A fruição estética envolve um processo ativo de percepção visual e interpretação de informação capaz de evocar sensações, emoções, e sentimentos. A estética experimental busca entender como artistas utilizam elementos visuais em suas obras e como esses elementos são processados à nível consciente no indivíduo. Diversos experimentos psicológicos e pesquisas recentes em neuroestética permitiram acesso quantitativo sobre julgamento estético. O presente trabalho realizou dois experimentos psicofísicos que permitiram medir julgamento emocional em obras de arte abstrata. Experimento 1. Objetivo: realizar uma tarefa de ordenamento de obras de arte para adjetivos de emoção. 55 participantes (55% sexo feminino, idade média: 31; SD: 11). Foram calculadas as correlações entre as emoções, podendo compará-las com o modelo circular afetivo, e os resultados se mostraram satisfatórios. Experimento 2. Objetivo: desenvolver uma escala psicofísica utilizando o caso V da lei do julgamento comparativo a fim de estabelecer as distâncias subjetivas dos julgamentos emocionais para obras de arte abstrata. 39 participantes (52% sexo feminino, idade média: 28; SD: 10). A formulação psicofísica feita idealmente para julgamento discriminatório de estímulos físicos simples pôde ser aplicada em julgamento discriminatório subjetivo e de bastante complexidade. O uso do escalonamento psicofísico permitiu um eficiente acesso quantitativo das distâncias dos julgamentos das emoções em cada obra de arte. 10 Espera-se que o trabalho proposto permita, através de uma reconciliação interdisciplinar entre neurociência e psicologia, novas abordagens e métodos livres de vieses subjetivos para o estudo de julgamento estético / Aesthetic appreciation involves a process of visual perception and interpretation capable of evoking sensations, emotions and feelings. Experimental aesthetics seeks to understand how artists use elements in their works and how these elements are processed in the individual in a conscientious level. Several psychological experiments and recent researches in neuroesthetics allowed quantitative access on aesthetic judgment. The present work carried out two psychophysical experiments that allow measuring emotional judgment in works of abstract art. Experiment 1. Objective: to carry out a task of ordering works of art for adjectives of emotion. 55 participants (55% female, mean age: 31; SD: 11). They were calculated as correlations between emotions, being able to compare them with the affective circular model, and the results were satisfactory. Experiment 2. Objective: to develop a psychophysical scale using case V the law of comparative judgment in order to establish as subjective distances from emotional judgments to abstract works of art. 39 participants (52% female, mean age: 28; SD: 10). A psychophysical formulation ideally made for discriminatory judgment of simple physical stimuli was applied in subjective and complex discriminatory judgment. The use of psychophysical scaling allowed an efficient access to the distances of the judgments of the emotions in each work of art. It is expected that the proposed work will allow, through an interdisciplinary reconciliation between neuroscience and psychology, new approaches and methods free of bias for the study of aesthetic judgment.

INTRODUÇÃO: Julgamento é a capacidade de tomar decisões após cuidadosa consideração das informações disponíveis, soluções possíveis, resultados prováveis e fatores contextuais. Do ponto de vista neuropsicológico, o conceito de julgamento envolve memória, linguagem, atenção, raciocínio e principalmente funções executivas. Perda de julgamento tem sido descrita em Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve (CCL) e demência. O Test of Practical Judgment (TOP-J) é uma medida originalmente americana, desenvolvida para avaliar o julgamento prático em adultos mais velhos. É um questionário aberto de 15 itens (TOP-J/15) ou de 9 itens (TOP-J/9) no qual os participantes escutam breves cenários sobre os problemas cotidianos e relatam em voz alta as soluções propostas. Este estudo teve como objetivos a adaptação do TOP-J para uso no Brasil, a elaboração de uma versão reduzida deste instrumento e verificação da acurácia de ambas a versões em amostra da população brasileira composta de controles cognitivamente saudáveis e pacientes com Comprometimento Cognitivo Leve (CCL), doença de Alzheimer (DA) e demência frontotemporal variante comportamental (DFT). MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 85 indivíduos, com idade mínima de 50 anos e escolaridade mínima de 4 anos, sendo 24 controles, 26 CCL, 20 DA e 15 DFT. Os participantes foram submetidos a avaliação neuropsicológica e ao TOP-J. RESULTADOS: No TOP-J/15 versão brasileira (TOP-J/15-Br) e no TOP-J/9 versão brasileira (TOP-J/9-Br) (versão reduzida), o desempenho de controles foi estatisticamente superior ao desempenho de pacientes com CCL, DA e DFT e o desempenho de CCL foi superior ao de pacientes com DA e DFT. No TOP-J/15-Br, a confiabilidade verificada pelo alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,69 e o melhor ponto de corte para distinção de controles e pacientes foi de 30 (sensibilidade de 91,7%; especificidade de 59% e área sob a curva de 0,80). No TOP-J/9-Br, o alfa de Cronbach foi de 0,68 e o melhor ponto de corte para distinção entre julgamento de controles e de pacientes foi 19, com sensibilidade de 79,2, especificidade de 72,1 e área sob a curva de 0,82. CONCLUSÕES: O TOP-J/15-Br e o TOP-J/9-Br apresentaram características psicométricas robustas para o uso pretendido com amostra da população brasileira. Ambos foram capazes de identificar prejuízo de julgamento já em pacientes com CCL e diferenciaram julgamento de controles do julgamento de pacientes com boa sensibilidade e especificidade / INTRODUCTION: Judgment is the ability to make sound decisions after careful consideration of available information, possible solutions, likely outcomes and contextual factors. From a neuropsychological perspective, the concept of judgment involves memory, language, attention, reasoning and specially the executive functions. Loss of judgment has been described in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and dementia. The Test of Practical Judgment (TOP-J) is an originally American measure created for evaluate practical judgment in older adults. It is a 15-item (TOP-J/15) or 9- item (TOP-J/9) open-ended questionnaire in which participants listen to brief scenarios about everyday problems and report aloud their proposed solutions. This study aimed the adaptation of the TOP-J for use in Brazil, the development of a reduced version of this instrument and the verification of accuracy of both the versions in Brazilian sample composed of cognitively healthy controls and patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia behavioral variant (FTD). METHODS: The sample consisted of 85 subjects with a minimum age of 50 years and minimum education of 4 years, being 24 controls, 26 MCI, 20 AD e 15 FTD. The participants were submitted to a neuropsychological assessment and TOP-J. RESULTS: In the TOP-J/15 Brazilian version (TOP-J/15-Br) and in the TOP-J/9 Brazilian version (TOP-J/9-Br) (reduced version), performance of controls was statistically better than the performance of MCI, AD and FTD patients, and performance of MCI was statistically better than AD and FTD patients. In TOP-J/15-Br, the reliability verified by Cronbach\'s alpha was 0.69 and the best cutoff for distinction between controls and patients was 30 (sensibility of 91,7%; specificity of 59% and area under the curve of 0,8). In the TOP-J/9-Br, Cronbach\'s alpha was 0.68 and the best cutoff point for distinguishing between judgment of controls and judgment of patients is 19, with a sensitivity of 79,2, specificity of 72,1 and area under the curve of 0.82. CONCLUSIONS: The TOP-J/15-Br and the TOP-J/9-Br showed robust psychometric characteristics for the intended use with a sample of the Brazilian population. Both were able to identify deficits of impaired of judgment already in patients with MCI and were able to distinguish judgment of controls from judgment of patients with good sensitivity and specificity

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-06-15T14:13:38Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-27T14:02:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-06-27T14:02:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-27T14:02:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-03-11 / O presente trabalho tem como tema a possibilidade de controle lógico-racional do juízo fático por meio da incidência da teoria dos standards probatórios, a qual é problematizada no contexto da responsabilidade civil do médico. Tem por objetivos centrais refletir acerca de qual standard de prova deverá incidir em ações de responsabilidade civil do médico, bem como observar se há um grau de suficiência de prova sendo exigido pelo TJMG e TJRS para aceitar como racionalmente comprovada a culpa nesse tipo de demanda. Esse estudo foi realizado não apenas mediante averiguação bibliográfica de doutrina nacional e estrangeira, mas também por meio de uma pesquisa empírica de natureza qualitativa das decisões cíveis dos Tribunais de Justiça do Estado de Minas Gerais e do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul que lidam com a prova da culpa e dos demais elementos ensejadores da responsabilidade civil do médico para que, assim, fosse possível compreender, através da análise do grau de prova das narrativas jurisprudenciais, como os juízes estão aferindo a suficiência do conjunto probatório quanto à comprovação da hipótese fática, diante dos elementos de juízo disponíveis. Adota-se como referencial teórico o princípio da persuasão racional, conceito construído gradativamente pela doutrina ao longo dos anos e interpretado, segundo a concepção atual de racionalidade que lhe subjaz, como liberdade relativa de valoração das provas, realizada dentro de parâmetros lógico-racionais entre os quais se incluem os standards probatórios. Essa pesquisa é de grande valia social e acadêmica, na medida em que traz uma perspectiva inovadora ao terreno da prova e da convicção judicial, proporcionando inegável desenvolvimento jurisprudencial e doutrinário em nosso país, o que nos torna assim, mais próximos de alcançar decisões mais justas. Conclui-se, sob a ótica do referencial teórico previamente estabelecido, que a pesquisa teórica e a visão crítica sobre o resultado da pesquisa empírica confirmaram a hipótese no sentido de que ao julgamento fático em ações de responsabilidade civil médica incidirá o standard da prova clara e convincente enquanto critério de julgamento, o qual não apenas indica o grau de prova a ser necessariamente satisfeito para comprovar a culpa do médico, como também proporciona maior controle da motivação judicial sobre os fatos, dotando assim de maior legitimidade e racionalidade as decisões judiciais. / The present study has as its theme the possibility of logical-rational control of the phatic judgment through the incidence of the standard of proof theory, which is problematized in the context of medical civil responsibility. It aims are to reflect on which standard of proof should be involved in actions of medical civil responsibility, as well as to observe if there is a degree of sufficiency of proof being required by the TJMG and TJRS to accept as rationally proven the fault in this type of demand. It was carried out not only through a bibliographic examination of national and foreign doctrine, but also through a qualitative empirical research of civil decisions of the Courts of Justice of the State of Minas Gerais and of the State of Rio Grande do Sul that deal with the proof of fault and other elements that give rise to medical civil responsibility, so that it would be possible to understand, through the analysis of the degree of proof of these jurisprudential narratives, how the judges are assessing the sufficiency of the probative set to prove the factual hypothesis, in view of the available evidence. It adopts as theoretical reference the principle of rational persuasion, a concept built gradually by the doctrine over the years and interpreted, according to the current conception of rationality that underlies it, as relative freedom of evaluation of the tests, carried out within rational-rational parameters between which include the standards of proof. This research is of great social and academic value, since it brings an innovative perspective to the field of proof and judicial conviction, providing undeniable jurisprudential and doctrinal development in our country, which makes us closer to reaching fairer decisions. It concludes, from the perspective of the previously established theoretical framework, that the theoretical research and the critical view on the result of the empirical research made possible the confirmation of the hypothesis that the standard of proof to be applied to the factual judgment in medical civil responsibility is the clear and convincing one, as a criterion of judgment, which will not only indicate the degree of proof to be necessarily satisfied to prove the doctor's fault, but also will provide better control of the judicial motivation on the facts, thus giving greater legitimacy and rationality to judicial decisions.

Submitted by Jose Roberto Carvalho de Moura (jrcmoura@gmail.com) on 2012-08-01T00:58:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado (FGV).pdf: 2317080 bytes, checksum: 3e9561309b6754601ad2973d8b53c207 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2012-08-23T14:56:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado (FGV).pdf: 2317080 bytes, checksum: 3e9561309b6754601ad2973d8b53c207 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-08-24T13:01:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado (FGV).pdf: 2317080 bytes, checksum: 3e9561309b6754601ad2973d8b53c207 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-24T13:01:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação de Mestrado (FGV).pdf: 2317080 bytes, checksum: 3e9561309b6754601ad2973d8b53c207 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-05 / This study aims to investigate the decision-making process of individuals from different nationalities, who work in organizational project management, in their lives out of professional’s context. As the existing methodologies in the area of project management highlight the need of a rational, logical and objective decision-making process, this study will explore if the professionals extrapolate this same linear decision-making process, taken from professional’s sphere, to their daily lives. The academic studies over the years discussed the rational, linear and logical decisionmaking, where they were able to refute this assumption along with new perspectives for the human cognitive’s judgment. Thus, this research will not only present the project management study’s field and its concepts, but also approach the several evolutions of the theory related to decision-making process along the years. Taking into consideration the subjective aspect of the decision theories presented, and cognitive limitation that imposes itself most of the times, this study aims to explore the different heuristics (simplified strategies, mental shortcuts) of judgment and their respective cognitive biases. The three main meta-heuristics, exposed by Tversky e Kahneman in their academic study from 1974 and also focus of this research are, respectively: representativeness, availability and adjustment and anchoring. In this study a quantitative research is performed with organizational individuals who work in project management, or at least had any experience with any projects in the companies they work. It is worth to note this study is not limited to Brazil, as it also extends to other countries containing the same public that are the focus of this research. The results of this research reveal that professionals who work in project management are subject to cognitive biases out of their organizational’s context, considering that Brazilians are less subject to these biases, in comparison to the different nationalities investigated. Also, the research revealed that professional’s experience doesn’t significantly contribute to a rational and logical decision-making in their daily personal lives. / Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a tomada de decisão dos indivíduos de diferentes nacionalidades, que atuam na gestão de projetos organizacionais, em sua vida fora do âmbito profissional. Dado que as metodologias existentes na área de gestão de projetos atentam para a necessidade de um processo decisório racional, lógico e objetivo, este estudo pretende explorar até que ponto os sujeitos organizacionais extrapolam este mesmo processo decisório linear, advindo do mundo profissional, para o seu cotidiano. Os estudos acadêmicos ao longo dos anos trataram de discutir esta temática da decisão racional, linear e lógica, os quais foram capazes de refutar esta hipótese com novas perspectivas para o julgamento cognitivo dos humanos. Portanto, além deste trabalho apresentar o campo de estudo da gerência de projetos e seus conceitos, ele também aborda as diversas evoluções teóricas acerca da tomada de decisão ao longo do tempo. A partir da consideração do caráter subjetivo nas teorias de decisão apresentadas, e a limitação cognitiva que muitas vezes se impõe, este estudo busca então explorar as diferentes heurísticas (estratégias simplificadoras, atalhos mentais) de julgamento e seus respectivos vieses cognitivos. As três principais meta-heurísticas, expostas por Tversky e Kahneman em seu trabalho acadêmico de 1974 e também foco deste estudo são, respectivamente: da representatividade, da disponibilidade e da ancoragem e ajustamento. Neste trabalho é realizada uma pesquisa quantitativa com sujeitos organizacionais que trabalham com gestão de projetos, ou que tiveram alguma experiência em algum projeto nas empresas em que trabalham. Ressalta-se que este estudo não se limita ao Brasil, extendendo-se também a outros países com o mesmo público-alvo de pesquisa. Os resultados da pesquisa revelaram que os profissionais que atuam em gestão de projetos estão sujeitos a vieses cognitivos fora do âmbito organizacional, sendo que os brasileiros são os menos propensos a estes vieses, em comparação com as demais nacionalidades estudadas. Também revelou-se que o tempo de experiência profissional não contribui de modo significante para uma tomada de decisão mais racional e lógica no cotidiano pessoal.

Submitted by Joel de Lima Pereira Castro Junior (joelpcastro@uol.com.br) on 2016-07-23T21:45:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VivianFrança.pdf: 2881557 bytes, checksum: 1ce976b103742f469288ae61c5b5fec4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca de Administração e Ciências Contábeis (bac@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-08-03T18:45:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 VivianFrança.pdf: 2881557 bytes, checksum: 1ce976b103742f469288ae61c5b5fec4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T18:45:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VivianFrança.pdf: 2881557 bytes, checksum: 1ce976b103742f469288ae61c5b5fec4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Centro Universitário Hermínio da Silveira (IBMR) / O objetivo desta pesquisa é identificar os vieses cognitivos que motivaram os funcionários da Petrobras a tomarem a decisão de aderir ao Plano de Demissão Voluntária (PDV). Como objetivos específicos têm-se: a) compreender como os vieses cognitivos agiram no processo de decisão de adesão ao PDV; b) identificar como os vieses cognitivos agiram nos funcionários que não aderiram ao PDV nesta mesma época. Para isso, realizou-se uma pesquisa de natureza quantitativa, com a aplicação de dois questionários padronizados, direcionado para cada perfil de sujeitos da pesquisa. Estes totalizaram em 61 respondentes, sendo 31 Pedevistas (sujeitos que aderiram ao PDV) e 30 Não Pedevistas (sujeitos que não aderiram ao PDV). Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o site de gerenciamento de pesquisa www.enquetefacil.com e para as análises complementares de estatística o software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), como forma de garantir a fidedignidade das informações obtidas. Constatou-se que em muitos momentos Pedevistas e Não Pedevistas comportaram-se de maneira muito similar, minimizando qualquer possibilidade de diferenças estatísticas observadas. Em outros momentos, os Pedevistas revelaram-se como indivíduos menos analíticos, excessivamente confiantes e ingênuos. Enquanto os Não Pedevistas também demostraram-se ser potencialmente confiantes, porém analíticos e conservadores. Conclui-se que os Não Pedevistas conseguiram usufruir positivamente do potencial adverso das heurísticas de julgamento e seus vieses cognitivos, consequentemente obtiveram melhores resultados com a sua decisão. No entanto, os Pedevistas foram potencialmente prejudicados pelos efeitos negativos dos vieses cognitivos e até hoje sofrem os danos gerados pela decisão de tomaram. / The purpose of this research is to identify the cognitive biases that motivated employees of Petrobras to take the decision to join the Plano de Demissão Voluntária – PDV. The specific objectives are to: a) understand how cognitive biases acted in decision to join the PDV b) identify how cognitive biases acted in employees who do not adhere to this same time PDV. Then, we carried out a quantitative survey applicated by two standardized questionnaires, directed to each profile of research subjects. These totaled in 61 respondents, 31 Pedevistas (subjects who adhered to PDV) and 30 Non Pedevistas (subjects who did not adhere to PDV). Data analysis used the site management and www.enquetefacil.com search for complementary analyzes of the statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences), in order to guarantee the reliability of information obtained. It was found that in many instances that not Pedevistas and Pedevistas behaved in a very similar manner, minimizing any possible statistical differences observed. At other times, Pedevistas proved as individuals less analytical, overly trusting and naive. While not Pedevistas demonstrated to be potentially confident, analytical and conservative. We conclude that Pedevistas could take advantage of the positive potential adverse judgment heuristics and their cognitive biases, thus reached better results with his decision. However, Pedevistas were potentially affected by the negative effects of cognitive biases and still suffer the damage caused by the decision taken.

Rares sont les recherches qui ont analysé le contenu des justifications réalisées à l'issue d'un choix fait à un dilemme moral, choix aux conséquences toujours graves pour autrui. Plusieurs recherches ont montré que le jugement moral était largement intuitif et, de ce fait, était difficilement explicités par les individus. Pourtant, étudier le contenu de ces rationalisations après coup devrait permettre d'apporter des éléments nouveaux sur les relations entre les aspects cognitifs et émotionnels à l’œuvre lors d'une prise de décision moralement difficile. Aussi, le design expérimental de cette étude a consisté à demander à des adultes de fournir un jugement à la suite d'un dilemme personnel (Pont) ou impersonnel (Aiguillage) en expliquant les raisons de l'orientation de leur choix soit par oral, soit par écrit. Plusieurs observables, concernant la nature des arguments (déontologiques et utilitaristes) ainsi que le lexique (émotionnel et cognitif) utilisés, ont été mis au point. L'attente principale de cette thèse est de montrer que ce que disent des adultes à propos de leur choix est fortement dépendant de la nature du dilemme auquel ils étaient soumis, de leur jugement et des contraintes facilitatrices ou non de leur modalité d'expression. Autrement dit, le contenu de leur rationalisation après coup dépendrait largement des conditions dans lesquelles ils les ont produites. / Few studies have analyzed the content of justifications made at the end of a choice facing a moral dilemma, although this choice causes serious consequence for others. Several studies have shown that moral judgments were largely intuitive and, therefore, were hardly explained by individuals. However, studying the content of these rationalizations afterthought is expected to provide new information on the relationships between cognitive and emotional aspects at work in a morally difficult decision. The experimental design of this study was to ask adults to provide a judgment on a personal (Bridge) or impersonal (Switch) dilemma explaining the reasons of the direction of their choice either by oral or in writing. Several observables were developed on the nature of the deontological and utilitarian arguments and the emotional and cognitive lexicon used. The main expectation of this thesis is to show that what adults say about their choice is highly dependent on the nature of the dilemma they were submitted to, on their judgment and on the constraints making their mode of expression more or less easier. In other words, the content of their post hoc rationalization would greatly depend on the conditions under which they were produced. More precisely, the content of justifications produced by 331 participants was analyzed with an analytical grid of the deontological and utilitarian arguments and with Tropes software, enabling two scenarios of automatic counting of the emotional lexicon (EMOTAIX) and cognitive lexicon (COGNITAIX). The results show that individuals do not only produce one kind of argument (utilitarian or deontological).

Les correspondances féminines du XVIIIe siècle participent à l’émergence d’un nouveau public, dont le jugement a progressivement été pris en compte au siècle précédent : celui des « amateurs des Lettres ». Le rôle de ces personnes qui cultivent un goût pour les Lettres sans faire profession d’écrire ou de jouer est encore mal défini, à une époque où le champ de la discipline littéraire, qui s’est constitué de manière autonome au XVIIe siècle, subit des mutations. Longtemps cantonnées à des travaux voués à l’anonymat ou à une divulgation restreinte, les femmes font du commerce épistolaire un lieu d’accomplissement privilégié de leurs pratiques culturelles en amateur, apportant, sur le sujet, une connaissance essentielle. Notre étude porte sur les lettres de sept épistolières : Mmes de Graffigny, du Deffand, du Châtelet, d’Épinay, de Charrière, et Roland, ainsi que Mlles de Malboissière et de Lespinasse. Dans la première partie sont envisagées les conditions familiales et sociales qui favorisent l’accès des épistolières à une culture lettrée indispensable à l’éveil de leur goût pour les Lettres. La seconde partie s’intéresse à la formation et à l’appropriation de cette culture par les femmes, au gré d’expériences de lecture et de représentations de spectacles dramatiques. La recherche porte ensuite sur le rôle des épistolières dans la transmission des textes et dans l’arbitrage des Lettres, à telle enseigne qu’elles deviennent les agents privilégiés de la médiatisation de la vie littéraire de l’époque. La fréquentation quotidienne des œuvres, qu’elles soumettent à la critique, finit par nourrir leurs pratiques d’écriture. Celles-ci, étudiées dans la dernière partie, sont fondées sur des procédés d’emprunts aux textes littéraires, qui favorisent le badinage avec les interlocuteurs, et sur des initiatives nombreuses de composition qui repoussent les limites du genre épistolaire. Ainsi, en mettant à l’épreuve les goûts des épistolières à travers l’exercice de la plume, les correspondances s’avèrent une pierre de touche du savoir et de la sensibilité littéraire des femmes lettrées, un lieu d’expression et, dans la lignée des lettres de la marquise de Sévigné, l’espace par excellence de la création en amateur. / In the XVIIIth century, women’s correspondences were representative of the emergence of a new readership whose judgment had progressively been acknowledged in the course of the previous century ― namely, that of the “amateurs of Letters”. We still know comparatively little about the role played by these people ; they cultivated their taste for Letters without aspiring to earn a living by writing or acting, in an era when the discipline of Letters, that had emerged as such in the XVIIth century, was undergoing significant changes. Writings by women had long been restricted to anonymous or confidential publication; women now elected epistolary intercourse as a locus for their cultural practice as amateurs, thus contributing essential knowledge on the subject.This study focuses on the letters by eight letter writers : Mmes de Graffigny, du Deffand, du Châtelet, d’Épinay, de Charrière, Roland, and Mlles de Malboissière et de Lespinasse. The first section is about the aspects of these ladies’ domestic and social conditions which facilitated their access to the literary culture that was indispensable to the birth of their taste for Letters. The next section concentrates on these women’s apprenticeship and their appropriation of this culture according to their reading and theatre-going experiences. Our research then shifts to the women letter writers’ role in the transmission and the assessment of texts, to the point that they became the prime agents in the mediatization of the literary life of their time.Their daily acquaintance with the texts that they submitted to their critical judgment turned out to nourish their writing practices. These practices are placed under scrutiny in the last section of our study ; they rely on borrowing, which favours banter with one’s interlocutors, as well as on numerous composing initiatives, which push back the boundaries of the letter as a genre. By challenging their writers’ tastes through the practice of writing, the correspondences thus prove to be a cornerstone of the women of Letters’ literary knowledge and sensibility, a place for expression and, in line with the letters of the marquise de Sévigné, the space par excellence for an amateur’s creativity.

Bien que l’usage des méthodes d’évaluation financière des brevets semble aujourd’hui stabilisé, les procédures d’évaluation extra-financière, précédent essentiel à l’évaluation financière, restent à ce jour floues. Pour que ces méthodes soient opérationnellement fiables et permettent, a minima, une comparabilité entre les différents actifs, il est indispensable de stabiliser un cadre d’évaluation de référence explorant en profondeur les indicateurs clefs de performance des brevets. A travers l’analyse des cartes cognitives d’experts de l’évaluation, nos travaux examinent les conventions de qualité des brevets afin de fournir un cadre détaillé pour l’évaluation extra-financière des brevets. Notre principal apport repose sur un meilleur décryptage des relations entre les indicateurs clefs de performance des brevets. Il permet une simplification de l’analyse des brevets, de leur évaluation et de leur management stratégique. / Although the use of methods of financial evaluation of patents now appears stable, the procedures for assessing extra-financial key to the previous valuation remain to date unclear. For these methods are operationally reliable and enable, at least, comparability between different assets, it is necessary to stabilize a framework for baseline assessment exploring in depth the key performance indicators of patents. Through the analysis of cognitive maps of experts of the evaluation, our work examines the conventions of patent quality to provide a detailed framework for extra-financial assessment of patents. Our main contribution is based on a better understanding of the relationships between key performance indicators of patents. It allows a simplification of patents analysis, evaluation and strategic management.

Cette thèse explore l’utilisation des réseaux Bayésiens (RB) afin de répondre à des problématiques de dégradation en grandes dimensions concernant des infrastructures du génie civil. Alors que les approches traditionnelles basées l’évolution physique déterministe de détérioration sont déficientes pour des problèmes à grande échelle, les gestionnaires d’ouvrages ont développé une connaissance de modèles nécessitant la gestion de l’incertain. L’utilisation de la dépendance probabiliste se révèle être une approche adéquate dans ce contexte tandis que la possibilité de modéliser l’incertain est une composante attrayante. Le concept de dépendance au sein des RB s’exprime principalement de deux façons. D’une part, les probabilités conditionnelles classiques s’appuyant le théorème de Bayes et d’autre part, une classe de RB faisant l’usage de copules et corrélation de rang comme mesures de dépendance. Nous présentons à la fois des contributions théoriques et pratiques dans le cadre de ces deux classes de RB ; les RB dynamiques discrets et les RB non paramétriques, respectivement. Des problématiques concernant la paramétrisation de chacune des classes sont également abordées. Dans un contexte théorique, nous montrons que les RBNP permet de caractériser n’importe quel processus de Markov. / This thesis explores high-dimensional deterioration-related problems using Bayesian networks (BN). Asset managers become more and more familiar on how to reason with uncertainty as traditional physics-based models fail to fully encompass the dynamics of large-scale degradation issues. Probabilistic dependence is able to achieve this while the ability to incorporate randomness is enticing.In fact, dependence in BN is mainly expressed in two ways. On the one hand, classic conditional probabilities that lean on thewell-known Bayes rule and, on the other hand, a more recent classof BN featuring copulae and rank correlation as dependence metrics. Both theoretical and practical contributions are presented for the two classes of BN referred to as discrete dynamic andnon-parametric BN, respectively. Issues related to the parametrization for each class of BN are addressed. For the discrete dynamic class, we extend the current framework by incorporating an additional dimension. We observed that this dimension allows to have more control on the deterioration mechanism through the main endogenous governing variables impacting it. For the non-parametric class, we demonstrate its remarkable capacity to handle a high-dimension crack growth issue for a steel bridge. We further show that this type of BN can characterize any Markov process.

This diploma thesis deals with the regulation of the duty of due managerial care of members of a governing body of a limited company. The aim is to evaluate Czech national law with respect to the relevant British law rules. Another objective is to propose de lege ferenda amendments to current state of law. The thesis is divided into three chapters The first chapter defines the duty of due managerial care and the content of duties imposed on members of a governing body of a company in Great Britain. Judicial decisions of both jurisdictions reveal that directors are not expected to have a knowledge possessed by a specialist. However, good general knowledge is required. Subsequently, the dual objective / subjective standard is introduced. Lord Hoffmann borrowed the test set by the Insolvency Act 1986 and stated that such a test should not just apply during insolvency. The second chapter is dedicated to fiduciary duties and the position of duty of loyalty within the scope of due managerial care. The aim is to present the subjective test covering acts exercised to promote the success of a company. The standard rests upon the idea that directors must exercise their discretion bona fide in what they consider, not what the court may consider, is in the interest of the company. Another field of interest is...