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Theme of the diploma thesis is architectural study of school buildings in Ostrava. It combines a kindergarten, primary and secondary school – a grammar school. The school is situated next to the cultural cluster Černá louka in Ostrava – the new designed cultural center of the city, and also on the bank of the river Ostravice. The main idea is adaptation of the scale of school spaces due to children of a different age, an orientation of classrooms to south-east and at the same time to the river bank. The kindergarten is separated from service and volume of the school, the primary school and the grammar school are united in one two- and three-store building with an inner yard. The buildings are accessible for pupils from an entrance square near Černá louka, the entrance for public is situated on the new designed street connecting Černá louka and Nová Karolina. The complex offers also sport facilities, a gym, a swimming pool and exterior sport ground which is accessible from the cycling track along the river Ostravice. The exterior look of the buildings is based on the construction, the reinforced concrete structure from white architectural concrete, and is animated by shading panels from corten sheets.

The location of Černá louka is situated between the city-centre of Moravská Ostrava and an area of Slezská Ostrava next to the confluence of two rivers – Ostravice and Lučina. The development at the building site of Černá louka is a result from an international competition 2010, which winner was the project Culture Meadow from studio Maxwan. The main idea of the project is to concentrate cultural and educational buildings around a culture meadow. This design has been used as a default situation for the master´s thesis. The complex of schools is situated at the parcel of existing Miniuni-site between cultural cluster Černá louka and the residential quarter Nová Karolina. The volume of the school with its front-spaces reacts to the surrounding structures. In the middle of the complex arises a half-public open space, where are located the internal entrances. Because of the placing of the school next to the city-centre the multifunctional pitch is situated on the roof of the gym. The design of the school respects principles of the age differentiation just as the horizontal integration. That´s why the substance makes up a symbiosis of 5 parts - common space, gym, first and second level, gymnasium. These parts are connected together and at the same time enable to use individual parts separately. The building of kindergarten with its garden is separated from the school because of differential needs of the smallest children.

Au Québec, particulièrement à Montréal, un nombre important d’enfants bi/plurilingues de maternelle cinq ans sont directement intégrés en classe ordinaire. Pour ces enfants qui poursuivent le développement de leurs compétences langagières dans deux ou plusieurs langues simultanément, il est primordial d’adapter les pratiques enseignantes afin de tenir compte de leurs besoins. La lecture partagée (LP) d’albums de littérature de jeunesse est une activité largement reconnue pour favoriser le développement langagier oral et écrit (Cunningham et Zibulsky, 2011; National Early Literacy Panel, 2008). Tout en favorisant le plaisir de la lecture (Dupin de St-André et al., 2015), cette activité permet d’amener progressivement l’enfant à établir des liens entre langage oral et écrit. Elle permet également de favoriser, entre autres, le développement des habiletés narratives (ex. : Pesco et Gagné, 2017; Roux-Baron, 2019), dimension discursive du développement langagier qui exerce une incidence sur l’apprentissage de l’écrit et, donc, la réussite scolaire. Dans la présente recherche doctorale, les paramètres d’une intervention de LP tenant compte des besoins des enfants bi/plurilingues en émergence pour favoriser le développement de leurs habiletés narratives ont été définis au moyen d’une recension des écrits. Ces paramètres ciblés ont été mis à l’essai dans le cadre d’une vaste recherche (Armand et al., 2017-2021) dans laquelle a eu lieu une intervention de LP au moyen de l’application Les Albums plurilingues ÉLODiL dans une perspective de collaboration école-famille. L’utilisation d’albums bi/plurilingues faisait partie des modalités identifiées pour favoriser, dans une optique inclusive (Cummins, 2021), le développement langagier d’enfants bi/plurilingues en émergence (Naqvi et al., 2012). Dans le cadre de cette recherche, notre contribution à l’intervention a consisté à concevoir et à mettre à l’essai des activités entourant la lecture des albums qui visaient spécifiquement le développement des habiletés narratives. Afin de documenter les effets de l’intervention sur l’évolution des habiletés narratives des enfants, nous avons recueilli, avant et après l’intervention, les productions d’un groupe d’enfants qui y a pris part (n=78) en recourant à deux types de tests standardisés. Les productions ont été comparées à celles d’enfants qui n’ont pas participé à l’intervention (n=35), mais dont les enseignant·es avaient reçu les mêmes albums en français et en version papier uniquement. Pour compléter le portrait, nous avons également recueilli le rappel du récit d’un des albums exploités dans le cadre de l’intervention auprès des enfants du groupe expérimental (n=70). L’analyse des résultats obtenus au moyen des outils standardisés révèle que l’intervention de LP au moyen d’albums plurilingues intégrant des activités en lien avec les habiletés narratives apporte une contribution positive à l’évolution de ces habiletés chez les enfants. Qui plus est, l’analyse qualitative des productions obtenues au moyen d’un outil conçu à partir d’un des albums de l’intervention, mise en relation avec la description présente dans les écrits scientifiques des habiletés narratives d’enfants monolingues du même groupe d’âge, tend à démontrer que les enfants bi/plurilingues en émergence, ici dans le contexte montréalais pluriethnique et plurilingue de notre étude, ne sont pas « en retard » par rapport aux enfants monolingues. / In Quebec, particularly in Montreal, a significant number of bi/plurilingual children in five-year-old kindergarten are directly integrated into regular classrooms (with or without French learning support services). For these emerging bi/plurilingual children who are continuing to develop their language skills in two or more languages simultaneously, it is essential to adapt educative practices to consider their needs, particularly with regard to language development, which is one of the areas of global development. Shared reading of children’s literature is one of the activities which is widely recognized by the scientific and practical community to promote oral and written language skills (Cunningham & Zibulsky, 2011; National Early Literacy Panel, 2008; Turgeon, 2018). This significant activity promotes the pleasure of reading (Dupin de St-André et al., 2015) and allows children to gradually make connections between oral and written language. Among other things, shared reading and the interactions that surround it promote the development of narrative skills (e.g., Lever & Sénéchal, 2011; Nielsen & Friesen, 2012; Pesco & Gagné, 2017; Roux-Baron, 2019), a discursive dimension of language development that has an impact on literacy development and, by the same token, academic success. In this doctoral research, we identified through a literature review the parameters of a shared reading intervention that would consider emerging bi/plurilingual needs in order to foster the development of their narrative skills. These parameters were tested as part of a broader research (Armand et al. 2017-2021) in which a shared reading intervention took place using a web-based children’s literature application, Les Albums plurilingues ÉLODiL, through a school-family collaboration. The use of bi/plurilingual book was one of the modalities identified to promote, from an additive (Lambert, 1975) and inclusive (Cummins, 2021) point of view, the language development of emerging bi/plurilingual children (Naqvi et al., 2012). As part of this doctoral research, our contribution to the intervention consisted of designing and testing activities surrounding the shared reading of children’s book that were specifically aimed at the development of narrative skills. In order to document the effects of the intervention on the children’s narrative skill evolution, before and after it, we collected narratives from a group of children who took part in the intervention (n=78). To this aim, we used two standardized tests (a narrative production task from a sequence of illustrations and a story recall task). The productions were compared to those of children who did not participate in the intervention (n=35). In this control group, the teachers, who used children’s literature in their classroom, received the same children’s book, but in French and in paper version only. In order to complete the portrait, we also collected from the children in the experimental group (n=70) the recall of the story of one of the books used in the intervention. This allowed us to provide a qualitative overview of the narrative skills of children in a regular five-year-old kindergarten classroom in a plurilingual context. The analysis of the results obtained with the standardized tools reveals that the shared reading intervention, using plurilingual books and integrating the activities we implemented in relation to narrative skills, brings a positive contribution to the evolution of the narrative skills of the children who took part. Moreover, the qualitative analysis of the portrait of the children’s narrative skills, put in relation with the description of the narrative skills of “monolingual” children of the same age group presented in the scientific literature, tends to show that emerging bi/plurilingual children are not “lagging behind”.

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Contexte L’orthophonie scolaire vise à favoriser l’éducation inclusive et la réussite éducative de tous les enfants. Pour ce faire, les orthophonistes peuvent travailler avec le personnel enseignant afin de favoriser la participation des enfants et de soutenir leur développement langagier, notamment par la lecture interactive en classe. Cependant, les recherches doivent documenter davantage les retombées de l’implication des orthophonistes dans les services universels. Pour soutenir le personnel enseignant, les orthophonistes peuvent leur offrir du développement professionnel. Les orthophonistes pourraient agir à titre de modèles en classe, ce qui pourrait être une modalité de développement professionnel adaptée à certains milieux de pratique, mais qui demeure peu étudiée. Objectifs Cette thèse vise à documenter l’implication que les orthophonistes peuvent avoir dans les services universels, notamment en soutien à la pratique des enseignants et des enseignantes. Plus spécifiquement, elle vise à : 1) Comprendre les effets de la lecture interactive et d’un programme de développement professionnel, utilisant principalement la modalité du modèle en classe, sur la participation des enfants lors des activités de lecture; 2) Documenter les changements de pratiques enseignantes; et 3) Comprendre comment ce programme de développement professionnel utilisant principalement la modalité du modèle en classe a suscité des changements de pratiques. Méthodologie Dans cette étude, qui s’est déroulée au Québec, 11 enseignantes de maternelle 5 ans ont participé à un programme de développement professionnel et 197 enfants de leur classe ont participé à une intervention consistant en des lectures interactives en classe animées par la doctorante. Une approche de méthodes mixtes avec un devis convergent a été utilisée. Pour le volet quantitatif, un devis quasi-expérimental a été utilisé avec six classes faisant partie d’un groupe expérimental et cinq classes faisant partie d’un groupe contrôle/expérimental en attente. Des analyses de vidéos des enseignantes lors de la lecture ont été réalisées sur les variables de la participation spontanée des enfants, les cibles travaillées par les enseignantes et leurs stratégies d’étayage. Des tests statistiques non paramétriques ont été utilisés. Pour le volet qualitatif, un devis longitudinal a été utilisé. Les enseignantes et 78 enfants ont participé à 3 entrevues individuelles, et les enseignantes ont complété un journal de bord. Ces données ont été analysées avec une analyse thématique réflexive. Résultats 1) D’abord, l’intervention a permis d’augmenter la participation spontanée des enfants lors de la lecture et de changer certaines perceptions des enseignantes et des enfants quant à la participation des enfants lors de la lecture. 2) Ensuite, les enseignantes ont augmenté le nombre de cibles langagières sur lesquelles elles travaillent lors de la lecture, ainsi que leur utilisation de stratégies d’étayage. Leur perception de la lecture a changé, tout comme leur perception de ce que les enfants disent lors des interactions pendant la lecture. 3) Enfin, certains des mécanismes qui ont suscité les changements de pratiques sont distinctifs de la modalité de développement professionnel du modèle en classe et d’autres mécanismes peuvent être opérationnalisés de manière plus flexible dans une diversité de modalités de développement professionnel. Conclusion Les orthophonistes scolaires sont invités à cibler le soutien à la participation des enfants et les stratégies d’étayage comme objectifs lors de leurs interventions en classe. De plus, elles et ils sont invités à considérer le modèle en classe comme modalité de développement professionnel pour les enseignants et enseignantes. / Context School-based speech-language pathology aims to promote inclusive education and educational success in all children. To this end, speech-language pathologists (SLPs) can work with teachers to foster children's participation and support their language development, using approaches such as interactive book reading. However, further research is needed to document the impact of SLPs’ involvement in universal services. SLPs can also provide teachers with professional development to support them. They could act as an in-class model, which may be a professional development modality suited to some practice settings; however, it remains understudied. Objectives This thesis aims to document the involvement of SLPs in universal services, particularly to support teacher practice. Specifically, it aims to: 1) Understand the effects of interactive book reading and a professional development program that primarily used the in-class modeling modality on children's participation in book reading; 2) Document teachers’ changes in practice; and 3) Understand how the professional development program, which primarily used in-class modeling as a modality, led to changes in practice. Methodology This study took place in Quebec, in which 11 kindergarten for 5-year-olds teachers and 197 children from their classes participated in an intervention consisting of interactive book reading in the classroom, facilitated by the doctoral candidate, as well as a professional development program for teachers. A mixed-methods approach with a convergent was used. For the quantitative part, a quasi-experimental design was used, with six classes in the experimental group and five classes in the waiting control/delayed experimental group. Videos of teachers’ book readings were analyzed for the variables of children's spontaneous participation, the target teachers worked on, and their scaffolding strategies. Nonparametric statistical tests were performed. For the qualitative part, a longitudinal design was used. The teachers and 78 children participated in three individual interviews, and the teachers completed a logbook. These data were analyzed using a reflective thematic analysis. Results 1) First, the intervention increased the children's spontaneous participation in reading and changed some of the teachers' and children's perceptions of the children's participation in book reading; 2) Next, teachers increased the number of language targets they worked on during book reading and their use of scaffolding strategies. Their perception of reading has changed, as their perception of what children say in interactions during reading. 3) Finally, some of the mechanisms that have prompted changes in practice are distinctive of the in-class modeling professional development modality, and the other mechanisms can be operationalized more flexibly in a variety of professional development modalities. Conclusion School-based SLPs are invited to consider supporting children's participation in classroom activities and scaffolding strategies as their classroom intervention goals. They are also invited to consider in-class modeling as a professional development modality for teachers.

This study was designed to examine the benefits of positive school climate and to measure the perceptions of school climate for intermediate grades in a Northeast Tennessee School district. An online school climate survey was used to collect responses from participants in intermediate grades and focused on the 3 major components of school climate: school engagement, school environment, and school safety. Data were collected for 2 consecutive years in 2016-2017 and 2017-2018. Response totals included 1,955 student responses, 116 teacher responses, and 210 parent responses that were analyzed and used for this study. Of the student totals, some students that were in 5th grade in 2016-2017 may have completed the survey again as 6th graders in 2017-2018. Findings indicated that there were no significant difference in the perceptions of students, parents, and teachers in school climate over a 2-year span for this district. Research indicates there are multiple benefits to a positive school climate, including higher academic achievement, lower chronic absenteeism, and a decrease in discipline referrals.

Academic achievement and in-classroom behaviors are two significant child outcomes that affect student success in school. According to Systems Theory, in order to truly understand the factors that affect these outcomes for children, one must look to the major systems that encapsulate the child (including their school and home environments). This project is a meta-analytic review that examined the effectiveness of measures representing each system in predicting child achievement and behavior: School-Wide Positive Behavior Supports (SWPBS) for the school as a system, level of parent involvement (high versus low) for the home system, and student motivation (intrinsic versus extrinsic) for the child system. Archival research was used to examine children who attended K-12 schools in various Westernized countries. A total of 15 studies were examined to compute the effect sizes which were combined to examine the relative strength of each factor on the two outcome variables. For academic achievement, it was found that effect sizes were very large for SWPBS (0.768) and student motivation (0.807), and were large (0.589) for parent involvement. For behavior, SWPBS was associated with a very large effect size (-0.780). In other words, SWPBS is strongly associated with both increased academic achievement and decreased problem behavior, whereas parent involvement and student motivation are strongly associated with increased academic achievement. A suggested systems approach including the school counselor is proposed that meshes the effects of these three child systems into a more fluid, collaborative model that address child academic achievement and behavioral concerns.