The restrictions that have been introduced with the Covid-19 pandemic has led to stores having less customers and stores shutting down. There is a need to track people's occupancy in public places so there could be more people in those places but still following the restrictions. This study evaluates and compares three different heat sensors to see if they could be used for this. The three heat sensors that have been used in this study are both low-cost and low-resolution sensors. The choice of low-resolution heat sensors is important to not intrude on people's privacy. In this study, there were three different experiments performed on all the three sensors. The experiments were done to see how sunlight could affect the sensors, what advantages, and disadvantages there are by placing the sensors in different positions, and how good the sensors are at separating people. The collected results gave a good basis to answer the research questions and better understand the sensors chosen in this research. The results also showed that the sensors can be used as an aid against a pandemic when restrictions must be kept. In the discussion we talk about how the sensors performed in different experiments and how they performed against each other. Our chosen method is also discussed and what we think were good and what went wrong so others do not repeat our mistakes. The paper ends with our conclusions and suggestions for future work.

En el presente trabajo de investigación desarrollaremos los efectos de la pandemia Covid-2019 en el sector cervecero en el Perú. Debido a que el sector cervecero se concentra en más del 90% en una sola empresa nos centraremos en ella, Unión de Cervecerías Peruanas Backus y Johnston S.A.A. (en adelante “Backus”). Para ello, revisaremos información disponible en el sector cervecero en el Perú y el mundo, así como las proyecciones en volúmenes, participación de ventas, participación de marcas, consumo de cerveza, entre otros. Actualmente, Backus cuenta con cinco plantas de procesamiento ubicadas en lugares estratégicos y con más de ciento ochenta mil puntos de venta en todo el país con un grupo diversificado de marcas locales e internacionales segmentados para cada tipo de cliente. En cuanto a la situación financiera de Backus, muestra una caída significativa en los ingresos como consecuencia de la pandemia lo cual hizo que la rentabilidad promedio al 2020 se vea afectada haciendo que Backus reduzca el reparto de dividendos en comparación a años anteriores. Finalmente, de la evaluación realizada a través de la valorización de Backus, podemos observar que el sector cervecero, a pesar del impacto económico producto de la pandemia, sigue teniendo una expectativa positiva en el mercado nacional viéndose reflejado en el valor de sus acciones 2019 y 2020, esto como consecuencia del buen trabajo de la compañía que siguen implementando modelos y estándares de calidad en pro de su mejor performance. / In this research work we will develop the effects of the Covid-2019 pandemic in the brewing industry in Peru. Since the brewing industry is concentrated in more than 90% in a single company, in this case Unión de Cervecerías Peruanas Backus y Johnston S.A.A. (hereinafter "Backus") so we will focus in it. For that, we will review information available in the brewing industry in Peru and the world, as well as projections in volumes, sales participation, brand participation, brewing consumption, among others. Currently, Backus has five processing plants located in strategic locations and it has more than one hundred and eighty thousand sales points throughout the country with a diversified portfolio of national and international brands segmented for each consumer profile. Regarding the financial situation of Backus, it shows a significant drop in income as a result of the pandemic, which caused the average profitability to 2020 to be affected, causing Backus to reduce the distribution of dividends compared to previous years. Finally, from the evaluation carried out through the valuation of Backus, we can observe that the brewing industry, despite the economic impact caused by the pandemic, continues to have a positive expectation in the national market, being reflected in the value of its shares in 2019 and 2020, this is as a result of the good work of the company that continues to implement models and quality standards in favor of its best performance. / Trabajo de investigación

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine teacher perception of changes in the instructional delivery and learning opportunities via technology during and throughout the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 until May 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected educational organizations. School closures in March 2020 forced teachers to change their instructional delivery from an in-person platform to a virtual platform. This disruption to the delivery of instruction with the use of technology changed the way teachers plan for learning, delivery content, present learning activities, and assessment. The urgency required teachers to develop new strategies and experiment with adaptations to their traditional instructional delivery. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of teachers as they adapted their instruction to a new platform. The theoretical framework used was change theory. The research was accomplished by interviewing 11 core-content classroom teachers from different school systems. Participants described their experiences and approach to the challenges faced while teaching during the uncertainty of the pandemic. The participants in the study described factors that influenced changes in their use of technology and how the different platforms changed the way they used technology for instructional delivery. The researcher used the Change Theory Framework to code responses and identify the internal and external factors that influenced the changes.

The physical store frontline employees are the link between the organization and the customers. During 2020 the COVID-19 pandemic has had different effect on different retail sectors, some have had their worst results while ICA Maxi stores have increased their sales. This dissertation aimed to explore challenges the frontline employees and their store managers perceive they face during the COVID-19 pandemic in the retail store context. In order to explore these challenges semi structured interviews were conducted at an ICA Maxi store in the south of Sweden. The study found that the frontline employees are not involved in the decision-making process, that the leaders support is important for initiatives to be successful, and that there was no additional training for the frontline employees due to the COVID-19 pandemic. We draw the conclusion that while frontline employees are not included in the formal decision-making, they are still able to raise their concerns with their managers. We also draw the conclusion that managerial support is important when implementing initiatives for the frontline employees. Finally, we draw the conclusion that none of the frontline employees felt the need for any additional training. This study contributes to the scarce amount of research from the frontline employee perspective in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Practically, this study could be of value for store managers in order to enhance the customer interaction from a frontline employee point of view.

The diploma thesis is focused on the analysis and evaluation of risks in the introducing of new drug in the case of unexpected mass infections from the point of view of black swans. This thesis acquaints itself with the current state of the problematics, explains the terminology and meaning of black swans and gives examples of biological black swans. On the basis of the analysis and the available informations is proposed a risk assessment approach together with proposals how to reduce or eliminate possible risks.

This study was conducted in order to understand stressful situations and stress coping strategies among employees who were working from home during the covid-19 pandemic. In attempt to bridge this knowledge gap, a critical incident approach was employed. Twelve (12) participants who were working from home were obtained purposively to participate in this study. Semi-structured interviews were conducted through zoom to collect data. Critical Incident Technique was used during interviews and thematic analysis were used to analyse data. The study revealed stressors which are lack of enough resources, extra work, lack of autonomy, work future uncertainty, stress due to covid-19, lack of help when needed, difficulties to reach colleagues, job inefficient and presence of telework unsuitable jobs. Coping strategies revealed were positive mindset, seeking social support, physical exercises, self-efforts to find solution of telework challenges, working extra hours and not answering calls or emails on purpose. It was recommended that organizations should determine suitable jobs for telework, providing required resources, granting employees working autonomy, as well as establishing a channel which can be used as a means of communication among employees as well as to be used as an inspiration and encouragement channel through proving motivational adds to help employees to relive their stressful situations.

The aim of this study was to investigate management and leadership at a distance during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sweden. Eight managers from a large industrial company in Sweden currently working full time from home participated in the study, of which six were women. Semi structured interviews were carried out and the data was analyzed through thematic analysis which yielded 7 themes accompanied by 5 subthemes. Not being in the same physical space removes informal interactions, and to combat this, formalization has increased. Tasks that do not lend themselves well to formalization, such as getting a feel for co-worker’s emotional state or creative work, were found to be more difficult. The managers workdays had a high number of digital meetings, and their way of working was changed through digital adaptations. While the availability of quality social interactions with co-workers was down, digital meetings were used to keep interactions up within the work group. While work environment management was harder, work requiring heavy focus was described as more efficient when teleworking. Overall, the situation surrounding COVID-19 has been challenging for managers, but the digital space has evolved quickly, and work has still been able to function surprisingly well.

Latinx communities in the United States made up 18% of the total population, yet accounted for 33% of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. This supported the study aim to increase Latinx COVID-19 knowledge and self-efficacy for performing COVID-19 risk reduction mitigation behaviors via dissemination of the new online e-health intervention of the “Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test.” The study recruited online a largely female Latinx adult sample (N=118) with 68.6% born in the U.S. that was well-educated, given a mean education level of a bachelor’s degree; and, a mean annual household income of $50,000 to $99,000. During the pandemic year of 2020, 46.5% of the survey participants experienced moderate to maximum/extreme cultural stress, and moderately high COVID-19 related stress—while 66.9% reported depression, 78.8% anxiety, and 45.2% trauma. Their high rates of COVID-19 depression and anxiety were more than double those rates reported across samples identified globally during the pandemic. They experienced significant declines in their self-rated mental health status and physical health status from pre-pandemic to during the pandemic, high social support, and closest to a good quality of life. Supporting the value of the new “Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test” as a brief online e-health intervention, paired t-tests showed statistically significant increases in self-ratings for both COVID-19 knowledge and self-efficacy for COVID-19 risk reduction behaviors after taking the True-False test. Participants endorsed the dissemination of the new True-False “Our COVID-19 Knowledge Test” with all True answers as a brief online e-health intervention they would recommend to others as a way to learn about COVID-19. Meanwhile, on this True-False test, the sample evidenced very high knowledge of COVID-19. The sample also had a high intention to vaccinate or already vaccinated at 87%. Findings from independent t-tests, Pearson correlations, and regression analyses collectively affirmed the critical importance of having both high knowledge and high self-efficacy for performing preventive behaviors for reducing the risk of COVID-19 transmission, implementing mitigation strategies, and reducing mortality. Implications and recommendations focused on the value of the genre of a True-False test, with all True answers, for disseminating evidence-based information, and countering misinformation during pandemics and public health crises. Finally, the short tools used in this study were recommended for application in future research and as screening tools.

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