Min essä bygger på tre egenupplevda händelser som speglar den verklighet som jag möter i min vardag som förskollärare. De två första handlar om hur ett barn utesluter och rent av mobbar ett annat barn. Jag har svårt att vara passiv i dessa situationer och vet inte om jag har agerat rätt. Den tredje och sista situationen handlar om mobbarens pappa som kommer arg till förskolan och kräver att vi inte ska låta hans dotter leka med det barn som blir mobbat. När jag vill boka in ett möte för att reda ut vad som har hänt är han inte intresserad av det och det gör mig frustrerad. Jag kommer utifrån mitt dilemma att reflektera kring begreppet demokrati, värdegrund, makt, normen, kamratkulturer, konflikthantering och mobbning. Den metod som jag har valt i mitt arbete är essäskrivande där jag har möjligheten att reflektera och undersöka min erfarenhet och mitt handlande ur olika perspektiv och på så vis få ny kunskap. De teoretiska perspektiven i min essä har jag funnit bland annat hos Rauni Karlsson, Ann Åberg, Hillevi Lenz Taguchi, Love Nordenmark, Maria Rorén, Ann-Marie Markström. William Corsaro, Annika Löfdahl, Arne Maltén, Margareta Carlander, Jesper Juul, Helle Jensen, San Olweus, Gabriella Ekelund och Anna Maria Dahlöf. Alla inspirerande för mina undersökningar. Min undersökning kommer att utgå ifrån tre frågor: Vad innebär det att arbeta aktivt med värdegrundsfrågor när ett barn exkluderas? Hur kan vi på förskolan bemöta barn som medvetet exkluderar andra? Hur använder vuxna sin makt och hur påverkas barnen och verksamheten av detta? Hur kan pedagoger arbeta med konflikthantering i barngruppen? Under skrivandets gång har det dykt upp nya reflektionsområden som har gett mitt dilemma andra perspektiv. Detta skedde till exempel när jag utgick ifrån värdegrundsfrågor och i slutändan hamnade i begreppet mobbning. Att förändra situationen för de två barnen i gruppen har varit drivkraften i mitt skrivande men jag vet inte om de kommer att leka tillsammans i framtiden. Jag som pedagog har fått ny kunskap så att jag kan känna mig säkrare i mitt handlande när jag möter utanförskap i barngruppen.

I förskolans verksamhet hörs ofta frasen ”nej du får inte vara med” från barnen. I mångas öron låter det negativt. Jag beskriver ett dilemma där jag hör detta och ställer mig på barnets sida som får detta sagt till sig. Med min makt som pedagog bestämmer jag att barnet visst får vara med. Barnen som först sagt ”Nej” ändrar sig sedan och låter barnet få vara med ändå. Jag reflekterar och ifrågasätter mitt handlande och förhållningssätt. Gjorde jag rätt som stöttade barnet in i en lek eller avbröt jag de andra barnens lek?   Metoden jag använder är essä, i vilken jag skriver om barns rätt till lek. Genom det interaktionistiska perspektivet och min praktiska kunskap reflekterar jag över vilka rättigheter och skyldigheter barn har till varandra. Därav har jag undersökt bland annat hur kamratkulturer uppstår, vilka faktorer som bidrar till att barn exkluderas i lek och om barns lekstrategier. Essän behandlar även frågor kring etik och normer. Herbert Mead, William Corsaro och Eva Johansson är några av de personer som essän inspirerats av i de teoretiska utgångspunkterna. Med hjälp av teoretikerna och egen reflektion belyser jag dilemmat ur mitt perspektiv och ur barnens perspektiv. Syftet med essän är att reflektera över min huvudfråga som är ”Vilka rättigheter har barn till sin egen lek i förskolan?”. Det som jag har kommit fram till är att barn har rättigheter men även skyldigheter till sina kamrater i leken. Rättigheter där barnen ser sig själva ur sitt eget perspektiv men även skyldigheter att se andras känslor ur ett annat perspektiv, till exempel genom empati. / In preschool you often hear the phrase ”no you can’t play with us” from the children. For many people it often sounds negative. I will describe a dilemma where I hear this and choose to stand on the side of the child  who does not get to play with the others. With my power as a preschool teacher I will decide that this child must be allowed to play along. The children who first said ”No” changes their minds and decide to allow the other child to play with then. I reflect and question my actions and my way of approach. Where my actions right by supporting the child into a game, or did I interrupt the other childrens play? The method I choose to write in, about childrens right to play, is essay. By the interactionistic perspective and through my practical knowledge I reflect about the rights and the obligations that children have to each other when they play. Therefore I have been researching on how peer culture arise in the preschool, the factors that prevent children from being excluded from the play and about childrens strategies of playing. The essay also examines questions about ethics and standards. Herbert Mead, William Corsaro and Eva Johansson are some of the people from the theoretical approach, in which the essay is inspired by. With the help of theories and self-reflection I will highlight the dilemma from my perspective and from childrens perspective. The purpose of the essay is to reflect on my main question, which is ”What rights do children have when they want to be apart of a play, in the preschool?” My conclusion with this essay is that when children are playing they have rights, but they also have obligations to their friends. Rights where children see themselves from their own perspective, but also obligations to ensure feelings of others, from a different perspective, for example through empathy.

Den här studien handlar om barns interaktion i tamburen i förskolan och hur de skapar sina egna unika kamratkulturer på detta avgränsade område. Den är skriven med barns perspektiv och med en fenomenologisk ansats. Videobservationer har genomförts för att göra barns interaktion synlig. De presenteras i exerpts och innehåller barns verbala uttryck och handlingar. Resultatet visar att barn skapar och skyddar interaktionsutrymme i tamburen. De gör detta genom att använda sekundära anpassningar för att möjliggöra fortsatt interaktion och för att få igenom sin vilja. Peer talk och förkroppsligade handlingar ingår också i skapandet av kamratkultur. / This study is about children’s interaction in the hall of the preschool and how they create their own unique peer culture in this secluded space. It is written with a child’s perspective with a phenomenological approach. Video-observations were carried through to make children’s interaction visible. They are being presented in excerpts containing verbalizations and children’s actions. The result shows that children create and protect interactive space in the hall, using secondary adjustments to enable ongoing interaction and to have their will and also peer talk and embodied actions to create a peer culture.

[pt] Esta tese – Vem, agora eu te espero – Institucionalização e qualidade das interações na creche: um estudo comparativo – inscrita no campo da educação, trata do processo de institucionalização da Educação Infantil e da qualidade das relações cotidianas na creche. Numa perspectiva etnográfica, foram pesquisadas duas creches, uma pública e outra comunitária, num município da Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro, acompanhando interações de crianças de três e quatro anos em duas turmas, uma em cada creche. Os referenciais teórico-metodológicos foram tecidos com vários autores, especialmente Corsaro, Vigotski, Bakhtin e Certeau, com o objetivo de estabelecer relação entre o processo de institucionalização da Educação Infantil e as interações cotidianas das crianças. A tese foi o exercício de compreender o cotidiano, levando em conta as crianças como sujeitos que, além submetidos aos processos de institucionalização e familialização, também se expressam de forma individual e coletiva, interferindo nesses mesmos processos, mostrando a relação dialética entre as dimensões macro, das políticas, e micro, das interações. Os conceitos de reprodução interpretativa e cultura de pares de Corsaro foram ferramentas centrais para ver as crianças, mesmo em situações de controle e restrição, identificando seu poder de imaginação e criação; seu potencial de reproduzir interpretativamente o mundo que as cerca. As análises revelaram o que há de mais importante para as crianças nesses dois espaços institucionais: (i) as interações e ações coletivas que, no processo de reprodução interpretativa, favorecem a criação de estratégias para a produção da cultura de pares; (ii) a cultura de pares tem seu locus privilegiado no brincar, mas não se restringe a ele; (iii) as configurações que as crianças vivenciam institucionalmente nas brincadeiras em sala são repetidas nas brincadeiras nos momentos livres do pátio; (iv) as manifestações infantis caracterizam todos os espaços-tempos do cotidiano institucional como revestidos de valor pedagógico. / [en] This thesis – Come, now I am waiting for you – Institutionalization and quality of interactions in daycare: a comparative study – registered in the field of education, discusses the process of institutionalization of early Childhood Education and the quality of daily relationships in daycare. From an ethnographic perspective, two daycares were surveyed, one public and one community, in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro, observing the interaction among the children aged three and four in two different classrooms, in each daycare center. The theoretical and methodological references were linked together by way of various authors, especially Corsaro, Vygotsky, Bakhtin and Certeau, aiming to establish a relationship between the process of institutionalization of early childhood education and the everyday interactions of children. The thesis was an exercise in the understanding of everyday activities of the daycare centers, considering children as subjects who, besides being subjected to the processes of institutionalization and familialization, express themselves both individually and collectively, interfering in these processes, showing the dialectical relationship between the macro and micro dimensions of policies and interactions. The concepts of interpretive reproduction and peer culture of Corsaro were the basic tools to observe the children, even in controlled and restricted situations, identifying their power of imagination and creation and identifying their potential to interpretively reproduce the world around them. The analyses revealed what is most important for children in these two institutional spaces: (i) interactions and collective actions that, in the process of interpretive reproduction, favor the creation of strategies for the production of peer culture; (ii) peer culture has its locus in play, but not limited to it; (iii) settings that children experience institutionally in classroom play, are repeated in moments of free play during recess; (iv) children s manifestations characterize all of the space and time of daily institutional activities, disguised as pedagogical value.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-10-19T11:51:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Barbosa Arantes.pdf: 3188753 bytes, checksum: cac55a7179739d3354eaacfde1969287 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-19T11:51:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Barbosa Arantes.pdf: 3188753 bytes, checksum: cac55a7179739d3354eaacfde1969287 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-10 / This research brings a possibility of formation to Pedagogical Coordinators, among active and direct participation of children, bring them like subjects and social actors in the research process by itself. It´s an investigation that purposes new perspectives of listening and looking in relation to children, once brings two central concepts of a new Childhood Sociology: children like social agent, active and creative and childhood like a structural way, like a part of society since birth. This observation purposed is by the owner figure of Coordinator, which put himself like a researcher adult who comes to children field and will participate just if been accepted by this group. There are no artificial purposes by the researcher, but an observation about routines and records. Thus, there is no structural questions beforehand, because relation will be done by enter, acception and participation of researcher, that will show us a view of production and reproduction culture process. Converges on current requests of Chilhood Sociology, for bring a cooperation view, that puts children as subject as the researcher, forming studies with and not about childhood. Children interact in the world because product their own cultures: enter by their families, but product and participate of a lot of peer cultures. Researches that defend listening and focus childhood and children culture consider children point of view in researches. It´s a kind of repair for long time that children were marginalized, in Sociology and other areas, and occupied a subordinated position in society. Besides to suggest a formation with active participation of children this project purposes to enlarge peer culture concept, looking for production of culture actions and analyze interpretative reproduction between children. This purpose converges on listening defense and childhood and children culture focus, under a newer technology and challenger, which involves a detachable view from adult’s point of view / O presente trabalho traz uma possibilidade de formação aos Coordenadores Pedagógicos, através da participação ativa e direta das crianças, colocando-as como sujeitos e atores sociais no próprio processo de pesquisa. É uma investigação que visa novas perspectivas de escuta e olhar em relação às crianças, uma vez que traz dois conceitos centrais de uma nova sociologia da infância: a criança como agente social, ativo e criativo e a infância concebida como uma forma estrutural, como uma parte integrante da sociedade desde o nascimento. A proposta de observação se dá pela própria figura do Coordenador Pedagógico, que deve se colocar na posição de um adulto pesquisador que entrará no campo das crianças e só poderá participar plenamente se for aceito por esse grupo. Não haverá uma relação proposta artificialmente pelo próprio pesquisador, mas uma observação das práticas rotineiras e seus registros. Desse modo, não há perguntas estruturadas de antemão, pois a relação que irá se estabelecer pela entrada, aceitação e participação do adulto pesquisador é o que vai permitir a visualização dos processos de produção e reprodução de cultura. Converge com as atuais demandas da Sociologia da Infância também, para que apareça na pesquisa uma visão de parceria, que coloque a criança como sujeito tanto quanto o pesquisador, constituindo estudos com e não sobre a infância. As crianças interagem no mundo porque produzem suas culturas: ingressam na cultura por meio da família, mas passam a produzir e participar de inúmeras culturas de pares. As pesquisas que defendem a escuta e enfocam as infâncias e culturas infantis consideram o ponto de vista infantil nas pesquisas. É uma reparação por tanto tempo em que as crianças foram marginalizadas na Sociologia e em outras áreas, por ocuparem sempre uma posição subordinada na sociedade, e vistas como incapacitadas a contribuir. Além de sugerir a formação com a participação ativa das crianças, a finalidade deste trabalho é também ampliar o conceito de cultura de pares, levantar ações de produção de cultura e analisar situações de reprodução interpretativa entre as crianças. A proposta converge com a defesa da escuta e o enfoque das infâncias e culturas infantis sob uma metodologia inovadora e desafiadora, que implica um desprendimento do olhar sob o ponto de vista do adulto

nÃo hà / O Transtorno de DÃficit de AtenÃÃo e Hiperatividade (TDAH) tem sido apontado como responsÃvel por uma sÃrie de prejuÃzos na vida de crianÃas e de famÃlias, estando entre as alteraÃÃes comportamentais mais diagnosticadas na infÃncia, apesar das controvÃrsias a respeito de sua caracterizaÃÃo. Embora tenha surgido no cenÃrio da saÃde, o diagnÃstico do TDAH se tornou parte de contextos diversos, de forma que os discursos a seu respeito mesclam aspectos provenientes da saÃde, da escola, da famÃlia e da moralidade social, podendo ser interpretados de distintas formas dentro de uma cultura local, inclusive pelas crianÃas. Imersas em uma cultura adulta, perpassada por distintos sentidos e significados atribuÃdos ao TDAH, as crianÃas produzem sua prÃpria cultura de pares, apropriando-se, reproduzindo e reinventando os diversos discursos e constituindo-se a partir deles. Partindo-se de uma base teÃrica da psicologia histÃrico-cultural e da sociologia da infÃncia e tendo como pergunta de partida como os discursos sobre TDAH sÃo reproduzidos interpretativamente pelas crianÃas em suas interaÃÃes entre pares, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as reproduÃÃes interpretativas de crianÃas com diagnÃstico de TDAH. Para tanto, adotou-se uma metodologia qualitativa, com inspiraÃÃo etnogrÃfica, com utilizaÃÃo de observaÃÃo participante das atividades das crianÃas e entrevistas semiestruturadas com pais. A pesquisa foi realizada no AmbulatÃrio de Psiquiatria da InfÃncia e AdolescÃncia do Hospital UniversitÃrio Walter CantÃdio â AMPIA/HUWC, com crianÃas com idades entre 6 e 12 anos, acompanhadas no referido ambulatÃrio, que tinham inserÃÃo escolar e que jà tinham realizado pelo menos uma consulta prÃvia no ambulatÃrio, e seus respectivos pais ou responsÃveis. Para anÃlise do corpus, utilizou-se como referenciais a proposta da anÃlise interpretativa de base histÃrico-cultural, elencando-se como categorias analÃticas empÃricas os contextos do diagnÃstico e o uso performÃtico do TDAH. PÃde-se perceber com o estudo que o TDAH perpassa os diferentes contextos de vida das crianÃas. A reproduÃÃo interpretativa do TDAH representa um papel importante na construÃÃo da cultura de pares infantil no contexto do AMPIA. NÃo somente no ambulatÃrio ela à construÃda, mas tambÃm nos outros contextos vivenciados pelas crianÃas, o diagnÃstico se mostrou constantemente presente, interferindo nas relaÃÃes com os adultos, bem como com as outras crianÃas. Essa interpretaÃÃo tambÃm serviu de base para o estabelecimento de relaÃÃes hierÃrquicas, uma vez que as crianÃas criavam patamares diferentes no grupo com base naquilo que as caracterizavam, primordialmente: os comportamentos associados ao diagnÃstico de TDAH. AlÃm disso, destaca-se que os comportamentos atrelados ao TDAH permeiam o processo de inserÃÃo social das crianÃas e a concepÃÃo do diagnÃstico à elemento recorrente na reproduÃÃo interpretativa e na construÃÃo da cultura de pares infantil aqui retratada.

In this study we analyse children's play and what access rules children use when they enter an ongoing play. The study also shows, through observations, how children can exclude each other from being part of the play. We have analysed how educators work with and how they relate to children's play and exclusion, also what their previous experience in the subject is. The study has its theoretical basis in Honneths moral theory and the development of educational perspective that Pramling Samuelsson & Asplund Carlsson describes. The study adopted a qualitative approach. Our analysis is based on observations where children are not allowed to enter the ongoing play due to different factors. The play is seen as a central and important part of the children's every day activity at preschool and contains several furtherance dimensions in their development. The educators approach and thoughts are presented and analysed with the interview that has been done. The study results show that children master many access strategies, and use them frequently. Children's exclusions are often related to the ongoing play and its content where children protect their interaction space in the fear that their play will be ruined. In our interview responses, it appears that educators have the tools to promote and work with children's relationship creation, but that it is complex and often contextual. It appears that the work on the friendship culture at preschool contains many challenges and that it is something that has to be constantly worked with.

The purpose of this study is to unveil how inclusion in contrast to exclusion, between children, is being exercised during unrestricted play. Furthermore, the study intends to highlight how educators discern how children are given equal opportunities regarding influence and participation during unrestricted play. The following questions arise as a resultant: How can we recognize the appearance of relationships among the children during unrestricted play? How do the educators acknowledge that the children have an opportunity to influence and participation in the unrestricted play?The theoretical assumption used in this essay is based on the sociocultural perspective and sociologist William Corsaro’s theory about peer culture. As a basis for the survey method, we have interviewed five educators that consisted of preschool teachers and caretakers. The observations were made by studying both the young and older children’s section which in turn provided a wide scope of data. In summary, the result from this study demonstrates that both inclusion and exclusion are present during children’s unrestricted play simply since these phenomena coexist and are dependent on each other. In addition, relationships among children surface during social interaction based on the children’s various peer affiliations created within particular peer culture. These relationships vary based on aspects like age and language. In conclusion, the opportunity for children to have influence during unrestricted play presents itself during negotiations of different roles and can also be seen through their actions during this type of play.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur förskollärare beskriver barns strategier i den fria leken. Med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer och fenomenografisk analysmodell fick jag svar på mina frågeställningar. Det insamlade materialet har analyserat och diskuterats ifrån Corsaros teori och begrepp. Studien utgår också från Pihlgrens analytiska modell av aktivitetsmönster samt Tellgrens tillträdesstrategier och uteslutningsstrategier. Resultatet visar att förskollärna tycker det är viktigt att vara närvarande i barnens fria lek för att kunna se de olika tillträdesstrategierna och uteslutningsstrategierna som barnen använder sig av i leken. Majoriteten av förskollärarna i denna studie arbetar med regeln ”Alla får vara med”. Detta är en av dem olika strategierna som förskollärarna har observerat att barnen använder sig av i den fria leken. Resultatet visar därutöver att förskollärarna anser det är via leken som barnens språk, konflikthantering och gemenskap utvecklas. Förskollärarna beskriver att om man inte arbetar tidigt med gruppdynamiken kan det bli exkludering i skolåldern eller till och med i vuxen ålder. Det är därför viktigt att arbeta med detta så tidigt som möjligt. / The purpose of the study is to investigate how preschool teacher describe children’s strategies in free play. With the help of semistructured interviews and a phenomenographic analysis model, I got answers to my research questions. The collection of this material has been analyzed and discussed from Corsaro's theory and concepts. The study is also discontinued Pihlgren's analytical model of activity patterns and Tellgren's access and exclusion strategies. The results shows that preschool teachers think that it is important to be active in the children's free play in to see the different access strategies and exclusion strategies that the children use in the free play. The majority of preschool teachers in this study work with the rule "Everyone can participate". This is one of the different strategies that preschool teachers have observed that children use in free play. The result also shows that preschool teachers believe that it is through play that social interaction develops. The result also show that preschool teachers believe that the children's language, conflict management and community are developed through free play. If you do not work early with the group dynamics, the preschool teachers describe that there can be exclusion in school age or even in adulthood. It is therefore important to work with this as early as possible.

This study focused on peer teaching and learning in preschool children's peer collaborative interactions. The research took place in the naturalistic setting of a preschool classroom at the Virginia Tech Child Development Laboratory, which is a university-based preschool in Blacksburg, Virginia. The children were videotaped in their collaborative interactions and the interactions were analyzed for moments of teaching and learning between the children. The study found that children use a variety of verbal and non-verbal teaching strategies when collaborating with each other. Children's learning from the interactions was exhibited through many forms of modeling, reciprocation, and exchange of ideas. / Master of Science