city life. So, this work proposes to study Santo André urban houses from the beginning of the twentieth century, focusing in the industrial worker house, trying to trace a panorama that ranges since the habitation production and surrounding urban space until its formal aspects, organization and interior disposal as well. This work also presents the result of an unedited research done with a material kept in Santo André Museum in which, trough documents and houses approval process between 1929 and 1939, architecture projects and original descriptive memorials of houses constructions are studied, what gave us base to expose what we call popular architecture, that has been configured in entire city, inside and outside the house space.

Le Québec connaît un vieillissement très rapide de sa population et cette importante transformation sociale forcera de nombreuses modifications dans la planification des services publics afin de répondre aux besoins changeants de la population. Ceci est particulièrement le cas dans le milieu de l'habitation qui sera influencé à plusieurs niveaux et qui actuellement tarde à s'adapter aux besoins des aînés. Les diverses réalités du vieillissement forcent le marché de l'habitation à modifier ses pratiques et les dernières années ont vu apparaître la création de nouveaux partenariats et un décloisonnement entre le milieu de l'habitation, les secteurs de la santé et des services sociaux et le milieu communautaire. Aussi, il est suggéré qu'au lieu de concevoir le vieillissement de la population comme une crise sociale, il est possible de voir cette transformation sociale comme une opportunité de développement pour les communautés. Afin de mieux comprendre cette transformation du marché de l'habitation destinée aux aînés et dans un contexte où le vieillissement de la population peut être perçu non pas comme une catastrophe sociale, mais bien comme une opportunité de développement, cette recherche, à visée descriptive et exploratoire, a donc pour but de comprendre en quoi l'habitation destinée aux aînés peut à la fois répondre à leurs besoins et contribuer au développement des communautés. Elle compte trois objectifs : 1) décrire, du point de vue des aînés, leur perception du chez-soi et leurs besoins en lien avec l'habitation; 2) décrire, du point de vue des acteurs, la chaîne d'actions de l'émergence d'une habitation destinée aux aînés; et 3) à la lumière des données recueillies, proposer une réflexion sur la façon dont l'habitation destinée aux aînés peut favoriser le chez-soi et le développement des communautés. Pour ce faire, l'analyse thématique (Paillé & Mucchielli, 2008) de données provenant de deux sources distinctes ont été utilisées. En premier lieu, une analyse secondaire des données issues des 49 focus groups d'aînés appartenant au projet Villes amies des aînés au Québec a été effectuée. En deuxième lieu, l'analyse de onze (11) entrevues avec des acteurs du milieu de l'habitation destinée aux aînés et de deux (2) observations directes provenant d'une étude de cas réalisées dans le cadre de ce mémoire a aussi été effectuée. Concernant le sentiment du chez-soi et les besoins des aînés, les résultats de cette recherche démontrent que pour maintenir un sentiment du chez-soi, les aînés doivent avoir accès à des habitations abordables dont les services peuvent évoluer en fonction de leurs besoins. Une flexibilité des horaires et la possibilité de participer au fonctionnement interne de leur milieu de vie sont déterminantes au sentiment du chez-soi. Que ce soit à domicile ou dans une ressource d'habitation avec services, les aînés doivent avoir accès à des services à domicile et de proximité dans un quartier facile d'accès et sécuritaire. Aussi, il est important pour les aînés d'avoir des opportunités, en tant que citoyens, de participer à la vie sociale de leur quartier et d'interagir avec des gens de toutes les générations. Pour ce faire, les ressources d'habitation destinée aux aînés doivent être en interface avec la communauté dans laquelle elles sont implantées. Finalement, la perte du sentiment du chez-soi provoque souvent la transition vers un nouveau milieu de vie. La notion d'un continuum du sentiment du chez-soi à travers les transitions est proposée afin de mieux répondre aux besoins des aînés en terme d'habitation. Concernant le rôle de l'habitation destinée aux aînés dans le développement des communautés, les résultats de cette recherche démontrent que les promoteurs de projet d'habitation doivent avoir une connaissance approfondie de la réalité des aînés de leur communauté et être reconnus par l'ensemble des acteurs du milieu afin de mener à bien ce type de projet. De plus, le développement de partenariats entre divers secteurs tels que la santé, les services sociaux, l'habitation, les municipalités et la société civile est maintenant nécessaire afin de répondre aux besoins de la population, particulièrement des aînés à faible revenu en perte d'autonomie. La participation des aînés à l'élaboration et à la gestion des ressources d'habitation qui leur sont destinées se présente comme un facteur fort efficace afin que les ressources d'habitation répondent adéquatement à leurs besoins et sachent s'adapter à l'évolution du vieillissement de leurs résidents. Cette recherche permet donc de constater que les habitations communautaires destinées aux aînés ont le potentiel de soutenir le sentiment du chez-soi des aînés, de répondre adéquatement à leurs besoins tout en contribuant au développement de la communauté à condition que celles-ci soient basées sur une structure et des valeurs participatives, soient développées en partenariat et entretiennent une relation étroite avec leur milieu.

Future human exploration missions beyond Earth vicinity will be demanding, requiring highly efficient, mass-constrained systems to reduce overall mission costs and complexity. Additionally, long duration transits in space and lack of Earth abort opportunities will increase the physiological and psychological needs of the crew, which will require larger, more capable systems to ensure astronaut well-being. As a result, the objective of habitat design for these missions is to minimize mass and vehicle size while providing adequate space for all necessary equipment and a functional layout for crew health and productivity. Unfortunately, a literature review of methods for evaluating the performance of habitat interior layout designs (including human-in-the-loop mockup tests, in-depth computer-aided design evaluations, and subjective design evaluation studies) found that they are not currently compatible with the conceptual phase of design or optimization because of the qualitative nature of the comparisons and the significant time required to generate and evaluate each layout. Failure to consider interior layout design during conceptual design can lead to increased mass, compromised functionality, and increased risk to crew; particularly for the mass, cost, and volume-constrained long duration human missions to cislunar space and Mars currently being planned by NASA. A comprehensive and timely quantitative method to measure the effectiveness of interior layouts and track the complex, conflicting habitat design objectives earlier in the design process is desired. A new, structured method and modeling framework to quickly measure the effectiveness of habitat interior designs is presented. This method allows for comparison of layouts at conceptual design and advances research in the previously unavailable capability to automate the generation of habitat interiors. This evaluation method features the development of a comprehensive list of quantifiable habitat layout evaluation criteria, the development of automatic methods to measure these criteria from a geometry model and designer inputs, and the application of systems engineering tools and numerical methods to construct a multi-objective value function measuring the overall habitat layout performance. In particular, this method featured the separation of subjective designer preferences and quantitative evaluation criteria measurements to speed layout evaluations and enable automation of interior layout design subject to a set of designer preferences. This method was implemented through the construction of a software tool utilizing geometry modeling coupled with collision detection techniques to identify favorable layouts subject to multiple constraints and objectives (e.g., minimize mass, maximize contiguous habitable volume, maximize task performance efficiency). Notional cis-lunar habitat layouts were evaluated to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Furthermore, stochastic optimization was applied to understand and address difficulties with automated layout design, particularly constraint implementation and convergence behavior. Findings from these investigations and implications for future research are discussed.