This study investigated the prevalence of voluntary self-practice of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) by accredited CBT practitioners, and explored the ability of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) to predict intentions to engage in CBT self-practice. A TPB questionnaire was constructed by implementing the protocol devised by Francis et al. (2004), with content specific items generated from an elicitation exercise to obtain salient beliefs regarding CBT self-practice. A sample of 177 accredited CBT practitioners completed an online survey which included demographic items and the TPB questionnaire. It was found that 46.4% of participants intended to self-practice CBT more than once a week over the following month. While the TPB predicted intentions to self-practice CBT (R2 = .445, p < .001), structural equation modeling revealed that the theory of reasoned action (R2 = .473, p < .001) was the best model fit of the observed data (RMSEA = .00, CFI = 1.00). It was concluded that a substantial proportion of CBT practitioners intended to regularly engage in CBT self-practice, with intentions predicted by subjective normative beliefs and attitudes towards the behaviour. Implications are discussed, with calls for the study to be replicated. Potential future research is considered, with suggestions to explore the role of CBT self-practice to promote therapist wellbeing.

Bakgrund: Kvinnlig könsstympning är ett ingrepp som länge utförts i stora delar av världen. 196 medlemsländer har anslutit sig till Förenta Nationens (FN) konvention om barns rättigheter för att gemensamt arbeta för att avskaffa denna typ av skadliga sedvänja. Genom kontinuerliga datainsamlingar om kvinnlig könsstympning förutspås en signifikant ökning i takt med att världens befolkning ökar. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal känner till ingreppet men få kan identifiera dess olika typer. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva vad hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal har för erfarenheter av att vårda patienter som genomgått kvinnlig könsstympning. Metod: Metoden är en litteraturöversikt baserad på sju kvalitativa artiklar, tre kvantitativa artiklar samt en artikel med mixad metod vilka var inhämtade från tre olika databaser; Cinahl Complete, PubMed och Academic Search Complete. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras under två kategorier: Bristande kunskap samt Det komplexa vårdandet. Hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal uttryckte att de hade bristande kunskaper och erfarenheter med att vårda och möta kvinnor som genomgått kvinnlig könsstympning. Många ansåg att de upplevde omtumlande känslor vid möten med kvinnor som genomgått kvinnlig könsstympning och deras familjer. Att se det kvinnliga könsorganets förändrade anatomi med mycket ärrbildning var svårhanterbart för många hälso- och sjukvårdare. Diskussion: Resultatet diskuterades utifrån Leiningers transkulturella omvårdnadsteori samt konsensusbegreppet människan. Den transkulturella medvetenheten och förmågan att bortse från det egna etnocentriska synsättet ligger till grund för det professionella vårdandet. / Background: Female genital mutilation is a procedure that has long been carried out in many parts of the world. 196 member countries have joined United Nation's (UN) Convention on the rights of children, to work together to eliminate this kind of malicious practice. Through continuous data collection of female genital mutilation, it predicts a significant rise as the world population increases. Health professionals are familiar with the procedure, but few can identify its different types. Aim: The aim was to describe health professionals’ experiences of caring for patients who have undergone female genital mutilation. Method: The method consists of a literature review based on seven qualitative articles, three quantitative articles and one with mixed method retrieved from three different databases; Cinahl Complete, PubMed and Academic Search Complete. Results: The results are presented under two categories: Lack of knowledge and The complexity of caring. Health professionals expressed a lack of knowledge and experience to nurture and meet women who have undergone female genital mutilation. Many felt that they experienced tumultuous feelings at meetings with women who have undergone female genital mutilation and their families. Seeing the female genitalia altered anatomy with very severe scarring was unmanageable for many health professionals. Discussion: The results were discussed on the basis of Leininger's transcultural nursing theory and the concept of consensus human. The transcultural awareness and the ability of health professionals' to ignore their own ethnocentric approach is the basis for the professional caring.

Bröstmjölk är en komplett näringskälla för det nyfödda barnet. Förutom att tillföra barnet alla näringsämnen hen behöver så ger bröstmjölken energi, bygger upp kroppen samt skyddar det nyfödda barnet mot sjukdomar. Amning är ett samspel mellan mamma och barn som påverkas av många faktorer. För en tvillingmamma är initiering av amning en större utmaning än för en mamma som fött ett barn, då omvårdnaden kring barnen blir dubbel. Syftet med studien var att beskriva tvillingmammors erfarenhet av amningsstöd, dels från vårdpersonal, dels från sociala medier, för att initiera och upprätthålla en fungerande amning. Studien är en intervjustudie med kvalitativ metod. Datamaterial samlades in genom intervjuer av sex utvalda tvillingmammor. Mammorna söktes och valdes ut via en Facebookgrupp. I resultatet framkom två kategorier: Mammans initiativ och Vårdpersonalens engagemang. Resultatet tyder på att de intervjuade mammornas erfarenhet är att vårdpersonal idag saknar den specifika kunskapen om/och förståelse för hur mycket arbete det innebär för en tvillingmamma att få amningen att fungera. Många mammor söker idag den information de inte erhållit via vårdpersonal på annat sätt, oftast via sociala medier. Utifrån den här studien kan vårdpersonal få en ökad förståelse för tvillingmammors behov av extra amningsstöd och information. / Breast milk is a complete food source for the newborn. In addition to supplying the baby all the nutrients it needs breast milk also provides energy, builds up the body and protects the newborn against disease. Breastfeeding is an interaction between mother and child that is affected by many factors. For a twin mother is initiation of breastfeeding more of a challenge than for a mother who gave birth to a child, then care about the children becomes twice.The purpose of this study was to describe the mother of twin´s experience of breastfeeding support, both from health professionals as well as from social media, to initiate and maintain a functional breastfeeding. The study is an interview study of qualitative method. Data material was collected through interviews with six selected twin mothers. The informants were sought and selected through a Facebook group. The results revealed two categories: The mother's initiative and The involvement of health professionals. The result indicates that the interviewed mothers experience is that health professionals today lack the specific knowledge and understanding of how much work it means for a twin mother to get a functional breastfeeding. Many mothers today are using other sources in seeking the information they did not receive by health professionals, mostly through social media. Based on this study, health professionals might gain a greater understanding of the need twin mothers have for more support and information regarding breast feeding twins.

Bakgrund: Övervikt och fetma orsakar idag fler dödsfall än undervikt. Det är ett folkhälsoproblem som ökar över hela världen. Övervikt och fetma leder till såväl fysiska som psykiska problem och besvär för den drabbade. Forskning har visat att patienter med övervikt eller fetma upplever mest stigmatisering i vuxen ålder. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att belysa bemötandet av patienter med övervikts- och fetmaproblematik ur patientens och vårdpersonalens perspektiv. Metoder: En litteraturöversikt. Resultat: Det framkom att patienter med högre BMI upplevde negativt bemötande från vårdpersonal, att de inte blev hörda. Patienterna sökte inte gärna vård. Det framkommer att vårdpersonalen hade en negativ attityd till patienter med övervikt eller fetma och ville helst inte vårda dessa. Slutsats: Patienter med övervikt eller fetma är en utsatt patientgrupp i såväl samhälle som inom vården. Patienterna upplever att de inte blir hörda och inte blir tagna på allvar. Vårdpersonal är enig om att vården måste hjälpa dessa patienter, trots det uppger en stor del av vårdpersonal att de inte vill vårda patienter med övervikt eller fetma relaterat till tidsbrist. / Background: Overweight and obesity cause today more deaths than underweight. There is a public health disorder that is increasing worldwide . Overweight and obesity leads to both physical and mental problems and inconvenience for the patient. Aim: The purpose of this study is to highlight the treatment of obese and overweight patients from the patient and the health-care personnel’s’ perspective. Methods: A literature review. Findings: It emerged that patients with a higher BMI experienced negative attitude from medical professionals , that they felt not being listened to and excluded. Patients dreaded to seek care. It appears that healthcare staff had a negative attitude and are not willing to care for overweight or obese patients. Conclusions: Overweight and obese patients are a vulnerable group of patients in both society and in healthcare. Patients feel they are not heard, they will be excluded and not taken seriously. Caregivers agrees that they must help these patients, despite the state a large part of health care workers that they would rather not care for obese patients.

This qualitative research study addressed the gap in the literature and lack of clinical guidelines and frameworks for health professionals as they assess and manage risk when balancing the safety and autonomy of community-dwelling older adults. Twelve health professionals were asked in individual interviews how they perceive, identify, assess and treat risk and how they negotiate the safety and autonomy of their clients. Informed by grounded theory methodology, the findings revealed what kinds of decisions health professionals made and how they made them within this clinical context. These findings from the perspective of the health professional contributed to the development of a definition of living at risk, a safety continuum and a conceptual/practice framework to help health professionals, including occupational therapists, make sound clinical decisions as they balance the autonomy and safety of their community-dwelling older adult clients.

Some sections of the appendices are not available in the electronic copy of this thesis due to their format. The full version is available for consultation at the University of Leicester Library.

Dans cette recherche nous nous intéressons aux professionnels du domaine de la santé qui travaillent à la frontière Uruguay-Brésil. Cet espace est marqué non seulement par une culture « frontalière », mais aussi par le plurilinguisme car deux langues standard telles que l’espagnol et le portugais, ainsi que deux dialectes locaux étant le Portugais Gaúcho da Fronteira et Portugais de l’Uruguay (populairement appelé portugnol) son présents sur ce territoire. C’est exactement dans ce sens que nous cherchons à savoir comment les professionnels de santé travaillent dans un espace si singulier et si complexe. L’objectif de cette recherche est ainsi celui d’étudier l’activité professionnelle et les compétences mises en œuvre par les travailleurs de ce domaine dans le but de mieux répondre aux besoins des patients frontaliers. Nous nous demandons quelles compétences, autres que techniques, sont nécessaires afin d’assurer une prise en charge adéquate et efficace des patients dont le cadre de référence socio-économique, culturel et linguistique peut différer de celui du professionnel. Pour aborder ce sujet, nous avons choisi de travailler avec plusieurs approches, qui bien que différentes, s’avèrent pertinentes pour une compréhension plus holistique de notre objet d’étude. C’est ainsi que nous évoquerons les travaux de l’ergonomie francophone, la théorie des champs conceptuels proposée par Gérard Vergnaud, la didactique professionnelle, la clinique de l’activité et les travaux réalisés dans le domaine de l’interculturalité. En nous situant plus particulièrement dans la perspective historico-culturelle du psychisme, développée par l’école russe de psychologie, et notamment à travers les travaux de Vygotski et de Leontiev, nous étudierons davantage l’activité professionnelle et les compétences qui s’expriment à travers cette activité. Pour cela, nous avons mené cette étude auprès de 208 professionnels, aussi bien uruguayens que brésiliens, en utilisant cinq outils méthodologiques : des observations ethnographiques, un questionnaire, des entretiens informels, des entretiens dits d’instruction au sosie et des entretiens d’autoconfrontation simple. Les résultats de cette recherche montrent que les professionnels de santé travaillant dans cet espace frontalier semblent avoir développé des compétences, autres que techniques, afin de proposer une prise en charge plus adéquate et plus efficace. En outre, et à travers les résultats qualitatifs et quantitatifs, nous avons remarqué que ce contexte culturellement et linguistiquement hybride ne viendrait pas tellement rendre difficile l’activité professionnelle. Au contraire, et dans certains cas, il aiderait même à développer d’autres compétences et à prendre des initiatives qui dépassent aussi bien ce qui est attendu par les prescriptions formelles que par les prescriptions propres au métier. / This research focuses on the study of health professionals who work on the border between Uruguay and Brazil. This area is characterized not only by a “culture of the borderlands”, but also by multilingualism because two standard languages (Spanish and Portuguese) as well as two local dialects (Portuguese Gaucho da Fronteira and Uruguayan-Portuguese - popularly called portuñol) are found in this territory. It is in this particular sense that we are trying to understand how healthcare professionals work in such a singular and complex area. The aim of this research is to study these workers’ professional activity and the competences they employ in their domain to better take care of the patients living in the border. We wonder which competences, other than technical, are necessary to these professionals to ensure a suitable and efficient care of the patients whose socio-economic, linguistic and cultural background may differ from theirs. We have chosen to work on this subject using a variety of techniques, which differ greatly but are all relevant in helping us achieve a holistic understanding of the topic we are studying. In this way, we will mention francophone ergonomics, the theory of conceptual fields developed by Gerard Vergnaud, the clinic of activity, and research from the domain of intercultural studies. More specifically using the historical-cultural theory of mind developed by the Russian school of psychology (in particular Vygotski and Leontiev’s work), we will study the professional activity and competences expressed through this activity. For this purpose, we have conducted this study with 208 Uruguayan and Brazilian professionals, using five methodological tools: ethnographic observations, a questionnaire, informal interviews, the so-called instruction to a double, and self-confrontation interviews. The results of this research show that the health professionals who work on that borderland seem to have developed a set of competences, other than technical, in order to provide more suitable and efficient care. Moreover, and in these quantitative and qualitative results, we have noticed that this culturally hybrid context is not an obstacle to their professional activity. On the contrary, in some cases, it is even likely to help them develop other skills and take initiatives that exceed what is demanded by technical requirements as well as their job's requirements.

A literatura científica biomédica tem apontado que pessoas em intenso sofrimento psíquico encontram no consumo de drogas um modo de lidar com esse sofrimento. Assim, o consumo de drogas tem alta prevalência entre pessoas que apresentam algum quadro clínico psiquiátrico e este aparece muitas vezes como uma estratégia de lidar com os sintomas. Em contrapartida, este consumo aparece descrito como causador de pior prognóstico, colocando o usuário em situações de maior vulnerabilidade. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender a perspectiva de profissionais de um serviço de saúde mental sobre o consumo de drogas por pessoas em tratamento psiquiátrico. O estudo tem caráter qualitativo, descritivo e exploratório e foi aprovado por Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 16 profissionais de um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial III (CAPS) do interior de São Paulo. Para a análise dos dados, considerou-se o papel da linguagem como construtora da realidade. Foi realizada análise de conteúdo temática, sendo construídas quatro categorias: Especificidades do contexto; O fenômeno da droga; O uso de drogas durante o tratamento psiquiátrico; e Fronteira entre a saúde mental e o uso de drogas. Os profissionais destacaram a presença do uso de drogas em pacientes do serviço, apesar da disposição da rede local em dividir o cuidado às duas demandas. Os participantes compreendiam que o sofrimento era o principal motivador para o uso de drogas nesta população. A identificação do consumo foi tema relevante para os profissionais não havendo, porém, protocolo específico para isto. O vínculo estabelecido com o paciente foi apontado como principal estratégia para identificação. O uso de drogas em pacientes do CAPS foi relatado como fomentando preconceito por parte de alguns profissionais, influenciados pelo discurso moral na construção de sentidos sobre os usuários de drogas. O tabaco não era descrito como uma droga, sendo algumas vezes compreendido inclusive como parte do tratamento no CAPS. Os discursos moral e biomédico construindo sentidos sobre o uso de drogas concorrem nas falas dos profissionais para explicar o fenômeno da droga. Da mesma forma, estratégias de cuidado dividem-se entre aquelas voltadas à redução de danos ou em busca da abstinência, sendo mais prevalentes as voltadas à abstinência. O papel central atribuído ao medicamento no tratamento suscitou questionamentos a respeito do lugar ocupado por este como droga ou como tratamento. Ações que proporcionem aos profissionais mais espaços para construção de sentidos a respeito do tema, seja de mais ajuda do que apenas uma divisão arbitrária (e aparentemente impossível de ser implementada na prática) entre as duas demandas. O momento das entrevistas foi uma oportunidade para a construção destes sentidos. / Biomedical scientific literature has showed that people under severe mental suffering conditions usually consume drugs as a coping strategy. Therefore, the drug consumption has high prevalence in psychiatric patients and is frequently described as a coping strategy to deal with theirs symptoms. On the other hand, this drug consumption is described as causing poorer prognosis, including putting the users in vulnerable situations. This research aimed to understand the perspective of professionals from a mental health service about the patients drug use during psychiatric treatment. This study is qualitative, descriptive and exploratory and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals of a Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS- 3) in a medium city in the countryside of São Paulo state. For data analysis, we consider the role of language as a constructor of reality. A thematic content analysis was performed, resulting in four categories: Particularities of the context; the drug phenomena; drug use during psychiatric treatment; and the boundaries between mental health and drug use. The professionals highlighted a perceived presence of drug use in patients, despite of the local network willingness in offering care for both demands. Participants understood that suffering was the main motivator for the use of drugs in this population. Identifying the drug consumption was a relevant issue for professionals, however, there was no specific protocol to address this issue. Establishing bonding with the patient was pointed out as the main strategy for drug use identification. The drug use in CAPS patients was reported as contributing to the stigma by some professionals, mostly influenced by the moral discourse on meaning making attributed to drug users. Tobacco was not described as a drug, and sometimes was even understood as part of treatment in CAPS. Both moral and biomedical discourses constructed meanings about the use of drugs compete in the professionals´ speeches to explain the drug phenomena. Similarly, care strategies were divided between those aiming to reduce damage or seeking withdrawal, and the most prevalent ones were those focused on drug abstinence. The central role assigned to medication in the treatment raised questions about the place occupied by the medication as drug or as a treatment tool. Actions providing professionals more opportunities for meaning making about this subject can be more helpful than the currently arbitrary division (and seemingly impossible to implement in practice) for addressing both demands. The interviews offered the professionals an opportunity for the construction of these meanings and senses.

Fadiga relacionada ao câncer (FRC) é um sintoma comum e tratável que interfere profundamente em vários aspectos da qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer. É definida como um sintoma persistente, um senso subjetivo de cansaço físico, emocional e cognitivo ou exaustão relacionada ao câncer ou ao seu tratamento que não seja proporcional à atividade realizada recentemente, a qual poderia interferir com a capacidade funcional do paciente. Esse estudo teve como objetivo descrever a experiência dos profissionais de saúde acerca do conhecimento, avaliação e intervenção sobre a fadiga relacionada ao câncer em crianças e adolescentes com câncer. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza descritiva e exploratória, com análise qualitativa dos dados. Para tanto, foram conduzidas entrevistas guiadas por um instrumento composto por duas partes: a primeira contendo informações de identificação dos participantes, como idade; sexo; data de nascimento; estado civil; profissão; tempo de formado; tempo de atuação na equipe e atividades de educação permanente e a segunda com as seguintes questões norteadoras: O que é fadiga?, Como você identifica e avalia uma criança ou um adolescente com câncer com fadiga?, Quais são as intervenções utilizadas para o alívio da fadiga? Participaram do estudo 53 profissionais da saúde (10 enfermeiros, 33 auxiliares de enfermagem, 3 médicos, 3 nutricionistas, 2 psicólogos e 2 fisioterapeutas). Para a análise de dados utilizamos a análise de conteúdo do tipo temática indutiva. Os dados foram organizados ao redor de três temas: conhecimento sobre fadiga; identificação da fadiga e intervenções para o alívio da fadiga. Os resultados apontam para o conhecimento limitado dos profissionais da área da saúde sobre fadiga e pouco investimento em capacitação formal. Sobretudo, há que se ressaltar que a escassez de estudos sobre o assunto no cenário brasileiro ainda é uma barreira para oferecer subsídios para melhoria desta sintomatologia em crianças e adolescentes com câncer / Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common and treatable symptom that interferes deeply into many aspects of quality of life of cancer patients. It is defined as a distressing persistent symptom, a subjective sense of physical, emotional and cognitive or exhaustion related to cancer or its treatment that is not proportional to the activity held recently, which could interfere with the patient\'s functional capacity. This study aimed to describe the experience of health professionals about knowledge, assessment and intervention on cancer-related fatigue in children and adolescents with cancer. This is a descriptive and exploratory study, with qualitative data analysis. To this end, interviews were conducted and guided by an instrument consisting of two parts: the first containing identifying information of the participants, such as age, sex, date of birth, marital status, profession, years of graduation, work experience in the health team and continuing education activities and the second part with the following guiding questions: What is fatigue?, How do you identify and evaluate a child or adolescent with cancer-related fatigue?, What are you the interventions used to relieve fatigue? The study included 53 health professionals (10 nurses, 33 nursing assistants, 3 physicians, 3 nutritionists, 2 psychologists and 2 physiotherapists). For data analysis we used the content analysis of inductive thematic type. Data were organized around three themes: knowledge of fatigue, fatigue identification and interventions for relief of fatigue. The results point to the limited knowledge of health professionals about fatigue and little investment in formal training. Above all, it is emphasized that the scarcity of studies on the issue in the Brazilian scenario is still a barrier to provide insight for the improvement of symptoms in children and adolescents with cancer

A violência tem imposto uma sobrecarga na qualidade de vida da população e nos serviços de saúde. Apesar de terem ocorrido avanços na saúde pública com relação ao reconhecimento da violência como um problema de saúde, os profissionais têm encontrado dificuldades para oferecer repostas à violência. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar quais os sentidos atribuídos à violência intrafamiliar contra crianças e adolescentes pelos profissionais da Estratégia Saúde da Família e os desafios e potencialidades que encontram na assistência. Trata-se de um estudo de natureza descritiva, com análise qualitativa dos dados, realizado com cinco profissionais de Saúde da Família. Utilizamos neste estudo como procedimento de coleta de dados a entrevista semiestruturada, analisada pela técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Temática. A complexidade da violência intrafamiliar se manteve nos discursos dos profissionais de saúde da família, atribuindo-lhes diferentes explicações para sua ocorrência. Sendo assim, ela não aparece como algo naturalizado, pois, recorrem às explicações históricas, culturais, políticas e econômicas. Além disso, por estarem atuando na Política de Saúde da Família, também, apontaram para as violências que ocorrem nos arredores, no território onde moram as famílias e trabalham os profissionais. Entre as potencialidades apontadas pela equipe com relação à violência intrafamiliar e outras violências, esteve a fácil identificação dos casos e também, a possibilidade de compreendê-la a partir do contexto em que ela ocorre. Sendo assim, o trabalho em equipe, a intersetorialidade, o apoio de equipes de matriciamento e as tecnologias leves de cuidado aparecem como recursos para acolher a violência intrafamiliar na Estratégia Saúde da Família. Quanto aos desafios, estes começam com a falta de preparo desde a graduação para lidar com a questão da violência, as capacitações profissionais para a qualificação que não incluem o tema de maneira que leve à reflexão e à mudança nos processos de trabalho e a falta de apoio de uma equipe ampliada e outros setores para dialogar com a equipe. A notificação embora seja um desafio, se configura como uma potência para analisar e transformar o processo de trabalho. O estudo apontou que apesar do profissional de saúde da família reconhecer a violência como questão de saúde, ainda é necessário formular e programar políticas que melhorem a gestão e ampliem a oferta de serviços e a resolubilidade das ações, buscando com isso, promover visibilidade à violência / Violence has imposed a burden on quality of life and health services. Although there have been advances in public health with respect to the recognition of violence as a health problem, professionals have found it difficult to provide responses to violence. So, the objective of this study was to investigate what are the meanings attributed to family violence against children and adolescents by professional of Family Health Strategy and the challenges and possibilities they find in attendance. This was a descriptive study with qualitative data analysis, performed with 05 professional of Family Health. We use this study, as a data collection procedure, semi-structured interviews, analyzed by the Thematic Content Analysis. The complexity of family violence has remained in the discourse of family health professional by assigning different explanations for its occurrence. Thus, it does not appear as something adopted, once they resort to historical, cultural, political and economic explanations. Moreover, once they act at the Family Health Policy, also pointed to the violence occurring in the surroundings, the territory inhabited by families and working professionals. Among the strengths identified by the staff in relation to domestic violence and other kinds of violence, was the easy identification of cases and also the possibility to understand it from the context in which it occurs. Thus, teamwork, intersectoral coordination, matricial supporting teams and light technologies of care appear as resources to accommodate family violence in the Family Health Strategy. As for challenges, they start with the lack of preparation from college to deal with the issue of violence, the professional training for qualification that does not include the issue of violence which leads to reflection and change in work processes and the lack of supporting expanded team and other sectors to dialogue with the staff. Notification, although challenging, is configured as an output to analyze and transform the labor process. The study found that despite the health professional to recognize family violence as a health issue, it is still necessary to formulate and program policies which improve the management, expanding the range of services and resoluteness of actions, seeking thereby promote more visibility to violence