Les nouvelles du XVIe siècle sont souvent lues comme de simples passe-temps, loin derrière les livres de Rabelais. Pourtant, cette littérature labile est dotée d’une « grande variété de formes narratives qui témoignent de [s]a souplesse et de [s]a plasticité […], laboratoire des expériences romanesques à venir » (D. Souiller, La nouvelle en Europe de Boccace à Sade). Il est ainsi difficile de conférer une identité générique à ces textes. En l'absence d’arts poétiques contemporains, la critique propose des définitions discutables. Trop restrictives ou partiales, elles aboutissent à un compromis : donner des caractéristiques majeures (brièveté, moralité, bon tour, bon mot, « réalisme », etc.), sans nettement distinguer le genre de formes narratives voisines (discours bigarrés, histoires tragiques). Pourtant, une autre piste est possible : adopter le point de vue des auteurs de romans comiques pour profiter d'une pratique d'écriture nourrie des conteurs de la Renaissance et d'une réception littéraire plus proche de celle des lecteurs du XVIe siècle, soit affiner les analyses modernes pour aspirer à établir la première liste de critères génériques fiables et opératoires. / Read short stories from XVIth french century, it’s like reading fancy stories or recreations, far away from Rabelais’books. However, this unsettled literature has a « grande variété de formes narratives qui témoignent de [s]a souplesse et de [s]a plasticité […], laboratoire des expériences romanesques à venir » (D. Souiller, La nouvelle en Europe de Boccace à Sade). It’s difficult, indeed, to give a set generic identity at these texts. Without contemporary arts of poetry, modern critics suggest debatable definitions. Too restrictive or partial, those definitions end up at a compromise : to give main characteristics (brevity, moral, good trick, good word, « realism », etc.) without make a clear distinction with close narrative forms (« discours bigarrés », « histoires tagiques »). Yet, there is another path : take the point of view of « romans comiques »’ authors in order to take advantage of a writing fed from Renaissance’s storytellers and of a reading closer with XVIth century’s readers, that is to say refine modern studies in order to draw up the first list of reliable and operating generic criteria.

Notre travail de recherche vise deux objectifs étroitement liés. Le premier consiste à proposer une aide à l’évaluation des écrits scientifique et pour cause : le nombre de publication augmente, les limites entre les domaines deviennent floues, et il devient difficile de trouver des publications pertinentes si bien qu’un besoin pratique d’évaluation surgit. Il s’agit aussi de trouver les moyens d’une aide à l’expertise, appuyée sur des indices discursifs permettant d’aider le lecteur à repérer les points clés d’une publication (phase préalable à une évaluation) notamment à travers l’identification du problème de recherche. Ces indices qui annoncent la formulation du problème de recherche dans les articles scientifiques sont repérables sous forme de « formules de discours ». Notre recherche ne s’étend pas sur la formulation de la problématique scientifique au vu de la complexité de cette notion et de la difficulté de la définir d’un point de vue de l’extraction d’information. Nous proposons une modélisation de ces formules de discours que nous avons intégrée dans l’analyseur syntaxique Xerox Incremental Parser (XIP) sous forme de règles de reconnaissance. Nous avons utilisé un corpus d’articles de recherche en sciences de l’éducation extraits du corpus Scientext pour y détecter ces formules de discours. Le choix du domaine est motivé par ma participation au projet européen EERQI dont le but est de renforcer et d’améliorer la visibilité mondiale et la compétitivité de la recherche européenne en éducation. Différentes approches méthodologiques ont été adoptées afin de procéder à une étude linguistique fine de ces formules dîtes de discours entre autres : l’analyse de discours (M. Pecman, 2004, K. Hyland, 2005, Á. Sándor, A. Kaplan, G. Randeau, 2006, D. Siepman, 2007, A. Tutin, 2007-2010), robust parsing (S. Aït-Mokhtar, J. Chanod, R. Roux, 2002). Il s’agit donc de mettre en œuvre une approche applicative en vue de l’aide à la lecture experte à travers l’identification, la typologie et le fonctionnement des associations lexicales véhiculant le problème de recherche. / Our research focuses on two interrelated objectives. The first one aims at providing assistance to the evaluation of scientific writings because of; the numbers of publication, which keep on rising, the boundaries between the areas become and it's becoming more and more difficult to find relevant publications so as the practical need for assessments is appearing as unavoidable. We also have to find new ways to help the evaluation of the research work, through a wide range of indications different from those usually used for research assessment, notably, through the identification of the research problem. These indications that announce the formulation of the research problem in scientific articles can be identified as "speech formulas." Our research does not extend to the formulation of the scientific problem because of the complexity of this concept and the difficulty of defining it from the point of view of information extraction. We propose a model of the speech forms that we have integrated into the parser Xerox Incremental Parser (XIP) in pattern recognition rules. We used a corpus of Educational Sciences Research articles from the Scientext corpus to detect these speeches formulas. The choice of field is motivated by my participation in the European project EERQI which aims to strengthen and enhance the worldwide visibility and competitiveness of European research in education. Different methodological approaches were adopted to perform a fine linguistic study of these formulas as: discourse analysis (Mr. Pecman, 2004, K. Hyland, 2005, Á, Sándor A. Kaplan, G. Randeau, 2006, D. Siepman, 2007, A. Tutin, 2007-2010), robust parsing (S. Aït-Mokhtar, J. Chanod, R. Roux, 2002). Thus, the goal is to implement an applicative approach aiming at helping expert reading through the identification, typology and functioning of lexical associations which convey the research problem.

[pt] Este trabalho estuda o uso do metadiscurso em artigos pesquisa em diferentes culturas, áreas disciplinares e seções do artigo, tendo como objetivo investigar como esse recurso retórico varia em contextos lingüísticos e sócio-culturais diversos, contribui para a construção de sentido de textos escritos e reflete a construção de conhecimento em diferentes áreas disciplinares. A pesquisa adota como base teórica a abordagem sociointeracional de linguagem, a teoria da construção social do conhecimento e princípios da retórica contrastiva. O corpus utilizado compõe-se de 24 artigos científicos, divididos em duas línguas (português e inglês), duas áreas disciplinares (Ciências Biomédicas e Lingüística, Letras e Artes) e quatro seções (Introdução, Metodologia, Resultados e Discussão). O estudo da variação entre os textos escritos em inglês e português mostrou que há diferenças quanto ao uso de itens metadiscursivos que enfocam a micro ou a macroorganização do artigo de pesquisa. A variação interdisciplinar mostrou que o texto pode ser escrito de forma subjetiva ou objetiva, e que o conhecimento nas diferentes comunidades disciplinares pode ser construído com base em idéias ou fatos. Quanto às seções dos artigos, verificou-se que o uso do metadiscurso varia para alcançar objetivos retóricos diferenciados de acordo com a seção do artigo. Esta pesquisa reforça a possibilidade e necessidade de enfocar o metadiscurso e a linguagem sob uma ótica sociointeracional, confirmando que a escrita acadêmica é interativa e mostrando que a construção de sentidos de textos e a construção de conhecimento variam em diferentes culturas e comunidades disciplinares. / [en] This research studies the use of metadiscourse in research articles in different cultures, disciplinary areas and article sections, aiming at investigating how this rhetorical device varies in different linguistic and socio- cultural contexts, contributes to the construction of meaning in written texts and reflects the construction of knowledge in different disciplinary areas. This work adopts as theoretical basis a sociointeractional approach to language, the theory of social construction of knowledge and principles of contrastive rhetoric. The research corpus is composed of 24 scientific articles, divided into two languages (Portuguese and English), two disciplinary areas (Biomedical Sciences and Linguistics, Letters and Arts), and four sections (Introduction, Methodology, Results and Discussion). The study of variation between texts written in English and Portuguese shows that there are differences in the use of metadiscourse items which can focus on micro or macroorganization of the scientific article. Interdisciplinary variation shows that scientific texts can be written either in a subjective or objective manner, and that knowledge construction in different disciplinary communities can be based either on ideas or facts. As to research article sections, this study shows that the use of metadiscourse varies according to writers´ intention to reach rhetorical objectives in each section. This research study reinforces both the possibility and necessity to focus on metadiscourse and language under a sociointeractional perspective, confirming that academic writing is interactive, and showing that the construction of meaning in texts and the construction of knowledge vary in different cultures and disciplinary communities.

For an eSports commentator, the ability to promote the rivalry between the competitors is just as important as fast and accurate commentary. Thus, it is of interest how an experienced commentator achieves this promotional language per some theoretical framework. Using the relatively new and unexplored linguistic field of promotional metadiscourse the quality of commentary can be evaluated quantifiably. Thus, this paper investigates the promotional language used by accomplished eSports commentators, in contrast to inexperienced novices, in the game StarCraft II. This is achieved with a lexical analysis of two StarCraft II commentaries using categories of promotional language previously identified in press releases. Experienced commentators were found to have a much more extensive and varied vocabulary than their inexperienced counterparts, adopting stronger evaluative adjectives and adverbs, as well as metaphorical language, in their commentaries. After comparing the commentaries with each other, the comments of two experienced commentators were compared. In this analysis, the same results were found in regards to commentator experience, as the less experienced commentator in this team featured less varied and weaker evaluative language than his more experienced co-commentator, yet more varied and evaluative than the novices. This paper shows that metadiscursive analysis methods can be fruitfully applied to non-academic discourses, as well as shining a light on the entertainment genre of eSports as a subject for further study. / Denna uppsats utforskar språket som används av etablerade eSportskommentatorer, i jämförelse med oerfarna nybörjare, i spelet StarCraft II. Detta har gjorts genom att analysera eSportskommentarmaterialet från två matcher med hjälp av en modell med kategorier för befrämjande språk, framställd för pressmeddelanden. Analysen fann att erfarna kommentatorer hade ett betydligt bredare och mer varierat ordförråd än sina mer oerfarna motparter, till exempel, genom användandet av mer starkt värderande adjektiv, förstärkande adverb och metaforer. Efter analysen av de två kommentarmaterialen gjordes en analys för liknande mönster av de två erfarna kommentatorernas språk. Denna jämförande analys fann att skillnaden i ordvalet även var knuten till kommentatorns erfarenhet, då den mindre erfarne kommentatorn hade ett mer begränsat och mindre varierat ordförråd än den mer erfarne kommentatorn, men betydligt mer varierat än noviserna. Denna uppsats visar att metadiskursiva metoder kan användas för att analysera icke-akademiskt språk, samtidigt som den visar på ett behov att undersöka E-sportsspråket som en genre.

(in English): The diploma thesis explores the means of expressing interpersonal function (metadiscourse) in English academic lectures. This function includes means mitigating the proposition of authors (hedges), expressions boosting its credibility (booster), instances reflecting attitude of the author (attitude markers) and means referring to both, the author himself (self-mentions) and the audience (engagement markers). For the purpose of the analysis, the integrative approach of Ken Hyland was chosen. It explores interpersonal resources as well as interactive resources in written academic discourse. Means organizing text into an intelligible and comprehensible unit will be also studied. The excerpted instances of metadiscourse were examined with respect to their function and realization form. In a case of realization forms, we expected to find means expressing modality (modal verbs, adverbs, adjectives), evaluative adjectives and adverbs, conjunctions and an array of personal pronouns referring to the participants of lectures. The findings showed surprising deviations in the categories of boosters, extended frame markers and attitude markers. Remaining categories, despite the different mode of the data (spoken academic language) corresponded with Hyland's findings from written academic discourse.

Cette recherche s'inscrit dans le domaine de la didactique du français, dans la zone de contact entre enseignement de la langue et enseignement de la littérature. Elle a pour objet la glose à thème lexical dans la classe de littérature au cycle 3 de l'école primaire française. Ce que nous avons cherché à caractériser ce sont les échanges autour de certaines unités lexicales du texte à lire (les « épisodes métalexicaux ») et les échanges autour des mots que les élèves utilisent pour leurs propres commentaires (les « mots de la réception »). Que font-ils exactement quand ils parlent des mots d'un texte ou quels sont les mots qu'ils utilisent pour parler d'un texte? Quel lien avec ce qui est prescrit en matière d'enseignement du lexique, d'une part, et en matière d'enseignement de la lecture littéraire, d'autre part ?La méthode d'analyse des données est comparative. Elle concerne trois classes de CM2, deux enseignants expérimentés et un enseignant entrant dans le métier, autour de deux albums de littérature de jeunesse : La Petite fille du livre (Nadja) et Zappe la guerre (Pef). Nous avons mené une étude qualitative appuyée sur les transcriptions des échanges filmés dans les classes, ainsi que sur les transcriptions d'entretiens et de dispositifs d'autoconfrontation (empruntés à l'ergonomie et à l'ergologie).Ce travail s'intéresse au métadiscours dans le sens élargi que lui donne Andrée Borillo (1985) qui inclut les conduites langagières de commentaire, de définition, d'explication, portant sur le code ou sur les faits de discours.Nous avons d'abord appréhendé notre objet sur le plan linguistique et nous avons analysé la diversité des conduites et des procédés langagiers qui en font sa spécificité. Nous avons cherché ensuite à en saisir la particularité dans le cadre d'une activité de lecture littéraire.À partir de travaux de référence en lexicologie et en didactique de la littérature, nous avons construit un modèle distinguant plusieurs catégories de glose (les gloses sur la signification, les gloses sur le sens, les gloses sur les realia et les gloses génériques). Nous avons rangé l'ensemble de ces gloses dans trois paradigmes : un paradigme sémantique, un paradigme générique et un paradigme personnel.Nous avons pu montrer entre autres que le travail sur le vocabulaire en classe de littérature ne se résume pas à la définition, principale catégorie présupposée par les enseignants, mais engage de nombreuses conduites différentes. Nous avons montré aussi que ce travail joue un rôle dans l'activité de symbolisation attendue du sujet lecteur en contexte littéraire. Toutefois, l'analyse de l'action enseignante montre la complexité du pilotage de ces interactions autour du lexique et la nécessité de former les enseignants en matière d'enseignement du lexique en contexte littéraire. / This research joins in the field of French language didactics, in the area of contact between teaching of the language and teaching of literature in the third “cycle” of the French primary school.It covers the gloss around lexical items of the text to be read (the metalexical " episodes ") and the exchanges around the words the pupils use for their own comments (the " words of the reception ").What do they do exactly when they speak about the words of a text or what are the words they use to speak about a text? What link do they make with the prescription regarding teaching of the lexicon on one hand, and regarding teaching of the literary reading on the other hand? The method of analysis of the data is comparative. It concerns three 5th classes of primary school, two experimented teachers and a teacher starting their career, around two albums of youth literature: La petite fille du livre (Nadja) and Zappe la guerre (Pef).We led a qualitative study based on the transcriptions of the exchanges filmed in the classes, as well as on the transcriptions of interviews and plans of self-confrontation (borrowed from the study of ergonomics and ergology).This work focuses on the metadiscourse in its wider sense, studied by Andrée Borillo (1985) who includes the linguistic conducts of comment, definition, explanation, concerning the code or the facts of discourse.We first based our subject on the linguistic plan and we analysed what makes it specific - the diversity of the conducts and the linguistic processes. We then tried to seize its peculiarity within the framework of a literary reading activity.From reference works in lexicology and in literature didactics, we built a model distinguishing several categories of gloss (the glosses on meaning, the glosses on sense, the glosses on realia and generic glosses).We put all these glosses in three paradigms: a semantic paradigm, a generic paradigm and a personal paradigm.We were able to show, among other factors, that the work on the lexical field of literature cannot be reduced to its definition, the main category presumed by teachers, as it leads to many other conducts.We also showed that this work plays a role in the activity of symbolization that is expected from the subject reader in literary context. However, the analysis of the act of teaching shows the complexity of the piloting of these interactions around the lexicon and the necessity of training the teachers regarding lexicon teaching in a literary context.

[ES] Durante la escritura, el metadiscurso permite que un escritor guíe, dirija e interactúe con sus lectores, ya que hereda la intención, la postura, los pensamientos y los sentimientos del escritor. Los marcadores del metadiscurso permiten a los lectores comprender el juicio del escritor y la evaluación de la audiencia objetivo del escritor junto con la idea del contexto en uso. Por lo tanto, el metadiscurso se ha convertido en uno de los métodos más populares para examinar textos y un tema de investigación predominante desde que saltó a la fama a principios de la década de 1980, y continúa con su popularidad actual. Con la rápida progresión digital, hoy en día, la gente está muy interesada en los periódicos digitales, que son la versión en línea de los periódicos impresos. La razón principal de la atracción hacia estos periódicos digitales es que las personas tienen la oportunidad de compartir sus opiniones en forma de comentarios después de leer una noticia en particular. Debido a este creciente interés de las personas en los periódicos digitales, los periódicos emergentes, así como los periódicos bien establecidos y presti- giosos, están creando una versión en línea de sus periódicos impresos. Nuestro estudio se centra en los comentarios digitales (específicamente, comentarios de noticias), donde los comentaristas expresan sus puntos de vista, opiniones y pensamientos a través de sus comentarios y respondiendo a los comentarios anteriores en el mismo hilo. Esta tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo la exploración y comparación de marcadores metadis- cursivos sobre los comentarios digitales de los comentaristas. Sostiene nuestro empeño de realizar un trabajo novedoso en el campo de la investigación del lenguaje. Además, también puede allanar el camino para futuros investigadores de idiomas. En ausencia de un corpus de referencia para los comentarios de noticias en in- glés, compilamos nuestro corpus teniendo en cuenta tres dominios populares (deportes, política y entretenimiento) y dos ideologías políticas diferentes (izquierda y derecha). Recolectamos 2034 comentarios digitales y un total de 2004 respuestas de 64 artículos de noticias de 12 periódicos ingleses líderes de tres países diferentes (Reino Unido, India y los Estados Unidos de América) que pertenecen tres continentes distintos (Europa, Asia y Estados Unidos de América). En este trabajo, examinamos el uso de los marcadores del metadiscurso basado en cuatro aspectos: diferentes dominios, el conocimiento del inglés, diferentes geolocaliza- ciones y diferentes ideologías políticas. Con base en estos cuatro aspectos, este estudio examina las similitudes y los contrastes entre los escritores (en nuestro caso, los comen- taristas), lo que ayuda a comprender el uso que hacen los escritores de los marcadores del metadiscurso. En esta disertación, en el contexto de los comentarios de noticias digitales en inglés, por primera vez, presentamos un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo en profundidad de los marcadores metadiscursivos (interactivos e interactivos). Concluimos que los comentaristas usan marcadores de metadiscurso de manera diferente en diferentes dominios; sin embargo, el uso del metadiscurso puede verse afectado por la ubicación, el idioma y las ideologías políticas de los comentaristas. / [CA] Durant l'escriptura, el metadiscurs permet que un escriptor guiï, dirigeixi i interactuï amb els seus lectors, ja que hereta la intenció, la postura, els pensaments i els sentiments de l'escriptor. Els marcadors del metadiscurs permeten als lectors comprendre el judici de lescriptor i lavaluació de laudiència objectiu de lescriptor juntament amb la idea del context en ús. Per tant, el metadiscurs ha esdevingut un dels mètodes més populars per examinar textos i un tema de recerca predominant des que va saltar a la fama a principis de la dècada de 1980, i continua amb la seva popularitat actual. Amb la ràpida progressió digital, avui dia, la gent està molt interessada en els diaris digitals, que són la versió en línia dels diaris impresos. La raó principal de l'atracció cap a aquests diaris digitals és que les persones tenen l'oportunitat de compartir les seves opinions en forma de comentaris després de llegir una notícia en particular. A causa d'aquest creixent interès de les persones als diaris digitals, els diaris emergents, així com els diaris ben establerts i prestigiosos, estan creant una versió en línia dels seus diaris impresos. El nostre estudi se centra en els comentaris digitals (específicament, comentaris de notícies), on els comentaristes expressen els seus punts de vista, opinions i pensaments a través dels seus comentaris i responent als comentaris anteriors al mateix fil. Aquesta tesi doctoral té com a objectiu l'exploració i la comparació de marcadors metadiscursius sobre els comentaris digitals dels comentaristes. Sosté el nostre afany de realitzar un treball nou en el camp de la investigació del llenguatge. A més, també podeu aplanar el camí per a futurs investigadors d'idiomes. En absència d'un corpus de referència per als comentaris de notícies en anglès, compilem el nostre corpus tenint en compte tres dominis populars (és a dir, esports, política i entreteniment) i dues ideologies polítiques diferents (és a dir, esquerra i dreta). Recollim 2034 comentaris digitals i un total de 2004 respostes de 64 articles de notícies de 12 diaris anglesos líders de tres països diferents (Regne Unit, Índia i els Estats Units d'Amèrica) que pertanyen a tres continents diferents (Europa, Àsia i Estats Units d'Amèrica) ). En aquest treball, examinem l'ús dels marcadors del metadiscurs basat en quatre aspectes: diferents dominis, el coneiximent de la llengua anglesa, geolocalitzacions diferents i ideologies polítiques diferents. En base a aquests quatre aspectes, aquest estudi examina les similituds i els contrastos entre els escriptors (en el nostre cas, els comentaristes), cosa que ajuda a comprendre l'ús que fan els escriptors dels marcadors del metadiscurs. En aquesta dissertació, en el context dels comentaris de notícies digitals en anglès, per primera vegada, presentem una anàlisi quantitativa i qualitativa en profunditat dels marcadors metadiscursius (interactius i interactius). Concloem que els comentaristes usen marcadors de metadiscurs de manera diferent en diferents dominis; no obstant això, l'ús del metadiscurs es pot veure afectat per la ubicació, l'idioma i les ideologies polítiques dels comentaristes. / [EN] In the course of writing, metadiscourse allows a writer to guide, direct and interact with their readers as it inherits the writer's intention, stance, thoughts, and feelings. The metadiscourse markers allow the readers to comprehend the writer's judgement and evaluation of the writer's target audience alongside the idea of the context in use. Hence, metadiscourse has emerged as one of the most popular methods for examining texts and a prevalent research topic since it was first brought to prominence in the early 1980s, continuing to its current popularity. With the rapid digital progression, nowadays, people are highly interested in digital newspapers, which are the online version of printed newspapers. The prime reason for the attraction towards these digital newspapers is that people get a scope to share their opinions in the form of comments after reading particular news. For this increasing in- terest of people in digital newspapers, emerging newspapers, as well as well-established and prestigious newspapers, are creating an online version of their printed newspapers. Our study focuses on digital comments (specifically, news comments), where the com- menters express their views, opinions, and thoughts through their comments and by replying to the previous comments in the same thread. This doctoral dissertation aims at the exploration and comparison of metadiscourse markers on digital comments of the commenters. It upholds our endeavor of conducting a novel work in the field of language research. Moreover, it can pave the way for future language researchers as well. In the absence of a benchmark corpus for English news comments, we compiled our corpus by taking into account three popular domains (namely¿ sports, politics, and entertainment) and two different political ideologies (namely¿ left-wing and right- wing). We collected 2034 digital comments and a total of 2004 replies from 64 news articles from 12 leading English newspapers of three different countries (the United Kingdom, India, and the United States of America) belonging to three distinct conti- nents (Europe, Asia, and America). In this work, we examine the use of metadiscourse markers based on four aspects: different domains, English language proficiency, dif- ferent geo-location, and different political ideologies. Based on these four aspects, this study examines the similarities and contrasts among writers (in our case, com- menters), which aids in understanding the writers' usage of metadiscourse markers. In this dissertation, in the context of English digital news comments, for the first time, we present an in-depth quantitative as well as qualitative analysis of metadiscourse markers (interactional and interactive). We conclude that the commenters use metadiscourse markers differently across dif- ferent domains; however, the use of metadiscourse may be affected by the commenters' location, language, and political ideologies. / Banerjee, A. (2023). Digital Comments on News: A Contrastive Study of the Rhetorical Devices used in the United Kingdom, India and the United States of America [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/195352

Mémoire en recherche-création / Sombres coulisses est un roman policier dans lequel il n’y a pas de cadavre. Suivant un duo de policiers, le récit se déroule dans une école de théâtre à la mauvaise réputation, suite à la disparition d’une élève. L’école privée, milieu hermétique aux allures de secte, ne permet pas aux policiers de mener l’enquête telle qu’ils l’entendent ; mais bientôt, d’autres élèves sont portés disparus. Contenant peu de violence physique, ce roman se concentre sur la violence psychologique présente dans notre société et interroge la place de la violence dans le roman policier contemporain. Avec une intertextualité entretenue par l’intrigue et de nombreuses références à des pièces de théâtre, ainsi que par des métadiscours sur le milieu de l’art contemporain, ce roman a pour but de faire ressortir l’utilisation de la violence. Entre enlèvements et jeux de dupes, ce roman propose une plongée dans l’univers théâtral et artistique. L’essai qui le suit, Représentation de la violence dans le roman policier français contemporain : Travail soigné de Pierre Lemaitre et Sharko de Franck Thilliez, s’articule également autour des questions de la représentation de la violence. À partir de la définition que propose de ce concept Yves Michaud, l’essai tente de comprendre la place de la violence, physique et psychologique, dans deux romans d’auteurs français, Franck Thilliez et Pierre Lemaitre. La violence est alors abordée sous différents angles : violence qui structure le récit par un jeu de rythme de l’histoire et du récit, violence artistique et visuelle, ou encore violence ouvrant un métadiscours, ainsi que sur une réflexion sur sa place dans l’art. La violence est utilisée de différentes façons, ce qui en fait un élément incontournable du roman policier. / Sombres coulisses is a crime novel in which there is no corpse. Following a duo of policemen, the story takes place in a theater school with a bad reputation following the disappearance of a student. The private school, a hermetic, cult-like environment, doesn't allow the police to investigate as they see fit but soon other students are reported missing. With little physical violence, this novel focuses on the psychological violence present in our society and questions the place of violence in contemporary crime fiction. Through intertextuality maintained by the plot and numerous references to plays, as well as metadiscourses on the contemporary art world, this novel aims to highlight the use of violence. Between kidnappings and deception, this novel offers a dive into the world of theater and art. The essay that follows, Représentation de la violence dans le roman policier français contemporain: Travail soigné de Pierre Lemaitre and Sharko de Franck Thilliez, also focuses on questions of how violence is represented. Based on Yves Michaud's definition of the concept, the essay attempts to understand the place of violence, both physical and psychological, in two novels by French authors: Franck Thilliez and Pierre Lemaitre. Violence is approached from different angles: violence that structures the narrative through a play on the rhythm of the story and narrative, artistic and visual violence, or violence that opens up a metadiscourse, as well as a reflection on its place in art. Violence is used in different ways, making it an unavoidable element of the detective novel.

[ES] Esta investigación formó parte del proyecto concedido por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad, del Gobierno de España, con referencia FFI2016-77941-P, liderado por la Dra. María Luisa Carrió-Pastor, investigadora, catedrática y directora del Departamento de Lingüística Aplicada, de la Universitat Politècnica de València, España. Se investigó, analizó, reconoció y comparó las estrategias metadiscursivas presentes en los discursos políticos de Lenín Moreno, de Ecuador y de Pedro Sánchez, de España. El estudio identificó patrones metadiscursivos contenidos en el lenguaje político y examinó los mecanismos discursivos de persuasión que apelaban al ethos, pathos y logos, con los que se quería incidir de modo directo o indirecto en las audiencias. El objeto del estudio era determinar la función que cumplían los marcadores del metadiscurso, a nivel retórico-argumentativo, en los discursos utilizados por los políticos referidos para argumentar sus puntos de vista. Se recopiló manualmente discursos presidenciales que abarcaron los años 2017, 2018, 2019 y 2020. Se generó el CORPUS ECU-ES que agrupó 967.382 palabras. El 51% correspondió a Ecuador y el 49% a España. En el primer caso, se observó un período de 34 meses; y, en el segundo, 21 meses. El CORPUS ECU-ES se dividió en dos sub-corpus: el CORPUS ECU con 495.617 palabras (discursos de Lenín Moreno, de Ecuador); y, el CORPUS ES con 471.765 palabras (discursos de Pedro Sánchez, de España). Se utilizó el programa informático "METOOL", diseñado por el Research Institute for Information and Language Processing, of the University of Wolverhampton, del Reino Unido, y se etiquetó e identificó los patrones metadiscursivos. Se asumió como referencia la taxonomía propuesta por Hyland (2005) quien agrupa a los marcadores del metadiscurso en dos grandes categorías: textuales e interpersonales. Para el análisis de los datos, se adoptó la metodología de investigación cuantitativa-cualitativa. Se parametrizó, reconoció, delimitó, diferenció, comparó y correlacionó los patrones metadiscursivos y las diferentes variables obtenidas en el proceso investigador. El estudio determinó que los marcadores metadiscursivos reforzaron los mecanismos persuasivos a nivel retórico-argumentativo en los discursos políticos. Se estableció la concurrencia de variaciones en los patrones metadiscursivos utilizados por los políticos de Ecuador y España. La investigación reveló el uso de patrones metadiscursivos similares y diferentes, según la taxonomía de (Hyland 2005). El estudio estimó relevante contribuir y ampliar los marcos comprensivos de los estudios del metadiscurso, a partir de aportes investigativos, que consideran otros contextos comunicativos, en los estudios intralingüísticos de estilos diferentes del discurso político dentro de una misma lengua: el español. / [CA] Aquesta investigació va formar part del projecte concedit pel Ministeri d'Economia i Competitivitat, del Govern d'Espanya, amb referència FFI2016-77941-P, liderat per la Dra. María Luisa Carrió Pastor, investigadora, catedràtica i, directora de Departament de Lingüística Aplicada, de la Universitat Politècnica de València, Espanya. Es va investigar, analitzar, reconèixer i comparar les estratègies metadiscursivas presents en discursos polítics de l'Equador i Espanya. L'estudi va identificar patrons metadiscursius continguts en el llenguatge polític; i, va examinar els mecanismes discursius de persuasió que apel·laven a l'ethos, pathos i logos, amb els quals es volia incidir de manera directa o indirecte en les audiències. L'objecte de l'estudi era determinar la funció que complien els marcadors del metadiscurs, a nivell retòric-argumentatiu, en els discursos utilitzats pels polítics en Espanya i Equador per argumentar els seus punts de vista. Es va recopilar manualment discursos presidencials que van abastar els anys 2017, 2018, 2019 i 2020. Es va generar el CORPUS ECU-ES que va agrupar 967.382 paraules. El 51% va correspondre a l'Equador i el 49% a Espanya. En el primer cas, es va observar un període de 34 mesos; i, en el segon, 21 mesos. L'CORPUS ECU-ES es va dividir en dos sub-corpus: el CORPUS ECU amb 495.617 paraules (discursos de Lenín Moreno, de l'Equador); i, el CORPUS ÉS amb 471.765 paraules (discursos de Pedro Sánchez, d'Espanya). Es va utilitzar el programa informàtic "METOOL", dissenyat pel 'Research Institute for Information and Language Processing, of the University of Wolverhampton, del Regne Unit, i es va etiquetar i va identificar els patrons metadiscursius. Es va assumir com a referència la taxonomia proposada per Hyland (2005) qui agrupa els marcadors del metadiscurs en dos grans categories: textuals i interpersonals. Per a l'anàlisi de les dades es va adoptar la metodologia d'investigació quantitativa-qualitativa. Es va parametritzar, reconèixer, delimitar, diferenciar, comparar i correlacionar els patrons metadiscursius i les diferents variables obtingudes en el procés investigador. L'estudi va determinar que els marcadors metadiscursius van reforçar els mecanismes persuasius a nivell retòric-argumentatiu en els discursos polítics. Es va establir la concurrència de variacions en els patrons metadiscursius utilitzats pels polítics de l'Equador i Espanya. La investigació va revelar l'ús de patrons metadiscursius similars i diferents, segons la taxonomia de (Hyland 2005). L'estudi va estimar rellevant contribuir i ampliar els marcs comprensius dels estudis del metadiscurs, a partir d'aportacions investigadores, que consideren altres contextos comunicatius, en els estudis intralingüístics d'estils diferents del discurs polític dins d'una mateixa llengua: el castellà. / [EN] This research was part of the project granted by the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, of the Government of Spain, with reference FFI2016-77941-P, led by Dr. María Luisa Carrió Pastor, researcher, professor, and director of the Department of Applied Linguistics, of the Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain. The metadiscursive strategies present in political discourses by Lenín Moreno from Ecuador and Pedro Sánchez from Spain were investigated, analyzed, recognized, and compared. The study identified metadiscursive patterns contained in political language and it has examined the discursive mechanisms of persuasion that appealed to ethos, pathos, and logos, with which was intended to influence the audiences directly or indirectly. The object of the study was to determine the function of metadiscourse markers, at the rhetorical-argumentative level, in the speeches used by the politicians referred to argue their points of view. Presidential speeches covering the years 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020 were collected manually. The CORPUS ECU-ES was generated, grouping 967,382 words. 51% corresponded to Ecuador and 49% to Spain. In the first case, a period of 34 months was observed and, in the second, 21 months. The CORPUS ECU-ES was divided into two sub-corpuses: the CORPUS ECU with 495,617 words (speeches by Lenín Moreno, from Ecuador) and, the CORPUS ES with 471,765 words (speeches by Pedro Sánchez, from Spain). The "METOOL" software, designed by the Research Institute for Information and Language Processing, of the University of Wolverhampton, UK, was used and the metadiscursive patterns were tagged and identified. The taxonomy proposed by Hyland (2005) was assumed as a reference, who groups the metadiscourse markers into two large categories: textual and interpersonal. For data analysis, the quantitative-qualitative research methodology was adopted. The metadiscursive patterns and the different variables obtained in the research process were parameterized, recognized, delimited, differentiated, compared, and correlated. The study has determined that the metadiscursive markers reinforced persuasive mechanisms at the rhetorical-argumentative level in political speeches. The concurrence of variations in the metadiscursive patterns used by the politicians of Ecuador and Spain was established. The research revealed the use of similar and different metadiscursive patterns, according to the taxonomy of (Hyland 2005). The study deemed it relevant to contribute and expand the comprehensive frameworks of metadiscourse studies, based on research contributions that consider other communicative contexts, in intralinguistic studies of different styles of political discourse within the same language: Spanish. / Aguinaga Aillón, DJ. (2022). Análisis comparativo de las estrategias metadiscursivas utilizadas en los discursos políticos en Ecuador y España [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/182401 / TESIS

CARVALHO, Ednúsia Pinto de. A atenuação retórica em artigos de pesquisa: um estudo contrastivo com base em corpora. 2011. 127f. Tese (Doutorado em Linguística) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza-CE, 2011. / Submitted by nazareno mesquita (nazagon36@yahoo.com.br) on 2012-08-14T15:00:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_EPdeCarvalho.pdf: 1630146 bytes, checksum: 3c417235cc5090a6cb9de83fc915f723 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2013-11-14T14:12:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_EPdeCarvalho.pdf: 1630146 bytes, checksum: 3c417235cc5090a6cb9de83fc915f723 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-14T14:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011_tese_EPdeCarvalho.pdf: 1630146 bytes, checksum: 3c417235cc5090a6cb9de83fc915f723 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / This thesis investigates, from a rhetoric-contrastive perspective, the uses and functions of rhetoric mitigation metadiscursive marks (here hedging devices) in research articles produced by Brazilian and German authors and understood as specialized texts (HOFFMANN, 1998), inserted in the expert-expert communicative context (PEARSON, 1998). To achieve this goal, the present study aims at answering the following questions: (a) how often are hedging strategies employed in the introduction and conclusion sections? (b) what is the relationship between the number of hedges in each subcorpus and the rhetorical characteristics of each analyzed section? (c) how often do the lexico-grammatical items performing the role of hedges appear in each subcorpus? The starting point for the investigation was the assumption that texts belonging to the same genre but written in different languages present striking rhetorical distinctions. Such differences in academic writing can be described by the use of hedges as discourse-pragmatic elements which characterize the "modus dicendi" of a given knowledge area; in the present case, Medicine. A corpus of 120 research articles from national and international medical journals was built, including texts written in German and Portuguese; the articles were collected from the CAPES periodics website. This corpus consists of 60 Medicine articles written in Portuguese and 60 articles written in German, divided into two subcorpora, namely, Corpus 1: Medicine-German and Corpus 2 : Medicine-Portuguese. The former is made of two subcorpora, (i) German Medicine Introduction (MAI) and (ii) German Medicine Discussion (MAD); the latter is also subdivided into two parts, (i) Portuguese Medicine Introduction (MPI) and (ii) Portuguese Medicine Discussion (MPD). The data were analyzed and processed in accordance with the Corpus Linguistics methodological principles, in an instrumental application of its methods. The data were treated with the help of a linguistic analysis software called WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 1997), version 3.0, especially the Wordlist and Concord tools. In order to investigate and analyze the uses and functions of the hedges, from the Interactional Metadiscourse (HYLAND, 2005) and Intercultural Rhetoric (CONNOR, 2008) perspectives, given the corpora collected, we have proposed a classification model, in accordance with the taxonomies proposed by Hyland (2005), Cabrera (2004) and Martín-Martín (2008). The results of the analysis have pointed to the occurrence of a largest number of hedges, in both languages, in the discussion section of the articles, followed by the introduction section. Both present a high number of occurrences of indetermination devices (epistemic expressions, such as modal verbs, lexical verbs, semi-auxiliary verbs, and modal adjectives / adverbs) and disagentivization (impersonal expressions, passive voice).We can therefore conclude that the authors of the Medicine research articles, both those in Portuguese and in German, employ the same amount of hedges in order to achieve the communicative purposes of the research paper genre, given the position the authors occupy in the academic community and the interpersonal relationship they wish to establish with the audience. This research contributes to minimize the gap in the studies on hedging under a contrastive perspective, based on corpora of scholarly texts in Portuguese and German in the Medicine area. / Esta tese investiga sob uma perspectiva retórico-contrastiva, os usos e as funções das marcas metadiscursivas de atenuação retórica (hedges), em artigos de pesquisa, considerados, aqui, textos especializados (HOFFMANN, 1998), pertencentes ao contexto comunicativo: especialista-especialista (PEARSON, 1998), produzidos por autores (as) brasileiros (as) e alemães (as). Para cumprir tal objetivo, a pesquisa intenciona responder aos seguintes questionamentos: (a) qual a freqüência das estratégias de atenuação retórica utilizadas nas seções introdução e conclusão? (b) qual a relação existente entre o número de marcas metadiscursivas de atenuação retórica em cada subcorpus e as características retóricas de cada seção em análise? (c) qual a freqüência dos itens léxico-gramaticais que realizam as marcas metadiscursivas de atenuação retórica em cada subcorpus. Para tanto, parte-se do pressuposto de que textos pertencentes a um mesmo gênero discursivo, porém escritos em línguas distintas apresentam diferenças retóricas marcantes. Tais diferenças no discurso acadêmico escrito podem ser descritas pelo uso das marcas de atenuação retórica como elemento discursivo-pragmático caracterizador de um “modus dicendi” de uma determinada área do conhecimento, no caso, a Medicina. Para a investigação dessas marcas de atenuação, selecionamos um corpus composto por 120 artigos de pesquisa em Medicina de periódicos nacionais e internacionais, coletados, no site de periódicos da CAPES, escritos em língua alemã e em língua portuguesa. O referido corpus de estudo compõe-se de: 60 artigos em Medicina escritos em português e 60 artigos escritos em língua alemã, divididos em dois subcorpora, a saber, Corpus 1- Medicina Alemão, composto por dois subcorpora: (i) Medicina Alemão Introdução (MAI) e (ii) Medicina-Alemão Discussão (MAD) , Corpus 2- Medicina Português, com dois subcorpora: (i) Medicina Português Introdução (MPI) e (ii) Medicina Português Discussão (MPD). Na análise e tratamento dos dados, utilizamos os princípios metodológicos da Lingüística de Corpus, aplicando seu caráter instrumental. Para avaliar os dados dessa pesquisa, utilizamos o programa computacional de análise lingüística, WordSmith Tools (SCOTT, 1997), versão 3.0, as ferramentas Wordlist e o Concord. Para investigar e analisar os usos e as funções das marcas metadiscursivas de atenuação, sob uma perspectiva do Metadiscurso Interacional (HYLAND, 2005) e da Retórica Intercultural (CONNOR, 2008), tendo em vista os corpora em análise, propomos um modelo classificatório, em conformidade com as taxonomias propostas por Hyland (2005), Cabrera (2004) e Martín-Martín (2008). Conforme os resultados, a seção de discussão concentra o maior número de ocorrências das marcas de atenuação retórica nas duas línguas, seguida da seção de introdução. Ambas apresentam um elevado número de ocorrências das estratégias de indeterminação (as expressões epistêmicas, como verbos modais, lexicais, semi-auxiliares) e os adjetivos/advérbios modais,) e desagentivação (as expressões impessoais, voz passiva). A partir desses resultados, conclui-se que os autores tanto em português como em alemão nos artigos de pesquisa na Medicina fazem uso na mesma proporção de estratégias de atenuação para atender aos propósitos comunicativos do gênero textual-artigo de pesquisa, como também pela posição que ocupam na comunidade acadêmica e pela relação interpessoal que desejam estabelecer com a audiência. Essa pesquisa contribui para minimizar a lacuna existente com relação aos estudos sócio-retóricos das marcas metadiscursivas de atenuação, sob uma perspectiva contrastiva, em corpora escritos em português e alemão de artigos acadêmicos na Medicina.