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The COVID-19 Pandemic forced educators to move course delivery to online learning with little or no training or preparation. Teachers' virtual instruction preparedness, pre-service teachers, and school districts are still lacking, despite technology goals instituted by the Board of Education. One of the immediate concerns of the online course delivery was school districts' capabilities for virtual instruction regarding infrastructure and resources. Funding, lack of equipment, and resources to maintain hardware and training prove to be common obstacles schools and staff face. Another concern was SBAE teachers’ readiness to use the online learning tools available to school districts. Teacher pedagogy, knowledge, skills, and confidence prevent teachers and pre-service teachers from exploring and utilizing technology in their classrooms. Additionally, moving all students to online learning environments presented a challenge for those teachers who knew little about educational technology tools or other online resources. This study aims to assess if SBAEs in Illinois are adequately prepared to use technology as the sole source of instruction for virtual learning and whether Illinois schools are capable of virtual instruction. To meet both the educational needs of the current generation of learners and are meeting educational standards set by the Illinois State Board of Education requirements, even in a virtual learning environment. As well as determine what gaps may be present in SBAE teacher education programs concerning the preparation of student teachers to utilize classroom technology to teach virtually. Some skill gaps identified include utilizing the flipped classroom approach, incorporating mobile applications into lessons, and utilizing virtual instruction for student collaboration and assessment. Most teachers indicated they felt somewhat prepared for virtual instruction and moderately prepared to incorporate technology into their lessons through teacher education programs, school districts, and professional organizations. Recommendations included future in-service training for SBAE teachers regarding using educational technologies and virtual learning platforms. Also, training for SBAE teachers on synchronous online learning platforms and the use of 1:1 technology is warranted. Pre-service programs are recommended to include coursework on educational technologies and virtual instruction. Faculty in preparation programs for SBAE teachers are encouraged to adapt curricula to support these skills and promote pre-service teachers practicing the utilization of virtual instruction in authentic classroom settings.

Under början av 2020 drabbades världen av en omfattande snabbspridande pandemi som drabbat många på olika plan i hela samhället. Syftet med studien är att presentera en post-Covid rapport gällande i vilken mån förskollärare upplever att barns lek och samspel i förskolan idag påverkats av pandemin och dess begränsningar av social närkontakt. Med frågeställningar kring hur de upplever det och hur de stöttar barnen i de sociala samspelen i leken. Studien har tagit ansats i ett sociokulturellt perspektiv och empirin har samlats in genom en enkät som till störst del spridits via sociala medier. Resultatet visar att förskollärare har upplevt en viss påverkan på de sociala samspelen i leken, men även i anknytning till personalen. Arbetet kring att stötta barnen i de sociala samspelen i leken visar sig till störst del vara likvärdig med innan pandemin. / In early 2020, the world was hit by a widespread, fast-spreading pandemic that affected many at different levels throughout society. The purpose of the study is to present a post-Covid report on the extent to which preschool teachers feel that children's play and interaction in preschool today has been affected by the pandemic and its limitations of social close contact. With questions about how they experience it and how they support the children in the social interactions in the play. With questions about how they experience it and how they support the children in the social interactions in the play. The study has taken an approach in a socio-cultural perspective and the empirical data has been collected through a survey that has mostly been disseminated via social media. The results show that preschool teachers have experienced a certain impact on the social interactions in play, but also in connection with the preschool teachers. The work around supporting the children in the social interactions in play turns out to be largely equivalent to before the pandemic.

The pandemic resulting from the spread of COVID-19 is an ongoing event. What started as a public health crisis, has triggered political, economic and social crises all over the world. In 2022, the term COVID-19 crisis (and its equivalents), in addition, of course, to the millions of lives lost to the disease, describes economic depression, personal economic hardship, lost livelihoods, psychotic fear of the disease, change of public order, loss of basic personal freedoms, educational crisis, and so much more. This study was designed to understand the role media reporting has had in the COVID-19 crisis. In particular, it will focus on how containment measures were established for the German society through their discussion in the media. The study is based on the analysis of German evening news programme Tagesschau from the periods 15 March to 15 April and 15 October to 15 November 2020. Containment measures dominated human lives and the media in 2020. This paper seeks to answer the following research questions: How was opposition to the containment measures framed in German public tv news? and Which frames to containment measures can be identified in public broadcast news media in Germany? Using a mixed method approach, this study is based on a deductive and an inductive frame analysis as well as public opinion data. Based on agenda-setting and framing theory as well as the spiral of silence theory, it comes to the conclusion that lopsided media coverage shaped public opinion to the extent that the public largely accepted and supported the government's containment strategy.

The goal of this thesis is to study changes that has happened regarding resistance, during the Covid-19 pandemic. The purpose is to, from an employee perspective, study whether the pandemic has led to any alterations to the resistance that normally occurs in organizations. Mainly in terms of what employees’ experience are the reasons to perform resistance, what conditions they feel they have to carry out that resistance, and how resistance is expressed by them during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study was conducted through seven semi-structured interviews and then analyzed through thematic analysis. One of the main results is that the participants of this thesis experienced that a lack of communication from their employers regarding the organizational changes regarding remote work versus work from the office, provoked dissatisfaction, and thereby willingness to perform resistance. A difference in preferences between employers and employees, where the participants who are employees tend to prefer remote work, is another aspect that leads to resistance. In terms of the conditions to perform resistance, one of the results is that the participants feel less monitored as their employer can not directly see what they are up to. The main point however, which also can be seen as a way to perform resistance is regarding symptoms. Participants felt like staying home and working remotely, and blaming it on having Covid-19 symptoms, was an easy way to have control over their remote working days, as employers would rather have them absent from the office if they have any symptoms, something that was not the case before the pandemic. Other ways to perform resistance when working remotely, such as spending time on social media, cooking, eating etc. can be framed in what is called routine resistance, which is the most common kind of resistance.

Studiens syfte är att skapa djupare förståelse för hur organisationsförändring, som grundats i en kris (pandemin Covid-19), påverkar ledarskap såväl som medarbetare inom detaljhandelsbranschen. En fallstudie med mixad metod med en deduktiv ansats har genomförts för att skapa en djupare förståelse för uppfattningen kring organisationsförändring grundat i pandemin. Studien baseras på en mixad forskningsmetod för att få både djup och bredd på respondenternas svar. Fem kvalitativa intervjuer har genomförts och en enkät skickades till ett urval av organisationens 162 medlemmar. Teorier kopplat till detaljhandel i kris saknas, än mindre forskning finns kring detaljhandeln i pandemi. Studiens teoretiska referensram har fokuserats kringorganisationen, ledarskapet, medarbetaren i organisationsförändringar, kommunikation samt lärdomar och nyskapande, samtliga relaterat till kris. Teorier har insamlats och analyserats från 22 vetenskapligt granskade artiklar. En större organisation idetaljhandelsbranschen har undersökts för att utforska hur de har arbetat medorganisationsförändringar under pandemin Covid-19. Studien presenterar resultat från de semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomförts med ledare och enkäten som skickats ut till organisationens medarbetare och ledare. Enkäten som skickades till organisationens medlemmar besvarades av totalt 50 respondenter varav 36 Medarbetare, sju Ledare med personalansvar, fem Ledare utan personalansvar och två Annat. Enkätens data analyserades med univariat och bivariat statistik samt undersöktes både enskilt och via index. Det har identifierats att kommunikation, rutiner, krisberedskap och uppföljning är viktiga delar som till stor del påverkar hur kriser likt pandemin hanteras inom en organisation. Medarbetare har påverkats under pandemin genom ändrade arbetssätt, ökad arbetsbörda och vissa fått helt nya arbetsområden. Detta har påverkat medarbetarnas syn och inställning till organisationen. Ledarskapet har påverkats under pandemin genom att ledarskapet har fokuserats kring medarbetarnas välmående i större utsträckning jämfört med öka fysisk försäljning. Genom pandemin krävs ett närvarande och empatiskt ledarskap med mer anpassning till medarbetarnas behov. När pandemin är över är medarbetarna en avgörande faktor för att återuppbygga organisationen. Genom att tillvarata de lärdomar som skapats under pandemin skapas utökad social hållbarhet. / The purpose of the study is to create a deeper understanding of how organisational change, which was founded in a crisis (pandemic Covid-19), affects leadership as well as employees in the retail industry. A case study with a mixed method with a deductive approach has been performed to create a deeper understanding of the perception of organisational change based on crisis. The research is based on a mixed method to get both depth and width of the respondents' answers. Five qualitative interviews were conducted, and a questionnaire was sent to a sample of the organisation's members. Theories related to retail in crisis have been lacking, even less research on retail in pandemics. The theoretical frame of reference has focused on the organisation, leadership, the employee in organisational change, communication and lessons learned and innovation, all related to crisis. Theories have been collected and analysed from 22 peer-reviewed articles. A major organisation in the retail industry has been explored how they have worked with organisational change during the Covid-19 pandemic. Results from the semi-structured interviews conducted with leaders and the questionnaire sent out to the organisation's employees and leaders are presented. The questionnaire sent to the organisation's members was answered by a total of 50 respondents, of which 36 Employees, seven Leaders with personnel responsibilities, five Leaders without personnel responsibilities and two Other. The survey data were analysed with univariate and bivariate statistics and examined both individually and through index. has been identified that communication, routines, crisis preparedness and follow-up are important parts that largely affect how crises like the pandemic are handled within an organisation. Employees have been affected during the pandemic through changed working methods, increased workload and some have been given completely new work areas. This has affected the employees' view and attitude towards the organisation. Leadership has been affected during the pandemic in that leadership has focused on employee well-being to a greater extent than increasing physical sales. A present and empathetic leadership is required with more adaptation to the needs of the employees. When the pandemic is over, employees are a crucial factor in rebuilding the organisation. By taking advantage of the lessons created during the pandemic, increased social sustainability is created.

The Covid-10 pandemic has seen the world crumble as various countries declared themselves under the state of emergence and closed their borders. Thus, harsh restriction measures were introduced in the middle to end the Covid-19 pandemic. Aim: This study analyses hospitality managers' experience with the socio-economic consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic. Methodology: The researcher used qualitative techniques in conjecture with pragmatism as a philosophical position to understand the manager's experience during the Covid-19 pandemic. Semi-structured interviews were employed to acquire data from 10 hospitality managers in Cape Town )South Africa). The implication of the study: The study will add a gap to the existing body of literature and provide hospitality managers with vital information on how to handle situations when they are in a crisis and on how they can be able to remain resilient.

The current study was conducted with the purpose of investigating what influence a pandemic may have on the everyday lives and border perceptions of people living on a border, and also how such a change might influence the social construction of that border. To fulfill this purpose, focus was set on the border between northern Sweden and Finland during the border-defining Covid-19 pandemic. Six border landers and cross-border commuters from both sides of the Sweden-Finland border were therefore interviewed during the tail-end of the Covid-19 pandemic in Sweden. This collected material was subject to thematic analysis and organized temporally to depict how behavior and border perceptions changed depending on what stage of the pandemic was active: pre-covid, mid-covid, or post-covid. While the pre-covid border was discussed positively, characterized as imperceivable, and as enabling of cross-border practices, things changed when the border manifested, and mid-covid times started. During this time, the border instead became a source for distinction, resulting in prejudices, and behavior became more restricted. During post-covid, the informants reacted positively to the disappearance of the border, and the return to the normal, although it was not quite the same normal as before. The main finding of the study was that the impercievability and manifestation of the border were two counteracting states which influenced its assigned meaning. The importance of this study for the field of sociology comes from having investigated how pandemics and shutting down a border can disrupt regular social life and cross-border practices, thereby influencing the socially constructed meaning of that same border.

Stockholms bostadsmarknad har alltid varit pressad och bostadsbristen har länge varit ett faktum. 2021 rapporterade Länsstyrelsen att det demografiska bostadsbehovet i Stockholms län inte uppfylls. De facto är att det inte längre är en fråga om bostadsbrist, det är en fråga om bristande bostadsförsörjning! Fler bostäder behövs som skall kunna tillgodose medel- och framförallt låginkomsttagares bostadsbehov. Samtidigt härjade COVID-19 pandemin omkring och ledde till distansarbete som även 2022, “post pandemi”, fortsatt används i hög grad. Hur kontoren utnyttjas och vad för lokaler som efterfrågas på kontorsmarknaden har ställts på sin spets, och vakansgraden i somliga lägen och för vissa typer av kontorsbyggnader har stigit alltmer. Där kan ett behov av att utveckla dessa byggnader från fastighetsägarens sida uppstå för att förbättra driftnettot, då behovet redan är tydligt från samhället sida, fler bostäder till överkomligt pris! I och med detta gav regeringen Boverket i uppdrag att skriva en rapport kring förutsättningarna för att omvandla lokaler till bostäder. Därför blev detta kandidatarbetes syfte tydligt, att undersöka behovet av, och förutsättningarna för att omvandla vakanta kontorsbyggnader till bostäder “efter” pandemin. Detta, då ett ökat intresse från fastighetsägarnas sida uppenbarligen behöver väckas, allra mest ur ett hållbarhets- och bostadsförsörjningsperspektiv, och det vidare behöver redogöras för en konverterings förutsättningar, utom Boverkets egna rapport. Genom att tillämpa en semistrukturerad kvalitativ intervjustudie som knyter an till en litteraturöversikt uppfylls examensarbetets syfte och dess frågeställning besvaras.  Vad gäller behovet av konvertering på fastighetsägarnas sida, är detta begränsat. Mycket av detta har att göra med att intresset och incitamenten inte är så stora, men främst torde det ha att göra med att de flesta fastighetsägare ännu inte sett så stor skillnad på kontorsmarknaden. Dessutom adderat till detta är att inställningen till konvertering ofta är att det är för svårt på grund av diverse lagar, regler och krav. Vad gäller förutsättningarna för att konvertering ska kunna ske, är dessa många och djupgående. Tillräckligt hög vakans, lågt ingångsvärde, såväl som rätt förutsättningar plantekniskt, byggtekniskt, juridiskt, ekonomiskt, statligt, kommunalt och samhälleligt måste uppfyllas. Det viktigaste är dock den ekonomiska genomförbarheten, dör denna, gör också projektet det. Detta är varför det kan vara krångligt med konvertering, då det verkligen gäller att hitta rätt fastighet och byggnad med rätt förutsättningar och möjligheter! / The housing market in Stockholms has always been under pressure and the housing shortage has for a long time been a fact. In 2021 Länsstyrelsen reported that the demographic need of housing in Stockholm has not been fulfilled. In fact, it is not a question about a housing shortage anymore, it is a question about an insufficient housing supply! There is a need for more affordable housing for those with middle, and especially low income. Alongside all of that, COVID-19 has changed the working community even "post" pandemic, working from home and having digital meetings is now a part of the normal working week. This has led to a change in what is demanded of working spaces, which has resulted in higher vacancy rates in especially some types of areas with a particular standard. A need for property development can therefore arise since property owners have an interest in increasing the net operating income of the property, as well as there is a societal need. The government in Sweden gave an assignment to Boverket because of this need for housing and because of the increasing vacancy rates since the pandemic. The assignment which was given to Boverket, was to evaluate the preconditions of converting office buildings into housing. Therefore, it became clear as to what the purpose of this thesis were to be, I was to study the need for, and the preconditions for converting office buildings into housing. And I was to do this in hopes of increasing the property owners interests of conversion since it is important from a sustainability and housing supply perspective, and also because I found that it needed to be made clear of the exact conversion preconditions outside of Boverkets own report. The thesis purpose will be fulfilled, and the thesis questions will be answered by doing an semi- structured qualitative interview study that relates to a literature overview. The property owners need for conversion of the office buildings has through this study been proven to be raher limited. A lot of this has to do with the owners interest and the incentive of the conversion. Also, most of the property owners have not yet seen such a big difference on the office market. Added to this, the attitude towards conversion seemed rather negative, most of the interviewed companies taught it to be too hard to convert office buildings because of various laws, rules and requirements. In order for conversion to happen, it has been shown that the right preconditions regarding the zoning plan, structural engineering, law, economics, the states, the municipalities and the community's attitude towards the project need to be met.