Die vorliegende Dissertation widmet sich methodischen und empirischen Forschungsfragen mit Bezug auf saisonale Arbeitsmärkte und Politiken zur nachhaltigen Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen. Hierfür wird ein gesamtwirtschaftlicher Modellierungsansatz angewendet, für den das im südöstlichen Himalaya gelegene Königreich Bhutan als empirische Fallstudie dient. Das methodische Forschungsziel der Arbeit ist, die Relevanz der Darstellung von saisonalen Arbeitsmärkten innerhalb von allgemeinen Gleichgewichtsmodellen (sog. CGE Modelle) zu ergründen. Dies stellt eine Neuheit in der Literatur dar. Die Arbeit zeigt auf, dass Modelle ohne saisonale Arbeitsmärkte systematisch Ergebnisse, wie Angebotsreaktionen und Wohlstandseffekte, verzerren. Die Saisonalität von Arbeit hat eine hohe Relevanz für gesamtwirtschaftliche Analysen im Kontext landwirtschaftlich geprägter Volkswirtschaften, insbesondere für Untersuchungen des Strukturwandels und agrarpolitischer Interventionen. Empirisch wird die wechselseitige Abhängigkeit von Politiken zum nachhaltigen Management natürlicher Ressourcen mit Zielen des Umweltschutzes und der ländlichen Entwicklung untersucht. Basierend auf unterschiedlichen Modellierungsansätzen, konzentrieren sich drei Studien auf agrar- und forstpolitische Szenarien in Bhutan. Es wird gezeigt, dass Bhutans Ziel, seinen landwirtschaftlichen Sektor auf 100% ökologische Landwirtschaft umzustellen, zu substantiellen Wohlfahrtsverlusten und negativen Folgen für die Ernährungssicherung führen würde. Die Analyse verschiedener forstpolitischer Szenarien demonstriert, dass eine höhere Forstnutzung in Bhutan im Sinne der gesamtwirtschaftlichen und ländlichen Entwicklung nachhaltig möglich ist. Die Arbeit weist auf verschiedene zukünftige Forschungsfelder hin, wie zum Beispiel die Integration von Ökosystemdienstleistungen, was als eine der wesentlichen Einschränkungen bei der modellgestützten Analyse von Politiken zur Nutzung natürlicher Ressourcen identifiziert wurde. / Using an economy-wide modelling approach, this dissertation investigates methodological and empirical research questions related to seasonal labour markets and natural resource policies. The Kingdom of Bhutan, located in the south-eastern Himalayas, serves as a case study. The methodological research objective of this thesis is to gain an understanding of the relevance of seasonal labour markets in the context of economy-wide modelling. The depiction of seasonal labour markets at national scale using a seasonal social accounting matrix (SAM) and computable general equilibrium (CGE) model presents a novel development within the literature. It is demonstrated, that the absence of seasonal labour markets leads to systematic bias of model results. The consequences are distorted supply responses and biased welfare effects, underlining the pivotal implications of seasonality for economy-wide analysis in the context of agrarian economies, particularly for scenario analysis involving structural changes and agricultural policy interventions. The empirical research objective addresses the interdependence of natural resource policies with objectives of environmental conservation and rural development. Employing modelling techniques, three studies focus on specific agricultural and forest policy scenarios in Bhutan. Simulating Bhutan’s ambitious policy objective to convert to 100% organic agriculture demonstrates substantial welfare losses and adverse impacts on food security, causing trade-offs with objectives of rural development and food self-sufficiency. Analysing forest policy reforms shows that increased forest utilization contributes to economic development, particularly in rural areas, without jeopardizing the country’s forest conservation agenda. The dissertation points at numerous areas of future research, as for example the incorporation of ecosystem services, which is identified as one key limitation of economy-wide analysis of natural resource policies.

Ökologischer Landbau hat insbesondere in den vergangenen zwanzig Jahren weltweit an Bedeutung zugenommen. Im Zusammenhang mit Ernährungssicherung, ressourcenschonender Landwirtschaft und Umweltschutz ist die Entwicklung und Förderung dieses Bewirtschaftungssystems in vielen Ländern der Erde auf der Agenda. Landwirte, Verbraucher und Politiker verbinden damit die Hoffnung, Landnutzung nachhaltiger betreiben zu können und durch die Kenntnis der naturwissenschaftlichen Zusammenhänge, den Umgang mit pflanzlichen und tierischen Organismen in der landwirtschaftlichen Produktion wesensgemäßer gestalten zu können. Gleichzeitig entsprechen sie damit der Forderung von Konsumenten nach gesunden, nicht belasteten Lebensmitteln und einer intakten Umwelt. Obwohl wir weltweit die Einführung und Etablierung des Bewirtschaftungssystems ökologischer Landbau beobachten können, ist festzustellen, dass die Gründe, Wurzeln und Erscheinungsformen in den einzelnen Ländern unterschiedlich sind. Deshalb sind länderspezifische Analysen und Bewertungen notwendige Beiträge zur Theoriebildung zum ökologischen Landbau. In diesen Kontext ist die vorliegende Arbeit zu stellen. Gegenstand der Arbeit war die Analyse des gegenwärtigen Entwicklungsstandes des ökologischen Landbaus in Südkorea in den Bereichen, wie Entwicklungsgeschichte, Konzeptionen, Institutionen, Produktion und Vermarktung sowie Zertifizierung und Förderungspolitik. In einer Fallstudie wurden ausgewählte ökologisch (Yuki)-wirtschaftende Betriebe analysiert. Es werden damit Lösungsansätze zur Weiterentwicklung des ökologischen Landbaus in Südkorea dargestellt. / Organic farming has increased in meaning world-widely in particular in the past two decades. In relation to securing food supply, resource-preserving farming and environmental protection are the development and promotion of this management system in many countries on the agenda. Organic farming made it possible that farmers, consumers and politicians hope to manage land in a sustainable way, and achieve the handling of vegetable and animal organisms in the agricultural production in a suitable way. At the same time it corresponds to the need of con-sumers for healthy, not polluted food and intact environment. Although we can observe the introduction and establishment of the management system of organic farming in many countries, it needs to specify that that the reasons, roots and manifestations of organic farming in each country are different. Therefore, individual analysis and evaluation for each country necessarily contribute to build their own theory of organic farming. This work has to be viewed in this respect. The purpose of this work is to clarify: - the basic conditions of the organic farming in South Korea, - the practical change of organic farming based on the case study of organic rice cultivation and - the ideas for developing strategy of organic farming in South Korea.

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Historically, South Africans, particularly small-scale farmers have had little support and hence lack tools and information when faced with production decisions. Information plays an important role in enlightening people, raising their level of knowledge and in turn improving their standard of living and participation in decision making process. Research shows that Information Communication Technology (ICT) like Decision support tools (DSTs) plays an important role in systematic dissemination of information in agriculture, thus improving the quality of farmers’ decisions. Decision support tools provide up-to-date data, procedures and analytical capacity leading to better-informed decisions, especially in rural areas. A body of research is emerging around issues of effectiveness of DSTs for farmers in the developed world. However, few studies have focused on issues around effectiveness of these tools for farmers in the developing world, particularly for resource-limited farmers. This study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of a new DST for organic and small-scale farmers with a group of extension officers and researchers in KwaZulu-Natal. As an extension to the DST, a crop disease management component linked to the DST was developed. The study also set to evaluate the effectiveness of the crop disease management component. Extension officers and researchers were purposively selected for this study because both groups play a major role as far as organising and disseminating information to organic and small-scale farmers is concerned. This study identified key measures for effectiveness of DSTs and crop disease management guides using literature from the study. Two frameworks for measuring effectiveness were developed to evaluate the effectiveness of the new DST and its crop disease management component with the extension officers and researchers. Focus group discussions were used for data collection. The frameworks were used as a base for the focus group discussions. Focus groups were conducted to explore and establish whether in the light the groups (extension officers and researchers), the new DST and its crop disease management component are effective. Results from the study revealed that extension officers and researchers felt that the DST and its crop disease management component are effective since they meet key measures for effectiveness identified in the framework. The groups agreed that the DST and its crop disease management component are relevant to small-scale farmers. They also agreed that the DST has the ability to improve access to information for small-scale farmers. Lastly, they also agreed that the DST and its crop disease management component are transparent (meaning flexible and user friendly) for small-scale farmers. Some of the areas for improvement identified by the groups included a need for information on pests and more diseases for the DST and the crop disease management component. Although the groups felt that both the DST and crop disease management were effective, they strongly recommended a need for another study that will aim at developing a pest management component of the DST as this was clearly requested by groups in this study. Results of this study showed that half the respondents felt that the DST was easy enough to be used by small-scale farmers without help from extension officers, while the other half believed that small-scale farmers will still need the help of extension officers to show them how to use the DST. Government and other relevant institutions need to provide appropriate training for these farmers, making the DST useful to them. / Thesis (M.Agric)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) e a Reserva Legal (RL) foram estabelecidas por lei como alternativas mitigadoras dos impactos da ação antrópica, funcionando como reguladoras do fluxo da água, de sedimentos e nutrientes, formando ecossistemas estabilizados às margens de rios, lagos e nascentes; atuando na diminuição e filtragem do escoamento superficial e do carregamento de sedimentos para o sistema aquático. Nas pequenas propriedades rurais, onde a agricultura de susbsistência ainda é a regra, seus proprietários encontram dificuldades a uma convivência equilibrada entre a exploração racional da terra e o cumprimento da norma legal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo confrontar essa situação fática vivenciada em algumas pequenas propriedades rurais economicamente sustentáveis, e que utilizam métodos de agricultura ecológica, e as alternativas encontradas no sentido de respeitar a legislação ambiental. / Submitted by Marcelo Teixeira (mvteixeira@ucs.br) on 2014-05-28T16:45:07Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marco Antonio U Goncalves.pdf: 1268807 bytes, checksum: afd48ad6dcc50867d940f76160894e75 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-28T16:45:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Marco Antonio U Goncalves.pdf: 1268807 bytes, checksum: afd48ad6dcc50867d940f76160894e75 (MD5) / Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) and the Legal Reservation (RL) were established by law as mitigates alternatives of the impacts on the anthropotic action, functioning as regulators of the water flow, sediments and nutritious, forming ecosystems stabilized on the rivers bank, lakes and springs, acting in the decrease and strain of the superficial drainage and of the shipment of sediments of the aquatic system. In the small rural properties, where the susbsistence agriculture is still the rule, their owners have difficulties in a balanced coexistence between the rational land exploration and the legal norm execution. The present work had as objective confronts this fatidical situation lived in some small rural properties, economically maintainable and the use ofecological agriculture methodos, and the alternatives found on respecting the environmental sense legislation.

As Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) e a Reserva Legal (RL) foram estabelecidas por lei como alternativas mitigadoras dos impactos da ação antrópica, funcionando como reguladoras do fluxo da água, de sedimentos e nutrientes, formando ecossistemas estabilizados às margens de rios, lagos e nascentes; atuando na diminuição e filtragem do escoamento superficial e do carregamento de sedimentos para o sistema aquático. Nas pequenas propriedades rurais, onde a agricultura de susbsistência ainda é a regra, seus proprietários encontram dificuldades a uma convivência equilibrada entre a exploração racional da terra e o cumprimento da norma legal. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo confrontar essa situação fática vivenciada em algumas pequenas propriedades rurais economicamente sustentáveis, e que utilizam métodos de agricultura ecológica, e as alternativas encontradas no sentido de respeitar a legislação ambiental. / Permanent Preservation Areas (APPs) and the Legal Reservation (RL) were established by law as mitigates alternatives of the impacts on the anthropotic action, functioning as regulators of the water flow, sediments and nutritious, forming ecosystems stabilized on the rivers bank, lakes and springs, acting in the decrease and strain of the superficial drainage and of the shipment of sediments of the aquatic system. In the small rural properties, where the susbsistence agriculture is still the rule, their owners have difficulties in a balanced coexistence between the rational land exploration and the legal norm execution. The present work had as objective confronts this fatidical situation lived in some small rural properties, economically maintainable and the use ofecological agriculture methodos, and the alternatives found on respecting the environmental sense legislation.

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ANNOTATION On the banks of the Střední Novomlýnská reservoir, in the cadastre of the municipality of Strachotín, the diploma thesis presents the overall design of a multifunctional complex, based on a sensitive connection between organic farming, well-breeding, and eco-tourism. The proposal shows the concept of farming in a "closed circle", with regard to the environment. The urban solution deals with the selected land with an area of 20 ha. The architectural part closely introduces the system of objects, creating a new landscape, perceived by both a human and bird's eye perspective. The layout solution analyzes in detail the functional arrangement of the farm, trying to meet all the requirements for efficient management while maintaining the organic regime and the coexistence of visitors and employees. The complex also offers a restaurant, multifunctional hall, conference rooms, classrooms, workshops, a gym, and exhibition areas. Accommodation is provided by a system of separate buildings, presenting the current possibilities of natural construction and environmentally friendly technologies to the guests, while maintaining the comfort of living. The farm is fully equipped for weddings or corporate events. The design and material solution use a maximum of natural materials in combination with current technologies. In addition to designing a viable multifunctional unit, the aim of the thesis is also to bring added value to the region, by holding annual cultural events and regular activities for children and seniors from the surrounding municipalities. At the same time, the work aims to create a sensitive counterpoint to current tourist destinations in the area.