Abstract Reform, liberalization, and economic takeoff have propelled China toward becoming a major world power. Media industrialization and market orientation, combined with the growing pace of conglomeratization and globalization, are now an important national strategy for Beijing. One of its objectives is to gain a dominant voice in the international community while holding its own against leading European and American transnational media that are already eyeing China¡¦s media industry. Another objective is to suppress Taiwan¡¦s voice in the world arena and gradually marginalize Taiwan¡¦s film and television industries in the ethnic Chinese community. Even while the two sides of the Taiwan Strait are actively engaged in cultural and media exchanges, Taiwan has experienced a slowdown as China picks up pace in audiovisual media development. Taiwanese businesses and performing artists have been forced to take a strategic approach in seeking a future in China¡¦s market. This has resulted in an outflow of capital, human resources, and technology that has hurt Taiwan¡¦s film and television industries. China, on its part, has strategically ¡§attracted funding while keeping out programs¡¨ through media exchange policies and legal restrictions. It has blocked the broadcast of Taiwanese TV productions on local channels as well as the reception of Taiwan¡¦s TV channels. Additionally, it has used its huge market potential as bait to lure Taiwanese performing artists and media professionals to seek commercial and performing opportunities on the other side of the Strait. Through this two-pronged approach, China is trying to establish cultural hegemony over Taiwan with its media exports while pushing for unification. In other words, China¡¦s rapidly expanding audiovisual industry and the platform for cross-strait media exchange have contributed to the dwindling of Taiwan¡¦s film and television industries. China¡¦s carrot-and-stick strategy has compelled Taiwanese artists to cooperate and openly express views on specific political and national identity issues, thereby influencing viewers and listeners in Taiwan. This thesis explores how China¡¦s swiftly growing media industry has marginalized Taiwan¡¦s audiovisual media and influenced the national identity concept of Taiwanese performing artists. For this purpose, historical records and documents are analyzed and in-depth interviews conducted. The thesis takes an interdisciplinary approach that incorporates the concept of cultural hegemony espoused by Antonio Gramsci, the theory of culture industry advocated by Anthony Giddens and Nicholas Garnham, the role of discourse proposed by Michel Foucault, and the concept of national identity expounded by Benedict Anderson and Jhang Mao-guei. Research findings indicate a large gap between publicly expressed views and genuine standpoints of Taiwanese performing artists. Their positions on national identity clearly reflect a complex effect resulting from indelible impressions of Taiwan¡¦s history, education under the 50-year rule by the Kuomintang, Taiwan¡¦s democratic achievements, and realization that China adopts a very different social system. The study has not found a perceptible change in the national identity concept of Taiwanese artists seeking a future on the western shore of the Strait. Nonetheless, should cross-strait media exchange expand and Taiwan¡¦s film and television industries continue to weaken, Taiwanese artists will ultimately seek a sustainable future in China. Sooner or later, they will identify with China and embrace Beijing¡¦s ideological stand on cross-strait unification. Keywords: cultural hegemony culture industry conglomeratization media exchange, audiovisual exchange exposition national identity

In my research, the national identity process, which includes the family factor, school factors, mass media factor, peer group factor, of the private senior high school students, were explored and analyzed by using a method of SPSS version 10.0. The object of this research is to understand the diverse effects in national identity, which includes view, nation symbols, referendum function, denationalize position, of students with different social background.

Today every city and town in Turkey has at least one monument of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938), the founding father of the Turkish Republic, located in one of its most important public spaces. All private and state primary, middle and high schools have at least one bust of him in front of which students have to line up every Monday morning and Friday evening to chant the national anthem. Apart from statues and busts, his portraits and pictures are hung in every office in state buildings and in most private offices. His name has been bestowed upon boulevards, parks, stadiums, concert halls, bridges, forests, and, more importantly, on educational institutions. Among these many public expressions, the monumental statues of Atatürk erected before he died exemplify one of the most effective instruments of the elite-driven modernization in early republican Turkey (1923-1938). These monuments reveal the ways in which Atatürk and his political elites attempted to establish a modern and secular sense of identity as well as a new official public culture and official history, mainly constructed through Atatürk’s Nutuk, the speech which he delivered in 1927. Nutuk was Atatürk’s public defense of his policies during the military and diplomatic struggle for independence in Anatolia between 1919 and 1923. It has not only become a remarkable and extremely influential text both in Turkish and foreign historiographies but also has been the source for visualizing the official interpretation of the struggle for independence in Turkey to the present day. Thus, all the monuments of the early Republic stand for such orthodox interpretations of history, emerging defensive Turkish nationalism and national identity while symbolizing the closure of the predating Ottoman Empire. Codified within this new national identity are the elements of secularization and racial homogenization of the society, a western cult of the “Orient” in the Orient, and an effort to control and limit the cultural and religious hegemony of Islam in the official public culture of early republican Turkey. / text

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The Mexican Revolution of 1910-1920 resulted in a massive population loss that revolutionary officials sought to replace with a generation of active citizens. This dissertation demonstrates that the child's role from 1920 to 1940 transformed from that of an individual bounded by the family to that of a member of the community, the nation, and a transnational generation. Children entered the historical record in unprecedented numbers. Due to the impressive expansion of public education and the increased civic engagement that it yielded, children produced a rich cache of documents--letters, drawings, plays, and speeches--that provide a measure by which to gauge their responses to revolutionary programs.First, I explore adult-produced rhetoric and policies that placed children at the center of plans for creating new revolutionary citizens. Lawmakers, professionals, and governors attempted to construct a homogeneous generation of citizens through the balanced application of sound pedagogy, firm ideology, and modern medicine. Adults transformed public space and assumed new rhetorical styles that refashioned the child as a metaphor for the nation's future.Second, I measure children's responses to government and popular efforts to construct a universal childhood, and I demonstrate the uneven process of cultural dissemination. Unexpected reactions by younger children to itinerant educational puppet shows revealed age as a factor in reception. Children's letters to radio officials demonstrated that middle class children had greater access to the new media. Contributions to the art magazine Pulgarcito suggested a romanticization of rural children.Third, I reveal the ways that participation in civic activities expanded children's social networks and allowed them to imagine themselves as part of a national and international community of their peers. Children's conferences, literacy campaigns, and anti-alcohol marches, allowed children to sample national political culture and gain exposure to its hierarchies and bureaucracy. Pan-American exchanges between schoolchildren meant that Mexican youth saw themselves as part of a hemispheric family, united by a common race and common colonial heritage. The children growing up during these decades learned skills, gained a sense of political awareness, and absorbed and created cultural expressions that became recognized the world over as being distinctly Mexican.

Vis labiau ryškėja XXI amžiaus pasaulinė tendencija – globalizacija. Vykstant esminėms permainoms socialinėje, politinėje, ekonominėje ir teisinėje srityse, visose visuomenės grupėse vyksta persiorientavimo ir prisitaikymo prie naujų gyvenimo sąlygų procesas, apimantis vertybių transformaciją ir su tuo susijusius pažiūrų, gyvensenos, elgesio normų bei pačios elgsenos pokyčius. Įtakojama šių veiksnių, transformuojasi ir tautinio identiteto sistema. Jaunimo požiūris į tautinį tapatumą Lietuvoje nėra visapusiškai ištirtas. Mokslinių šios srities tyrimų nedaug. Todėl, tai skatina gilintis į tautinio tapatumo problemas, mėginant atskleisti būdingus šiuolaikinio tautinio tapatumo bruožus, veiksnius ir aplinkybes, kurie yra svarbūs asmens tapatybės formavimuisi. Darbo tikslas - ištirti jaunimo tautinę asmens tapatumo sampratą globalizacijos sąlygomis ir jos raišką per vertybių sferą, dvasinę gyvenimo dimensiją. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Aptarti etnoso, tautos kaip dorovinių vertybių sistemos svarbą asmenybės vertybinių principų formavimuisi; 2. Išryškinti šiuolaikinės socialinės-kult�����rinės aplinkos įtaką besimokančio jaunimo vertybių kaitai; 3. Ištirti vyresniųjų klasių moksleivių vertybines nuostatas, žvelgiant tautinio savęs identifikavimo aspektu. Tyrimo metodai: 1. Mokslinės literatūros analizė; 2. Vyresniųjų klasių moksleivių anketinė apklausa; 3. Kiekybinė empirinių duomenų analizė. Atliktas Lietuvos jaunimo tautinio tapatumo sampratos tyrimas rodo, kad... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Globalization as a world-wide phenomenon has proceeded rapidly in the XXI century. As substantial changes are taking place in social, political, economical and legal spheres, as a consequence, the process of interorientation and adaptation towards new life conditions is in progress in all groups of society, i.e. including the transformation of values and other shifts concerning attitudes, lifestyle, the norms of behavior and its changes. Virtually, a system of national identity is transforming under the influence of the mentioned factors. The youth view towards national identity has not been under detailed investigation, though. Indeed, many scientific questions remain open to be debated over. Therefore, it stimulates to go deeper into the issues of national identity trying to reveal typical nowadays features of national identity as well as factors and circumstances which are crucial for the formation of each individual identity. The aim of the research is to investigate the comprehension of national identity of young people in the process of globalization and evaluate its expression through the field of values and psychical life dimension. The objectives of this study are as follows: 1. To dispute the importance of ethnos and nation as a system of moral values forming individual’s moral code; 2. To obviously demonstrate the influence of contemporary social-cultural conditions for value change of youth still being in the process of studying; 3. To analyse... [to full text]

This work is an investigation of the traits of young people national identity. Growing young people emigration, dangerous invasion of Western culture, illiteracy among young people and other complex processes – all this stimulates to investigate the national identity of young people – the group, which could be very much influenced by various new streams. Formulating the problem and trying to definite special concepts different works of Lithuanian and foreign authors were analyzed. For the empirical investigation the questionnaire was made for the students Vilnius Pedagogical University social and humanitarian department. 211 respondents were interrogated. The investigation reveled that processes of globalization provokes the continuation of national identity, and showed, that the majority of VPU students are interested in preservation of national values. The general factor of national values development is a socialization. Every person feels the influence of family, friends, school, university, media. And all this shapes the individual national values. That’s why, if we want to preserve the national identity, we must to reinforce the national training in all this fields. The majority of VPU students believe, that person’s nationality depends on his parents mothers language – this is the decisive factor of nationality. More than 90 % of respondents ate proud of their nationality. More than 60 % are proud of high cultural level of their country and have the intention to... [to full text]

My thesis examines how identity was constructed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century amidst the growing possibilities of the cross-cultural transfer of ideas and products by analysing case studies of women-owned and -operated craft organisations: Limerick Lace and Clare Embroidery (Ireland) and the Deerfield Society of Blue and White Needlework (United States). I contend that the increased accessibility of print culture, travel and tourism, and World’s Fairs enabled the women responsible for these craft organisations to integrate a pastiche of artistic influences – those recognised as international, national, and local – in order to create a specific and distinct style of craft. The Arts and Crafts movement, with its ideas about art, craft, design, and display, provided a supra-national language of social and artistic reform that sought to address the harshness of industrialisation and to elevate the status of craft and design. The national framework of revival movements – the Celtic Revival in Ireland and Colonial Revival in the United States – promoted the notion that Folk and peasant culture was fundamental to each country’s heritage, and its preservation and renewal was essential to fostering and legitimising a strong national identity. I critically access the way these case studies, which were geographically separate yet linked through chronology, gender, and craft, operated within these international and national movements, yet they negotiated these larger ideologies to construct identities that also reflected their local circumstances. My intention is to unite social history with material culture in order to investigate the ways in which the discussion and display of the crafts, and the artistic components of the textiles themselves operated as a vehicle for establishing identity. / Thesis (Master, Art History) -- Queen's University, 2007-09-05 23:54:49.895

Darbo problema ir aktualumas. Kasdieniniame gyvenime ryškiai pasikeitė požiūris į tradicines visuomenines, kultūrines ir etines normas, kaip visuotines ir būtinas elgesio taisykles. Visuomenėje pastebimas atsakomybės jausmo nykimas, darosi nebeaiškios padorumo ir nuosmukio sąvokos, neretai sunku atskirti kur tiesa, o kur melas. Sumažėjusi moralinių standartų reikšmė pastebima tiek viešame, tiek asmeniniame gyvenime. Tokioje sudėtingoje socialinių-ekonominių pertvarkymų situacijoje kyla nerimas dėl šalies ateities, dėl nacionalinių vertybių išsaugojimo. Su viltimi ir nerimu žiūrime į jaunimą. Aukštosiose mokyklose rengiami aukščiausios kvalifikacijos specialistai, visuomenės elitas, kaupiamos mokslo, pažangios minties ir laisvės vertybės, mokomasi visuomenės valdymo, tautinio identiteto išsaugojimo būdų. Šių dienų studentai taps politikais, mokslininkais, gydytojais, mokytojais, kultūros darbuotojais. Nuo akademinio jaunimo pastangų, siekių, požiūrio į tautą, esmines vertybes ir kitus visuomeninio gyvenimo reiškinius priklausys mūsų valstybės gyvenimas gana netolimoje ateityje. Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti, kokie yra vyraujantys tautinės tapatybės raiškos būdai bei ją atspindintys tautiniai simboliai ir bruožai VPU studentų grupėje. Darbo uždaviniai: ištirti tautinės tapatybės, tautiškumo, pilietiškumo sąvokas; išnagrinėti esminius jaunimo tautinės tapatybės formavimosi veiksnius; atskleisti lietuvių tautinės tapatybės išlaikymo galimybės globalizacijos kontekstuose... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The problem and relevance of research: In everyday life the point of view of traditional social, cultural an ethical norm as general accepted rules of behavior has changed. There is noticed the lack of responsibility in society, meanings of decency and recession are becoming unclear. There is difficult to distinguish where is true and false. The problem concerning insignificance of moral rules and standards exist both in social and private life. In such complicated social- economical situation there is a worry about country's future and national values saving. We watch to youth with hope and doubts. Youth as a social group differs from other age groups. Significant role among youth has an academicals youth. In high schools are prepared high qualified specialists, elite of society. There are accumulated values of science, progressive mind and freedom. Today’s students will become policians, Scientifics, medics, teachers etc... Our country’s life in nearest future depends on efforts, goals, view to nation, essential values and to other social life phenomenon of academicals youth. The aim of research - to investigate which means are dominated in expression of national identity and which national symbols related with means of expression of national identity are dominated in VPU academicals student group. Tasks of research - to investigate definitions of national identity, nationality and citizenship; analyze the main features of formation youth national identity; to find out... [to full text]

The purpose of this thesis is to find out whether theatre translation into Mauritian Creole can contribute to the formation of a national identity in post-colonial, multi-ethnic and multilingual Mauritius. There are currently fourteen languages spoken, many of which, as carriers of symbolic value, are often used as markers of ethnic identity. Moreover, the fact that they do not all carry the same socio-economic and political status has created a linguistic hierarchy which positions English at the top, closely followed by French, in turn followed by Asian languages and finally by Mauritian Creole, even though the latter is the most widely spoken language on the island. I argue that translation into Mauritian Creole is largely an ideological endeavour, designed to challenge the existing asymmetrical linguistic power relations, and to highlight the language’s existence as a shared cultural capital and as a potential force for national unity. I show how such an endeavour is closely linked to the political and socio-cultural aspects of the target society. This is done by using complementary theoretical perspectives, such as Itamar Even-Zohar’s polysystem theory (1979, 2000), André Lefevere’s systemic concept (2004) and post-colonial approaches to translation, and by drawing upon the case study research method, with its emphasis on multiple sources for data collection. The thesis examines Mauritian Creole translations of six plays by Shakespeare and two by Molière. I suggest that the reasons for choosing Shakespeare and Molière for translation are highly symbolic in the Mauritian context, where the educational system, a British colonial legacy, has continued to assign a privileged position to canonized British and French literatures; a system which contributes towards the perpetuation of colonial values. The translation of canonized texts is therefore intended to highlight the persistence of hegemonic socio-cultural values. Equally, it is designed to promote cultural decolonization and to point to the emergence of new creolized practices that offer areas of shared meaning for the Mauritian population as a whole. I also argue that since translation is an ideological undertaking, it is essential to understand the purposes of those actively involved in its production and dissemination. Because theatre texts can function as literary artefacts and as performance scripts, I look at the role played not only by translators and publishers, but also by theatre practitioners (producers, directors and actors). I explain their beliefs and their political agendas, showing why neither translation, nor stage production can constitute a neutral activity. In the process, my examination reveals the opposing forces at work which disagree over the way Mauritian Creole should be used in the discourse of nation-building. I then look at the intended target audiences with a view to finding out if the translations and the stage productions have had any obvious impact upon Mauritian society. My findings show that neither readers nor spectators are likely to have represented a large proportion of the population. Although this seems to indicate that theatre translation has had little direct impact so far upon the construction of a national identity, I suggest that in fact, its contribution to the Mauritian Creole literary and cultural capital should not be underestimated, as the language is very slowly emerging as an important symbol of the island. I conclude that should theatre translation be combined with other societal efforts in the future, it could still have a part to play in the formation of a national identity based upon Mauritian Creole.