Tiden före den senaste finanskrisen präglades av generös kreditgivning och ökande inkomstskillnader. Det är väl bevisat att hög skuldsättning ökar risken för finansiell instabilitet, och bevisen blir fler för att inkomstojämlikhet påverkar överskuldsättning i en positiv riktning. Flera, däribland Frank et. al. (2010), vill förklara sambandet mellan inkomstojämlikhet och skuldsättning med att människor ägnar sig åt statuskonsumtion. Frank et. al. (2010) formulerar en hypotes för att empiriskt undersöka huruvida konsumtionsfunktionen bör innehålla en relativ faktor, och syftet för denna uppsats är att undersöka giltigheten i ”hypotesen om utgiftskaskader” i en svensk kontext. Hypotesen testas genom regression av förändringen i andelen skuldsatta hos Kronofogdemyndigheten på förändringen i gini-koefficienten inom kommuner mellan åren 2011-2016. Studien finner inget signifikant samband mellan andelen skuldsatta och gini-koefficientens förändring. Resultatet kan möjligen förklaras med att den geografiska enheten som observeras är för stor. / The years leading up to the latest financial crisis were characterized by generous credit markets and growing income inequality. It is well proven that high indebtedness increases the risk of financial instability, and there is growing evidence of income inequality affecting the debt-rate in a positive direction. Several, including Frank et. al. (2010), believes that the relationship between indebtedness and income inequality can be explained by people engaging in status-seeking consumption. Frank et. al. (2010) formulates a hypothesis to empirically investigate whether the consumption function should contain a relative factor, and the purpose of this paper is to test the validity of the expenditure cascade-hypothesis in a Swedish context.  The hypothesis is tested by regressing the change in the number of people with debt registered at the Swedish Enforcement Authority on the changes in the gini-coefficient within municipalities in the years 2011-2016. The study finds no significant correlation between the number of debtors and the change in the gini-coefficient. The results may be explained by the fact that the geographical unit of observation is too large.

Submitted by Ricardo Hartmann (rrhartmann@gmail.com) on 2016-03-10T20:45:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 465483 bytes, checksum: 27f5b50ca9ecbad75975c38d27252126 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2016-03-10T22:03:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 465483 bytes, checksum: 27f5b50ca9ecbad75975c38d27252126 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-11T11:31:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação.pdf: 465483 bytes, checksum: 27f5b50ca9ecbad75975c38d27252126 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / This work aims to identify the funding form of the Brazilian agribusiness companies and the factors that define them, infleuncing their capital structure composition. For that, based on a sample of 56 companies, during the period of 2005 to 2014, their financial data were collected, being used to compose the variables of indebtedness index and contribution to the capital structure formation. The analysis of panel data was proceeded, through the models of fixed effects and random effects. The results indicated how these companies tend to be financed, verified the presence of correlation between the selected determinants and the indebtedness and presented how the effect is observed. Based on the results, it appears that the agribusiness companies expressively depend on debt capital, being the long term pretty close to the short term. With the regressions, it can be concluded that profitability, size, tangibility, liquidity, growth, type of capital and shareholding control factors do influence the indebtedness, contributing to the composition of the capital structure of the Brazilian agribusiness companies. / Este trabalho visa a identificar a forma de captação de recursos das empresas de agronegócio brasileiras e os fatores que a definem, influenciando a composição de sua estrutura de capital. Para isso, com base em uma amostra de 56 empresas, no período de 2005 a 2014, foram coletados os dados financeiros das mesmas, sendo usados para compor as variáveis de índice de endividamento e contribuição para a formação da estrutura de capital. Com isso, procedeu-se a análise dos dados em painel, por meio dos modelos de efeitos fixos e efeitos aleatórios. Os resultados indicaram como essas companhias tendem a se financiar, verificaram a presença de relação entre os determinantes selecionados com o endividamento e mostraram como se dá esse efeito. Com base nos resultados, constata-se que as empresas do agronegócio dependem expressivamente do capital de terceiros, sendo o financiamento de longo prazo bastante próximo ao de curto prazo. Com as regressões, conclui-se que os fatores lucratividade, tamanho, tangibilidade, liquidez, crescimento, tipo de capital e controle acionário exercem algum tipo de influência sobre o endividamento, contribuindo, portanto, com a formação da estrutura de capital das empresas de agronegócio brasileiras.

Submitted by Roberta Lorenzon (roberta.lorenzon@fgv.br) on 2011-05-25T16:58:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 61090100022.pdf: 2791499 bytes, checksum: 473e39986e3a513cc19e8b8beab32010 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-05-25T16:59:21Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61090100022.pdf: 2791499 bytes, checksum: 473e39986e3a513cc19e8b8beab32010 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vera Lúcia Mourão(vera.mourao@fgv.br) on 2011-05-25T16:59:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 61090100022.pdf: 2791499 bytes, checksum: 473e39986e3a513cc19e8b8beab32010 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-25T17:31:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 61090100022.pdf: 2791499 bytes, checksum: 473e39986e3a513cc19e8b8beab32010 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-10 / Hope is an important construct in marketing, once it is an antecedent of important marketing variables, such as trust, expectation and satisfaction (MacInnis & de Mello, 2005, Almeida, Mazzon & Botelho, 2007). Specifically, the literature suggests that hope can play an important influence on risk perception (Almeida, 2010, Almeida et al., 2007, Fleming, 2008, MacInnis & de Mello, 2005) and propensity to indebtedness (Fleming, 2008). Thus, this thesis aims to investigate the relations among hope, risk perception related to purchasing and consumption and propensity to indebtedness, by reviewing the existing literature and conducting two empirical researches. The first of them is a laboratory experiment, which accessed hope and risk perception of getting a mortgage loan. The second is a survey, investigating university students’ propensity to get indebted to pay for their university tuition, analyzed through the method of Structural Equations Modeling (SEM). These studies found that hope seems to play an important role on propensity to indebtedness, as higher levels of hope predicted an increase in the propensity to accept the mortgage loan, independent of actual risks, and an increase in the propensity of college students to get indebted to pay for their studies. In addition, the first study suggests that hope may lead to a decrease in risk perception, which, however, has not been confirmed by the second study. Finally, this research offers some methodological contributions, due to the fact that it is the first study using an experimental method to study hope in Brazil and, worldwide, it is the first study investigating the relation among hope, risk perception and propensity to indebtedness, which proved to be important influences in consumer behavior

O superendividamento do consumidor é uma realidade preocupante da sociedade atual. A prevenção é um dos mais eficazes meios de se combater esse problema social. A informação, já consagrada como direito básico dos consumidores no artigo 6º, III, do CDC, torna-se ainda mais importante nesse contexto. Os contratos de crédito têm por característica sua complexidade, sendo extremamente difícil ao consumidor leigo entendê-los e compreendêlos. Prazos, taxas, juros, capitalização de juros, comissão de permanência, multas, contratos conexos, tudo isso se torna um emaranhado indecifrável ao consumidor. Dessa forma, acredita-se que o efetivo cumprimento do dever de informar das instituições financeiras nos contratos de crédito é um meio eficaz de prevenir o superendividamento do consumidor. A presente dissertação de mestrado analisa as fontes e a dimensão que alcança o dever de informar das instituições financeiras no contexto pré-contratual dos contratos de crédito, frente às causas do superendividamento do consumidor, pretendendo averiguar se é possível a prevenção do superendividamento através da informação e, se positivo, como será possível e quais os limites que comporta. Assim, analisar-se-á a legislação atual para examinar se é suficiente à adequada proteção do consumidor, procurando investigar como a doutrina e a jurisprudência brasileira estão tratando do assunto. Após, analisar-se-á o Projeto de Lei do Senado nº283/2012, que propõe a atualização do Código de Defesa do Consumidor, inserindo capítulo destinado à prevenção e tratamento do superendividamento do consumidor, procurando examinar se a proposta legislativa avança nas medidas de prevenção do superendividamento através da imposição de um dever de informar mais rigoroso às instituições financeiras. / The consumer’s over-indebtedness is a worrying reality of the today’s society. Preventing it is one of the most effective ways of combating this social issue. The information, already established as a basic right of consumers under article 6th, III, of Brazilian Consumer Defence Code, turns up to be even more important in this context. The credit agreements have as feature their complexity, being extremely hard to the lay consumer to understand and to comprehend it. Terms, rates, interests, interest capitalization, continuity commission, fines, related contracts, all this becomes an indecipherable tangle to the consumer. Thus, it is believed that the effective execution of the duty to inform of the financial institutions in the credit agreements is an efficient way to prevent the consumer’s over-indebtedness. The present master’s dissertation analyzes the sources and the dimension that the duty to inform of financial institutions reaches in the pre-contractual context of the credit agreements, facing the causes of consumer’s over-indebtedness, aiming to ascertain if it is possible to prevent the over-indebtedness through information and, if positive, how is it achievable and which are the limits. Thereby, the current legislation will be analyzed to examine if it is enough to the appropriate consumer’s protection, seeking to investigate how the Brazilian doctrine and jurisprudence are handling the subject. Thereupon, the Senate proposed bill n. 283/2012 will be analyzed. This bill proposes the update of Brazilian Consumer Defence Code, inserting a chapter headed for prevention and treatment of consumer’s over-indebtedness. The proposed bill will be examined to verify if it makes progress in the measures to prevent overindebtedness through the imposition of a stricter duty to inform to financial institutions.

O avanço da globalização e o surgimento de novas tecnologias romperam as fronteiras do tempo e do espaço, abrindo novos horizontes para a sociedade da informação e do consumo. Esta sociedade propaga a necessidade do consumo como forma de garantir ao indivíduo inclusão, status ou posição social. Desde o Plano Real o consumo tem sido estimulado, fazendo parte da política econômica, e a ampliação da oferta de crédito vem sendo utilizada como medida para incentivar a aquisição de bens e serviços e, assim, elevar a produção, aquecendo a economia. Desta forma, tem-se, por um lado, o crédito representando um fator de inclusão dos indivíduos no mercado, e por outro, o endividamento, causado pelo consumo desenfreado, que acaba por excluir o indivíduo e sua família da sociedade de consumo. Diante deste cenário, foi observado o crescente índice de endividamento financeiro dos servidores da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) nos últimos anos, e o objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar tal situação e avaliar a necessidade de implantação de um programa de educação financeira no âmbito da Universidade. Para tanto, apresentam-se conceitos básicos e definições relacionadas ao tema do endividamento; identificam-se e apresentam-se dados que caracterizem situações de endividamento financeiro dos servidores técnico-administrativos da UFRGS, analisando e levantando suas possíveis causas; e apresentam-se medidas de prevenção e tratamento para as situações de endividamento. / The headway of globalization and outbreak of new technologies burst the frontiers of time and space, opening new horizons for the society of information and consumption. This society spreads the necessity of consumption as a form of guaranteeing inclusion, status or social position to the indivudual. Since the Plano Real, consumption has been stimulated, being a part of economical politics, and the ampliation of credit offer has been used as a way of incentivating the acquisition of assets and services and, therefore, elevating the production, heating the economy. That way, there is, on one side, credit representing a factor of inclusion of individuals in the market, and, on the other, indebtedness, caused by unrestrained consumption, that ends up excluding the individual and their family from the society of consumption. Before this scenario, it was observed the crescent financial indebtedness rat of the servers from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) in the past years, and the objective of this paper was to analize such situation and evaluate the necessity of implanting a financial education program at the range of the University. For so, basic concepts and definitions related to the theme of indebtedness are presented; data that characterize situations of financial indebtedness of the technical-administrative servers are identified and presented, analizing and bringing up their possible causes; prevention and treatment procedures for indebtedness situations are presented.

The dissertation thesis analyzes the debt burden on the prosperity of enterprise that operate in the territory of the Czech Republic, where the prosperity of the companies is expressed in equity capital profitability. The main aim is the empirical validation of the conclusions of financial leverage applied to the specific economic conditions of enterprises in the Czech Republic. The dissertation thesis is focused on the issue of the financial leverage on enterprises. First, the relation of return on equity and debt was evaluated Followed by an analysis of the relation of the debt ratio and a dynamic degree of financial leverage. Also a static degree of financial leverage with increasing debt was quantified. The operational objective was to assess a methodological diversity of quantification of static and dynamic model degrees of financial leverages. The validity of conclusions on the degree of financial leverage was assessed on the basic of the model simulating the impact of debt financing on earnings per share while changing the output (i.e., earnings before interest and taxes). The variance analysis of the return on equity indicator was performed using functional methods. The result was to quantify the effects of partial analytical indicators to the return on equity, the top-level indicator analyzed, mostly the influence of the dynamic degree of financial leverage indicators as a casual factor.

This thesis focuses on financial analysis of a chosen commercial enterprise and it covers the period from 2006 to 2010. For financial analysis was chosen enterprise ESSA, spol. s r.o. from České Budějovice. I used these groups of indicators for the analysis: vertical and horizontal analysis, profitability, activity, indebtedness, liquidity, bankruptcy model, creditworthy model.

This work describes liquidity of specific Czech company in terms of its capital structure. In the theoretical part of this thesis is explained liquidity and its impact on company operations. The practical part of this thesis is oriented on analysis of liquidity and description of the current situation in the company. In the final part is described the current situation of the company. The end of this work is focused on comments and recommendations for improvement.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1856593 bytes, checksum: 012bc54eb2b1f262a368a2a5f3927ccd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis revolves around the over-indebtedness of the retired and pensioner consumer because of the use of consigned credit. Its general objective is to analyze the emergence of this phenomenon in the context of the Brazilian consumer market, from public and economic policies that preceded it, some favoring it, and nature of the its problems consequences, especially in the elderly category, since the advent of consigned credit. For that is applied the deductive approach method, as well as the analytic, historical and interpretative methods, by means of bibliographic and documental research. The work studies the social and and economic factors which are sponsors of the exaggerated consume and leads to massive purchase. It culminates in the analysis of the called consigned-credit, which causes over-indebtedness of the retired and pensioners social categories, mostly hiper-vunerable elderly, approaching the financial institutions role in this panorama. It also analyses the respective solutions pointed by jurisprudence, doctrine and social sectors, in view of the absence of specific legislation, by use of inserts standards in Law No. 8,078, of September 11, 1990 (Code of Consumer Protection) and the others applicable laws, in an intersection between all known norms for dialogue of sources, in view of inexistence of specific legislation. The problematic analysis, under a ex lege perspective and following the parameters of the constitutionalized law, aims to contribute to a better understanding of indebtedness, with emphasis in the elderly consumer, and aspires to communicate the law professionals of some mechanisms to assist in forensic deal with that phenomenon, being subject of great current relevance. / A presente dissertação trata do superendividamento do consumidor aposentado e pensionista, em razão do uso do crédito consignado, analisando o surgimento do fenômeno no âmbito do mercado de consumo brasileiro a partir das políticas públicas e econômicas que o precederam, algumas favorecendo-o, e a natureza dos problemas dele decorrentes, especialmente na categoria dos idosos. Para tanto utiliza-se o método de abordagem dedutivo, bem assim os métodos analítico, histórico e interpretativo, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. O trabalho se complementa com o estudo dos fatores econômicos e sociais patrocinadores do consumo exagerado, condutor da compra massiva, observando que o crédito consignado é um dos vilões do superendividamento na categoria social dos aposentados e pensionistas, idosos e hipervulneráveis. Aborda também o papel das instituições financeiras neste panorama e analisa as respectivas soluções apontadas pela jurisprudência, doutrina e seguimentos sociais, mediante aproveitamento das garantias insertas na Lei nº 8.078, de 11 de setembro de 1990 (Código de Defesa do Consumidor) e no conjunto de normas aplicáveis, numa interseção chamada diálogo das fontes, em vista da inexistência de legislação específica. A análise da problemática, sob uma perspectiva ex lege e seguindo os parâmetros da ordem jurídica constitucionalizada, pretende contribuir com uma melhor compreensão do superendividamento, com ênfase no consumidor idoso, e aspira municiar o profissional do Direito de alguns mecanismos capazes de auxiliar na lida forense com o referido fenômeno, sendo tema de grande relevância atual.

The aim of this thesis is to analyse the financial situation of rural municipalities and define their specifics. The analysis deals with rural municipalities in the districts of České Budějovice, Prachatice and Jindřichův Hradec. It comprises several partial analyses {--} the analysis of civic amenities, the analysis of expenditures (according to the type and branch categorization of budget structure), the analysis of revenues (tax, non-tax, capital and subsidies), the calculation of budget surplus, the analysis of financial independence, and the calculation of an indebtedness index. The analysis of revenues has shown that rural municipalities are to large extent dependent on tax revenues, particularly on the portion of shared taxes that they are not able to directly influence, as the amount of the taxes depends on the number of inhabitants living in the municipality. That is why the rural municipalities can not afford too expensive investments. Consequently, if follows from the above-mentioned analyses that the respective municipalities are almost debtless, and their financial stability is considerably high. However, as a result, the smallest municipalities still miss sewage systems and gas distribution systems. Other problems also include bad traffic accessibility, lack of job opportunities and few social, cultural and sport facilities.