This study seeks to examine whether the Corona pandemic has potential to serve as a focusing event for the problem of insufficient governmental action on climate change mitigation. The study is built on the Multiple Streams Framework by John W. Kingdon, with a main focus on the focusing event theory. According to this, focusing events can come in three forms: as crises and disasters, personal experiences of policymakers, and as symbols. Kingdon’s theoretical discussions, alongside my own developments of his work, provides the basis for a set of analytical questions through which the answer to the research question is provided. The analysis reveals that while the pandemic indeed can be considered a crisis or disaster and personal experiences of policymakers, establishing whether these could focus attention to the specific problem of insufficient governmental action on climate change mitigation requires further research, as the perceived cause of the crisis or disaster and personal experience must be established. However, the paper finds that the pandemic indeed has potential to serve as a symbol for the specific insufficient governmental action, for instance by stressing that deforestation increases the risk of zoonotic outbreaks, such as the Corona pandemic.

This is a qualitative study that explores elderly Syrian immigrants’ experiences of using smartphones for information and social interaction during the coronavirus pandemic in Gavle, Sweden. The sample used in this study consists of five elderly Syrian immigrants from Gavle city. The data was collected through five semi-structured online interviews; the social capital theory was used together with previous research to analyze the results. The results show that the use of smartphones had a very important role in the social interaction of Syrian immigrants during the Coronavirus pandemic. The use of smartphones during the Coronavirus crisis reduced the negative effects of the social distancing policy, facilitated communication and interactions with family and friends, and communication with health and social services. Moreover, smartphones are a renewed source of scientific information regarding the Coronavirus pandemic worldwide. The results of this study show some simple challenges faced by this sample of elderly Syrian immigrants while using smartphones for social interactions.

This master thesis is focused on decreasing levels of vaccination as a new health risk. In recent years it has become a new trend that we can observe in European countries. Low vaccination levels amongst population are one of the reasons for new epidemics or pandemics happening. When immunization rises above 95 % then a collective immunization comes into effect. Collective immunization lowers the chances of diseases spreading. For this reason, World health organization supports immunization and tries to make immunization affordable reachable for everyone everywhere. This these analyses measles which can be stopped by vaccinating the population. Therefore, the World health organization prepares strategic plans aimed at eradication of this disease. Each member state has a task to apply these plans in their specific environment. This thesis focuses on the Czech Republic and its implementation of strategic plans happening 2005-2010 and 2011-2020. This thesis is structured into 5 chapters focused on theory of international relations, hesitancy to vaccinate, strategic plans of World health organization and the Czech Republic.

During the year 2020 the world was struck by the covid-19 pandemic. Due to this, many businesses asked their employees to work from home (Sheehan, 2020) and thus presented organizational leaders with new challenges. Leaders started to operate their teams through virtual communication channels.The purpose of the study is to investigate whether leadership has changed due to working at distance. To investigate this, we have brought forward a model of "optimal distance leadership" based on previous research within the field, including theories regarding leadership and communication. The previous studies tend to focus on the pros and cons of distance leadership. This study intends to review how the leadership has changed in the transition to distance work.The study is based on qualitative semi structured interviews with nuanced descriptions of management leadership. The result of the study shows that the leadership has changed. Leaders adopted a situational leadership, became more solid in their communication and more available than before the pandemic. The change can largely be explained through the model of "optimal distance leadership". / Under år 2020 drabbades världen av coronapandemin. I och med detta bad många företag sina medarbetare att arbeta hemifrån (Sheehan, 2020) och chefers ledarskap utsattes därmed för nya utmaningar. Chefer började leda på distans genom virtuella kommunikationskanaler.Syftet med studien är att undersöka om chefers ledarskap har förändrats på grund av distansarbetet. För att undersöka detta har vi tagit fram en modell om ett ”optimalt distansledarskap” som baseras på tidigare forskning inom ämnet samt teorier om ledarskap och kommunikation. Den tidigare forskningen tenderar fokusera på för- och nackdelar med distansledarskap. Denna studie avser istället att undersöka hur förändringen i ledarskapet ser ut i övergången till distansarbete.Studien baserar sig på kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med nyanserade beskrivningar av förändringen i chefers ledarskap. Resultatet i studien visar att ledarskapet har förändrats. Cheferna har bland annat situationsanpassat sitt ledarskap, blivit tydligare i sin kommunikation och blivit mer tillgängliga än innan pandemin. Förändringen kan i stora delar förklaras utifrån modellen om det ”optimala distansledarskapet”.

The outbreak of the Covid-19 virus has greatly impacted all of Sweden. This has led to Schools closing and multiple organisations restructuring to offer their employees the ability to work from home. In this study we examine how the middle managements leadership at Social Services have been affected by the virus and the change from a predominantly analogue workplace, to an increasingly digital workplace. There is many organisations that has been affected by covid-19, but the Social Services is a clear example of a organisation that has faced many challenges.To define the research area, focus has been placed on how middle management within the Social Services have handled the readjustment, how the middle management finds the change has affected their leadership and the impact on social interactions within the group. Middle management constitutes an interesting position to study since middle management is located between higher management and collaborators. Previous research shows that virtual teams, groups working via web-based platforms, have a harder time connecting, which has increased the use of digital tools can lead to technostress. Using the qualitative research method, six interviews were conducted. From the data, it can be concluded that there has been a change in the middle management leadership when it comes to how they plan the incoming work tasks. The results also show that social interaction has changed, with the increased usage of digital work tools, highlighting a different type of interaction. In addition, it was found that more interpersonal type of meetings and lunch breaks with colleagues have stopped. / Utbrottet av viruset covid-19 kom att ställa om det svenska samhället på flera plan. Skolor stängde och ett flertal organisationer ställde om sin verksamhet för att kunna erbjuda sina anställda att arbeta hemifrån. I den här studien undersöks hur mellanchefer på socialtjänsten anser att deras ledarskap påverkats av viruset covid-19 och hur den digitala omställningen påverkat sociala interaktioner. Det finns flera organisationer som har påverkats av covid-19 och som har fått ställa om men socialtjänsten är ett tydligt exempel på en organisation som har många utmaningar. För att avgränsa forskningsområdet är forskningen inriktad på hur mellanchefer inom socialtjänsten hanterat omställningen och hur mellancheferna anser att omställningen påverkat deras ledarskap och gruppens sociala interaktioner. Mellanchefer utgör en intressant position att studera då mellancheferna befinner sig mellan ledningen och sina medarbetare. Tidigare forskning visar att virtuella team, arbetsgrupper som arbetar via webbaserade plattformar, har svårare att knyta samman och att ökat arbete via digitala arbetsverktyg kan leda till ökad stress för de anställda. Med kvalitativ metod genomförde vi sex intervjuer och utifrån våra insamlade data dras slutsatsen att det skett en förändring i mellanchefernas ledarskap gällande hur de bland annat planerar och fördelar arbetet. Resultatet visar även att den sociala interaktionen förändrats och att de digitala arbetsredskapen möjliggjort en annan typ av interaktion men att mer personliga möten fallit bort.

This study aims to, against the background of the change in viewership figures, identify the factors that explain SVT Neuter’s increasing popularity within the age group young adults during the corona pandemic in the spring of 2020. The study wishes to receive answers to the questions: How do the interviewed young adults reason about their own media use and use of SVT Nyheter during the corona pandemic? And how do the interviewed young adults reason about increases/decreases in their own consumption of news based on the changed needs that have arisen as a result of the corona pandemic? The framework of uses and gratifications are taken into concern when analysing the results of this study.  Four participants, within the study selection group, were placed in a focus group to be interviewed and discuss with each other. Where the participants consisted of people with different genders and background, however with a common daily news consumption. One participant, with responsibility for SVT´s newsroom, was also interviewed after the focus group, to get an insight from the inside of SVT and as a compliment to the answers from the focus group. The analyse method is qualitative in order to find codes, define themes with the purpose to find patterns.  The conclusion of the findings is that need-satisfying factors were those, based on the results and gratifications, that affected the use of SVT Nyheter most within the focus group. The main theme, and finding, is the media use of the interviewed young adultsˈ during the pandemic. Where the influence of the media structure and individual factors such as housing situation has been important for news consumptions and the choice of media. Within the focus group, all participants agreed that the use of news mostly took place on digital and social media platforms, including news from SVT. This study is relevant as it examines a phenomenon during an ongoing crisis, where research is lacking, and may also enable today´s media society to gain an understanding of why young adultsˈ increased their use of SVT Nyheter during the pandemic. This is to understand young adults need for news for further research.

The corona virus evolved into a worldwide pandemic and is still going on upuntil the start of year 2021. The corona pandemic has changed a lot ofpeoples opinion and their attitudes towards travelling. In our research a lot ofstudents had travelled nationally during the pandemic at the same time theytended to not feel safe while doing so. The opinion towards the vaccine thatcame out late December 2020 and early January 2021 has had differentperceptions person to person. No signals for a fast recovery for the tourismindustry looks curtain. The purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish students attitudetowards travelling looks during a pandemic - more specified towards theongoing corona pandemic. Focusing on different kind of factors in thetourism industry that does have a large impact, but also on how students tendto act with connection to travelling. What kind of factors students take intoconsideration and why, during the ongoing pandemic. The study has given insight that there is still a big interest from students totravel, even though there is a fear and disturbance within the society. Thestudy also shows that there has been a change in travel behaviour based onthe pandemic during 2020. The change in travel behaviour may affect thefuture of travelling and the tourism industry as a whole.

Aim  This study has investigated the supply chain of shoe industry in Bangladesh those who does business internationally. The study concentrates on the supply chain of our selected industries and what are the difficulties they have faced during the time of pandemic. We have also discussed about the difficulties faced in general times but those has been mentioned to gain a better understanding and diversity of the difficulties faced during the time of pandemic.  Method The study has been done by using qualitative approach and Inductive method. Four shoe manufacturing organization were selected and among them twelve staff members has been interrogated in order to generate the primary data. The secondary data has been collected from the published literatures and the considered theories are based on the concept of supply chain process.   Result and Conclusion The study has been formulated on a platform where supply chain is influenced by supply chain process and the difficulties that we have discussed in regards to the process affects the whole supply chain and these difficulties has been classified into three areas for the purpose of our study. Our investigation regarding the supply chain difficulties in time of pandemic, also projects similar scenario and those difficulties has been also classified according to the three areas. As result of fact the pandemic affected the intensity of the difficulties but it does not arise any kind of new area of difficulties. Though we did not find any diversity in terms of the categorised areas but it has increased the severity of the difficulties among the factors. The most effected factors have been indicated by the end of the study and projected with the help of a framework.  Contribution  There have been many studies in regards to the supply chain and its challenges. There were also studies were environmental uncertainties were discussed and few recent studies also contributed towards the present situation of (COVID-19). Adding to those studies we have examined the situation further on challenges of supply chain process in shoe manufacturing industries of Bangladesh as this is a very rare area of investigation. In addition to these researchers, other studies discussed challenges in different forms. We have try to synchronize these scattered challenges into particular and precise areas, according to their category of activities. Previously the challenges were discussed with a general view and we have tried to discuss by relating them to the pandemic situation which can add more diversity to the previous researches done on the same situation. The study also contributes to the literature of supply chain in regards to the pandemic situation that the whole world is going through. It investigates the challenges faced due to the pandemic situation and these can contribute to develop managerial aspects of risk management in such diverse situation in future.  Future research suggestions This study mainly focuses on the effects of (COVID-19) on the supply chain process and how this pandemic situation all around the world has effected the shoe manufacturers of Bangladesh in terms of maintaining their operations in supply chain process. Similar kind of further research can be conducted in relation to other industries or even service industries. From managerial aspect new studies can be formulated in order to develop strategies that could manage this kind of pandemic situations more efficiently.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera hur livsmedelsföretag hanterar sin marknadsföring samt undersöka vilken påverkan som sker på kundernas köpbeteende under en pandemi. Vidare vill undersöka vilka som tar beslut om åtgärder och förändringar under en pandemi. Studien kommer att bidra till att uppfylla ett enligt oss outforskat område inom marknadsföring kring hur livsmedelsföretag agerar på beslut från myndigheter vid en pandemi.   Forskningsfrågor:  -       Hur anpassar livsmedelsbutiker marknadsföringen vid en pandemi?  -       Hur påverkar en pandemi kundernas köpbeteende? -       Vilka beslutfattare styr livsmedelsbutikernas agerande vid en pandemi? / The purpose of this research is to study how grocery stores handle their marketing and to investigate the impact on customers buying behavior during a pandemic. Furthermore, we want to investigate who decides on actions and changes during a pandemic. The study will help to fulfill an unexplored area of marketing in our view of how grocery stores act on government decisions in a pandemic.   Research questions:  -       How do grocery stores adapt their marketing to a pandemic? -       How does a pandemic affect customer buying behavior? -       Which decision-makers control the behavior of grocery stores in the event of a pandemic?

This research was conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic. In an attempt to bridge a knowledge gap, a phenomenological study was carried out to answer the question “What is shared between people’s experiences of doing home-based telework during the Covid-19 pandemic?”. Four people who were currently working from home participated in the study of which three were women. A method of empirical psychological phenomenology or EPP was used in both research process and analysis. The results were that a digital adjustment had been made and digital communication was used in place of regular social interactions. These interactions were not as satisfactory as regular social interactions. The work was more flexible which lead to blurred boundaries and a greater ability to structure the workday after personal needs. A reduced work motivation and personal impact of Covid-19 was found. Also, there were new insights on the viability of telework and digital solutions going forward. This study contributed to a gap in research by providing insight into what the experience of teleworking during the Covid-19 pandemic may look like, which was an unexplored field.