réalisée en cotutelle entre les Universités de Montréal et de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (France) / Imputer un acte à quelqu'un soulève déjà des difficultés propres. Mais ces difficultés sont encore augmentées lorsque c'est un crime de guerre que l'on cherche à imputer. En effet, à qui attribuer un crime lorsque la structure engage des actions collectives (bataillons, foules, organisations résistantes) ou que les actes commis ont été ordonnés par des supérieurs hiérarchiques ? Comment prendre en considération le fait que le contexte de guerre peut-être perturbant ou traumatisant pour les soldats, sans pour autant en venir à excuser les actes commis ? Et pourtant, il faut arriver à proposer des solutions, car ces questions revêtent une importance capitale, non seulement au sein des procès internationaux, mais aussi dans le contexte général d'après-guerre. L'exactitude des inculpations, la visibilité des méthodes juridiques et des procédures sont autant d'éléments qui acquièrent une portée particulière dans les efforts pour installer une paix aussi durable que possible. De plus, l'établissement des responsabilités, au niveau des individus comme au niveau des États, doit permettre de comprendre ce qui a rendu possible des crimes au sein d'un conflit armé et ainsi de penser les éléments possibles d'une prévention. / My research starts from the statement that imputing an act on someone raises its own difficulties. But these difficulties are increased when it is a war crime that we have to attribute. Indeed, to whom does one accredit a crime when the context engages collective actions (battalions, crowds, resistant organizations) or when acts performed were ordered by superiors in the hierarchy ? How to consider the fact that the context of war can be disturbing or traumatizing for soldiers, without going so far as to excuse them of their crimes? And nevertheless, it is necessary to propose solutions, because the question takes on major importance, not only in regard to justice within international lawsuits, but also in the post-war general context. Indeed, the exactness of accusations, the visibility of legal methods and procedures are some of the many elements which acquire a particular impact on the efforts to settle a peace that will be as durable as possible. Furthermore, the establishment of responsibilities, at the individual level as well as at the States level, has to allow to understand what made possible crimes within an armed conflict and, therefore, to rethink elements of a possible prevention.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T14:21:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Isabel Maria de Sousa.pdf: 335945 bytes, checksum: 7a08a02b9414890e9241743f00e0465a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-02-18 / This study has the objective to investigate human violence, such as homicide, committed under emotional or passionate states, that holds crime as a human characteristic. Throughout this theme, the thesis states that crimes committed under these emotional states cannot be used to justify homicide, or to lower penal sentences, but to explain them. Emotion and passion can only eliminate penal sentences when derived from psychological pathologies that incapacitate the understanding and wanting of the person. Crimes of passion have an integrated cognitive conscience and affection, failing the murderer only the ethical control over his decisions. The thesis also states that passion that kills doesn't derive from love or honor, but from a homocidal instinct. However, the passional murderer is responsible for the legal consequences of the crime. The case study explores the subject object world relationship, under various perspectives: such as psychological and psychiatric points of view, being the reason why this study focuses on the fenomenological method of diagnosing the subjects researched. The analysis of the results shows the need to better comprehend the facts and experiences of passionate homicide, to create a rupture in the legal penal system, in its process, diagnosis and penal sentences. / Este estudo tem o objetivo de investigar a violência humana no crime de homicídio, cometido sob os estados emotivos ou passionais, situando-se em uma vertente que apreende o crime como fenômeno real, humano. Ao enfrentar o tema, a sustentação recai na tese que os estados emocionais ou passionais não podem ser utilizados como componentes para justificar o homicídio, diminuir ou atenuar a pena, senão para explicá-lo. A emoção e a paixão somente podem elidir a imputabilidade penal quando derivadas de patologias do psiquismo humano, que impedem a capacidade de entender e querer do agente. No crime passional, os aspectos afetivo e cognitivo da consciência mantêm-se íntegros, faltando ao homicida o domínio ético sobre suas decisões. Também se sustenta que a paixão que mata não deriva do sentimento de amor ou de honra íntima, mas de instinto homicida. Portanto, o criminoso passional é imputável e responsável pelas conseqüências jurídicas do crime. O estudo de caso explora a relação sujeitoobjeto- mundo, sob perspectivas psicológica, psiquiátrica, psicopatológica e jurídico-penal, razão pela qual este estudo focaliza a aplicação do método fenomenológico no diagnóstico dos sujeitos pesquisados. A análise de resultados assinala a necessidade de aprofundar a compreensão da experiência e dos fatos homicidas considerados passionais, para provocar uma ruptura do pragmatismo dogmático do sistema jurídico penal no processo de seu diagnóstico, imputação, imputabilidade e penalização.

L’Education Nationale, par le nombre et la diversité des statuts de ses personnels, constitue un laboratoire d’étude intéressant sur les conditions de travail des agents publics, notamment lorsqu’ils sont victimes d’accidents ou de maladies à l’occasion de leur activité professionnelle. Les règles issues du droit du travail et du droit de la fonction publique et l’intervention croisée de multiples acteurs rendent complexe ce type de contentieux. S’ajoutent de nouveaux risques professionnels (souffrance au travail, cancers professionnels), qui sont en phase de reconnaissance juridique et sociale. La prévention des risques professionnels est devenue une préoccupation des pouvoirs publics, ainsi que la santé au travail dans la fonction publique. L’étude de ces risques pourrait entraîner une meilleure reconnaissance des accidents et maladies professionnels, qui souffre actuellement d’un processus administratif complexe mettant à mal les droits des agents publics. Enfin, la réparation des risques professionnels conduit toujours à des inégalités selon les faits à l’origine de l’accident ou de la maladie, le statut de l’agent ou la gravité du dommage. Le dépassement de la règle du forfait de pension met fin à certaines injustices mais demeure d’une portée limitée. Le rapprochement avec le régime général pourrait faire bénéficier les fonctionnaires de la présomption d’imputabilité. La mise en place d’un Fonds d’indemnisation bénéficiant à tous les agents publics et ayant pour vocation la réparation de tous les risques professionnels pourrait permettre à la victime d’un tel risque d’obtenir un complément d’indemnisation, permettant une réparation intégrale du préjudice. / The Department of Education, by the number and the variety of the statutes of itsstaffs, constitutes a laboratory of study interesting on the conditions of employment of thecivil servants, notably when they are victims of accidents or diseases on the occasion of theirprofessional activity. Rules stemming from the Labour Law and from the law of the publicservice and the crossed intervention of multiple actors make complex this type of dispute.New occupational hazards (suffering in the work, professional cancers) add, which are inphase of legal and social recognition.The prevention of the occupational hazards became a preoccupation of authorities, aswell as the health in the work in the public service. The study of this risks could pull a betterrecognition of the professional accidents and the diseases, which suffers at present from acomplex administrative process worsening the principle of legal security. Finally, the repair ofthe occupational hazards always leads to disparities according to the facts of the origin of theaccident or of the disease, the status of the agent or the gravity of the damage. The overtakingof the rule of the fixed price of pension terminates certain injustices but house of the limitedreach.The link with the general regime could make the civil servants of the assumptionbenefit of imputability. The implementation of a Fund of compensation benefiting to all thecivil servants and having for vocation the repair of all the professional risks could allow thevictim of this risk to obtain a complement to compensation, allowing a complete repair of thedamage.

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES Abstract Although it has been more than seven years since the adoption of Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on the criminal liability of legal entities and proceedings against them, by criminal liability of legal entities which the Czech legislators introduced, it remains a controversial issue. Thus the aim of this thesis is not only to analyse this legislation and provide a comprehensive and clear interpretation, including a critical evaluation of selected institutes, but also to introduce the process leading to its adoption, including a comparison of the arguments in favour of adopting such a decision with the arguments presented by the opponents of the criminal liability of legal entities. An equally important aim of the thesis is an analytical evaluation of application knowledge and the presentation of potential de lege ferenda proposals. However, such considerations require a sufficient command of terminology, as well as of the basic principles of criminal law, which is the content of Chapter One of the thesis. Chapter Two is dedicated to the fundamental change in the concept of legal entities brought about by the new Civil Code, which leans towards the theory of fiction, thereby causing considerable tension. On a global scale, the institute of the liability of legal entities...

[pt] A presente tese tem por objetivo analisar como o direito penal brasileiro, enquanto discurso, contribui para legitimar as formas peculiares de operacionalidade violenta do sistema penal sobre adolescentes e portadores de sofrimento psíquico autores de infrações penais. Imbricados a esse problema empírico estão os problemas normativos e dogmáticos das inconsistências e fragilidades da imputabilidade e da sua negativa, razão pela qual a tese também busca verificar se é possível repensar a teoria do delito em função da garantia de direitos humanos e fundamentais desses sujeitos; e, em caso positivo, em que termos. Os referenciais teóricos adotados são o realismo jurídico-penal marginal, o funcionalismo teleológico-redutor, a antipsiquiatria e os movimentos de reforma psiquiátrica em geral, e a criminologia crítica latino-americana. Assim, primeiro, investiga-se o desenvolvimento histórico das construções discursivas da inimputabilidade por idade e por sofrimento psíquico no Brasil, bem como da edificação dos seus respectivos sistemas tutelares de medidas correcionais e terapêuticas desde o Império até os dias atuais. Na sequência, analisam-se as principais alternativas e inovações formuladas na teoria do delito, em especial, no âmbito da imputabilidade. Ao final, conclui-se pela defesa da imputabilidade enquanto elemento autônomo da estrutura analítica do delito, dotada de fundamentos materiais, conceituação e posição sistemática próprias, o que implica em alterações na teoria do delito e no sistema de penas e medidas. / [en] This thesis aims to analyse how Brazilian Criminal Law, taken as a discourse, contributes to legitimate the peculiar forms of violent operability of its penal system upon adolescents and mentally disordered offenders. The normative and dogmatic problems of inconsistency and fragilities over the capacity of culpability (imputability) and its negative are related to this empirical problem, and that is why the thesis also aims to verify if it is possible to rethink the theory of crime regarding the guarantee of those subjects human and fundamental rights; and, if so, in what terms. The theoretical references adopted are the marginal realism, the teleological-reductive functionalism, antipsychiatry and psychiatric reform movements in general, and the latin-american critical criminology. Therefore, firstly, the thesis investigates the historical development of the discoursive constructions about the absence of culpability by reasons of age and mental disorders in Brazil, as well as the making of its respective tutelary systems of correctional and therapeutical measures since the Empire to this day. In sequel, the main alternatives and inovations formulated within theory of crime are analysed, specially concerning the capacity of culpability. In conclusion, the thesis states that capacity of culpability – imputability, in fact – is an autonomous element within the analytical structure of crime, gifted with its own material basis, conceptualization and systematic position, which implicates changes in theory of crime and the system of punishments and correctional measures.

Chovanec, Š. Criminal proceedings against legal entities Criminal proceedings against legal entities represent a significant innovation for Czech criminal procedure law. Adoption of Act nř 418/2011, about Criminal liability of legal entities and criminal proceedings against them, is considered as acceptance of the world's phenomenon of enactment of the institute of Criminal liability of legal entities. The lawmaker had chosen a special regulation for criminal proceedings against legal entities which however does not describe the issues solely. So the Penal Code is considered subsidiary applicable regardless it does regulate criminal proceedings against a natural person. The author of this text deals with risks and potential problems connected to this construct. The author of this text describes selected aspects of criminal proceedings against legal entities from its beginning to the enforcement proceeding.

La pancréatite, qui désigne l’inflammation du pancréas, est une condition grave qui survient lorsque les enzymes pancréatiques, servant normalement à la digestion des aliments, digèrent le pancréas. Les causes les plus fréquentes sont la consommation excessive d’alcool et la migration de lithiases vésiculaires dans les voies biliaires. On reconnait également des formes moins fréquentes qui contribuent au fardeau de la maladie et la pancréatite induite par un médicament est l’une d’entre elles. En cours d’hospitalisation et lors du suivi, cette étiologie cause des difficultés aux médecins et aux pharmaciens qui doivent travailler de concert pour d’abord la diagnostiquer, mais également identifier le médicament déclencheur afin d’éviter la récurrence. Néanmoins, cette identification se voit complexifiée, dû à un manque de données probantes fiables et récentes concernant d’une part l’épidémiologie, mais aussi l’étiologie de cette condition. L’objectif principal de ce projet est d’étudier les cas de pancréatites aiguës médicamenteuses hospitalisés au Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux du Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean afin d'obtenir un portrait réel de cette étiologie en plus d’ajouter de nouvelles preuves à la littérature. La méthodologie repose sur la révision des dossiers médicaux des cas hospitalisés pour au moins une pancréatite médicamenteuse dans les six hôpitaux du Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean entre 2006 et 2014. Les données recueillies et leurs analyses ont permis de documenter les médicaments ayant causé une pancréatite aiguë médicamenteuse au Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean en plus de participer à l’avancement des connaissances actuelles par l’identification de médicaments non associés à la pancréatite aiguë jusqu’à maintenant. / Pancreatitis, which refers to the inflammation of the pancreas, is a serious medical condition in which the pancreatic enzymes, that normally digest food, start to digest the pancreas. The most common causes are excessive alcohol consumption and gallstone migration into the bile ducts. Less common causes also contribute to the burden of the disease and drugs are one of them. Diagnosis of drug-induced pancreatitis and identification of the triggering drug in order to avoid recurrence is a challenge to both physicians and pharmacists. Moreover, identification of the causative drug is complex due to a lack of reliable and recent evidence concerning the epidemiology and the etiology of this condition. The main objective of this project is to study drug-induced acute pancreatitis cases hospitalized at the Centre intégré universitaire de santé et services sociaux of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean in order to obtain an accurate representation of this etiology in addition to adding new evidences to the literature. The methodology relies on the review of medical records of hospitalized cases for at least one drug-induced acute pancreatitis in the six hospitals of the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean between 2006 and 2014. The data collected and their analyzes document drugs involved in acute pancreatitis in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-Jean region in addition to participating in the advancement of our current knowledge by describing drugs that had not been associated with acute pancreatitis until now.

Hudáková, J. Criminal liability of legal persons Criminal liability of legal persons is a significant change to the continental European law. It is a sensible breakthrough into the core principle of an individual criminal responsibility of individuals. In connection with the adoption of Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on the criminal liability of legal persons and proceedings against them, the thesis deals with main aspects of the criminal liability of legal persons in the Czech Republic. After defining of legal grounds of the criminal responsibility author subsequently discusses sanctioning of legal persons. At the same time, the author discusses legal regulation of moral person criminal liability in France. She outlines the principles of criminal liability of legal persons, as well as the conditions for imposing sanctions. The author tries to demonstrate, by means of the attached statistical surveys, the numerous application of this institute in the French legal practice. Finally, the author tries to compare Czech and French legislation in selected aspects.

This diploma thesis discusses the criminal proceedings against legal persons. The main idea of this diploma thesis is to describe single juridical institute of criminal procedure which is specific for proceedings against legal persons. For better understanding is necessary to find and understate all the sources of law. The primary authorities which will be used in the criminal proceedings are above all Act of Criminal Procedure against Legal Persons, Rules of Criminal Procedure and also Constitution of the Czech Republic and Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. It is also important to looking the sources at international level. Fundamental source is European Convention on Human Rights. The thesis deals with institutes of criminal law specific for legal entities, like imputability, a person committing a crime or enumeration of criminal acts for which can be affected legal entities. The main chapter contains analysis of each section from special part of Act of Criminal Procedure against Legal Persons. Subchapters discuss some of elemental principles in criminal proceedings as local jurisdiction in criminal proceedings and principle of joint trial of a criminal case, then provisional and protective measures, procedure for the cancellation, termination and conversion of the legal entity during...

L’effet horizontal implique l’application de la Convention EDH dans les relations interindividuelles. Justifiée par la théorie des obligations positives, cette construction jurisprudentielle permet la mise en jeu de la responsabilité internationale de l’État lorsque celui-ci ne prend pas les mesures nécessaires pour prévenir et réprimer les violations de la Convention commises par les personnes privées. La reconnaissance de l’effet horizontal par le juge européen a pour conséquence la prolifération des obligations substantielles et procédurales de l’État. La transposition de celles-ci dans l’ordre juridique interne astreint les autorités publiques, y compris les tribunaux, à intervenir dans les rapports privés. Nécessaire à l’effectivité des droits de l’homme, la diffusion de l’effet horizontal a pour contrepartie l’accroissement de l’intervention étatique dans la sphère privée et l’apparition des devoirs individuels fondés sur le respect des droits et libertés d’autrui. La Cour EDH, pionnière de l’ « horizontalisation », refuse d’en élaborer une théorie générale. Le défi est dès lors de délimiter l’extension des droits de l’homme aux relations interindividuelles afin que celle-ci ne devienne pas un facteur d’affaiblissement de la protection verticale des droits de l’homme. / The horizontal effect involves the application of the ECHR in interindividual relationships. Justified by the theory of positive obligations, this jurisprudential construction allows to establish the international responsibility of the State when it fails to take necessary measures to prevent and suppress violations of the Convention committed by private persons. Recognition of the horizontal effect by the European judge results in the proliferation of substantive and procedural obligations of the State. Transposing them into domestic law compels public authorities, including courts, to interfere in private relations. Necessary for the effectiveness of human rights, the diffusion of the horizontal effect generates, in return, an extension of State intervention in the private sphere and the emergence of individual duties based on the respect of the rights and freedoms of others. The European Court of Human Rights, pioneer of the « horizontalization », refuses to develop a general theory. The challenge is therefore to delimit the extension of human rights to relations between individuals so that it does not become a factor of weakening of the vertical protection of human rights.