Orientador: Francisco Luiz Cazeiro Lopreato / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:37:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lopes_GuilhermeNogueira_M.pdf: 1815308 bytes, checksum: c1d79fbab70820ea9023abc0731946c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O trabalho aborda o processo de transição nos planos de benefícios dos fundos de pensão nos países centrais a partir da dinâmica do capitalismo contemporâneo e a adequação dos portfólios de investimentos desses agentes à nova realidade. Para o caso brasileiro, o texto vai demonstrar que esses agentes viveram parcialmente esse processo, uma vez que a remuneração oferecida para a rolagem dos títulos da dívida pública brasileira propiciou a manutenção de portfólios de investimentos ancorados nesses ativos. Este quadro deve mudar com a redução sistemática na remuneração paga nas novas emissões do Tesouro Nacional e demandar alterações na dinâmica de gestão de investimentos. Em razão dessas perspectivas e das experiências observadas nos países centrais, o trabalho indica os serviços de infraestrutura como opção para diversificação do portfólio de investimentos dos fundos brasileiros, dadas as características de geração de receitas de longo prazo e os extensos prazos de maturação para tais investimentos. Finalmente o trabalho indicará possíveis arquiteturas para viabilizar o ingresso de fundos de pensão de menor porte, dadas as suas limitações, de modo a tornar tais oportunidades acessíveis ao maior número possível de agentes / Abstract: The paper discusses the transition process in benefit schemes of pension funds in the core countries, from the point of view of the dynamics of contemporary capitalism and the revision of agents investment portfolios according to the new reality. For the Brazilian case, the text argues that agents experienced this process not in full, since the remuneration offered to rollover the Brazilian government bonds allowed the preservation of investment portfolios anchored in these assets. This framework must change with the systematic reduction in the remuneration paid to newly issued Treasury and demands changes in the dynamics of investment management. Given these perspectives and experiences observed in the core countries, the work points to infrastructure services as an option for portfolio diversification of Brazilian funds, due to long term revenue generation profile and long term maturity for such investments. Finally, the work indicates possible architectures that enable the entry of smaller pension funds, - limited by their capital and management structure -, making such opportunities available to the largest possible number of agents / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

[pt] O presente trabalho realizou uma análise dos efeitos provocados pela inclusão da classe de ativos denominada multimercado, na carteira dos Fundos de Pensão no Brasil. Esta denominação, multimercado, é fornecida pela Resolução CMN 3.456 de 1º de junho de 2007 que permitiu um limite de aplicação de até 3% nestes ativos. Face ao grande leque de possibilidades disponíveis com a permissão para aplicação nesta categoria de multimercados, optou-se neste trabalho por avaliar especificamente o impacto da aplicação em ativos no exterior e em fundos long and short. Através dos resultados do teste t para igualdade dos retornos médios, constatou-se que a aplicação nos ativos avaliados não produziu efeitos significativos na fronteira eficiente dos fundos de pensão, mesmo quando o limite de aplicação foi expandido para 20%. No entanto, mudanças no cenário econômico atual indicam que a busca por alternativas de investimentos, capazes de melhorar o desempenho no longo prazo, será um fator fundamental para manutenção do equilíbrio financeiro desse grupo de investidores. / [en] The present study has performed an analysis of the effects caused in the performance of Brazilian pension funds by the inclusion of hedge funds in their portfolios, including funds invested in international assets. The definition of hedge funds is provided by the Resolution CMN 3456 of June 1, 2007. This Resolution allowed pension funds in Brazil to allocate up to 3% of their investments in international hedge funds. Given the wide range of assets classes available in this category of hedge funds, this study has focused on international assets and longshort funds. The t-test results for the average returns showed that investments in such asset classes do not generate a major effect on the efficient frontier of the pension funds` investments. The results do not change much even if we increase the constraint from 3% to 20%. However, changes in the current economic environment indicate that finding alternative investments that can enhance the asset performance on a long term view will be a crucial factor to maintain the financial health of pension funds.

This thesis aims to investigate pension funds'investment behavior in times of a capital markets crisis; to discuss actions taken and changes of an investment policy; and to point out legislative issues. Another topic is a discussion over the contribution of each investment tool to the portfolio performance, and a prediction of the investment policy of pension funds. An important part of this thesis is the analysis of the detailed portfolio of PF Stabilita. The outcome of this paper is not to predict a future developement of capital markets, although a broad prediction for each investment tool is made, but to investigate a reaction of pension funds to the 2008 capital markets turmoils.

This thesis is focused on the analysis of pension additional insurance and related pension funds in the Czech Republic. Pension additional insurance and pension funds are part of the pension system, and specifically the third pillar. Characterize the pension system in the Czech Republic, including news of pension reform and compare with selected foreign pension systems. The main task of pension additional insurance is get together funds in the participant's for retirement age. These funds are collected by pension funds, which in turn invest in financial instruments in the financial markets. Generally, pension funds are regulated, which has an impact on their performance. The work is also focused on the confrontation with foreign pension funds, which includes comaprison of performance of pension funds in selected countries, including inter alia through the Sharpe index. Last but not least the thesis is focused on the future and the development of pension funds in upcoming years

Retirement is one part of life that everybody will sooner or later come too. It is very important to prepare and plan for it by looking for the best possible alternative(s) to save and invest money in order to get enough capital to live on when it is time to retire. In Sweden like in many other countries women tend to have lower wages than men and the maternity leave is a life event that can affect the income of women during their labour time. This can then result in women having less disposable income during the retirement period. In general, women are living longer than men therefore they should get more money to live on but this is not the case in most of the time. In finance taking high risk can be rewarded by high return. Several researches that have been conducted in different fields came to the same conclusion that women are more risk averse than men. This risk averse can be explained by physiological, psychological, social and intellectual aspects. In this thesis I study the investment behaviour of both genders in Premium Pension Funds managed by the Swedish Pension Authority (PPM). In contrary to what many researches in several fields have come to, I found that men tend to invest less than women when the risk level involved in investing in Premium Pension Funds increases. This observation can be seen as an attempt of the women to increase their pension capital in a shorter of time by investing in riskier pension funds. A further study on this subject will be suitable in order to confirm if the women’s attempt to increase their pension capital by engaging in riskier pension funds is rewarded by a higher return by including annually returns as an additional independent variable / Pensionering är en del av livet som alla förr eller senare kommer också. Det är mycket viktigt att förbereda och planera för det genom att leta efter bästa möjliga alternativ (s) för att spara och investera pengar i för att få tillräckligt med kapital för att leva på när det är dags att gå i pension. I Sverige liksom i många andra länder kvinnor tenderar att ha lägre löner än män och moderskapsledigheten är en händelse i livet som kan påverka inkomster kvinnor under sin arbetstid. Detta kan sedan leda till att kvinnor har mindre disponibel inkomst under pensionstiden. I allmänhet, kvinnor lever längre än män och därför bör de få mer pengar att leva på, men detta är inte fallet i större delen av tiden. I finans ta hög risk kan belönas med hög avkastning. Flera undersökningar som har genomförts inom olika områden kom till samma slutsats att kvinnor är mindre riskbenägna än män. Denna riskaversion kan förklaras av fysiologiska, psykologiska, sociala och intellektuella aspekter. I denna avhandling studerar jag investeringsbeteende båda könen i Premiepensionsfonder som förvaltas av Svenska Pensionsmyndigheten (PPM). I motsats till vad många forskare inom flera områden har kommit till, fann jag att män tenderar att investera mindre än kvinnor när risknivån med att investera i Premiepensionsfonderna ökar. Denna observation kan ses som ett försök av kvinnor att öka sitt pensionskapital i en kortare tid genom att investera i mer riskfyllda pensionsfonder. En påbyggande studie i detta ämne kommer att vara lämplig för att bekräfta om kvinnornas försök att öka sitt pensionskapital genom att delta i riskfyllda pensionsfonder belönas med en högre avkastning genom att inkludera avkastning som en ytterligare oberoende variabel.

Swedish pension funds have vast  mount of money to invest in order to maintain a stable and functioning pension system. Real estate is an important part of the investment strategy  and contributes as a relatively low risk diversifier to the portfolio. The major share of Swedish pension money is place in public pension and in occupational pension. There are several institutions working to manage this capital, both governments owned and private owned institutions. Historically allocation of properties among institutional investors has taken place in the home market due to the need of local knowledge when managing real estate. Real estate is less correlated with the interest rate market creating a lag in fluctuation when the interest rate changes, this yield gap creates valuable opportunities to invest in real estate to better yields when the rate falls. Since a few years after the turn of the millennium institutional investors has increased their real estate holdings rapidly   onfirming that, or at least indicating, that there exist a yield gap in real estate investments. Historically institutional investor’s allocation in property as a part of the whole portfolio has Been low, in 2001 the public pension funds had approximately 3% invested in real estate compared to todays 10 %. The main explanation to the significant increase in property allocation in the public pension funds is the low interest rate environment the market is currently experiencing. The pension funds prefer to own real estate directly for two major reasons. Since real estate is a relatively illiquid asset it is important to keep control over the investment and secondly to avoid short term behaviour. Over the past decade investments in real estate has  increased with 900 billion SEK divided among the institutions invested in this thesis. This increase has established real estate as a more vital part of the pension fund portfolio and we believe that allocation levels will remain relatively stable at this level. However the Limited supply of properties suitable for pension funds will together with the decreased yield--‐gap result in a slowdown or even  stop in the pension fund possibility to further increase their property allocation.

This thesis deals with problematics of pension schemes.First part contains characteristics of pensions schemes, influence of demographic faktors on this product and short overview about development in Czech Republic. I expose reasons why is need to reform pension system. In the final part, there is described the proposed pension reform.

Pension income insurance is in the Czech market since 1994 and throughout its operation, the number of its clients increase. Its unique position is due to tax attractive and state contributions. Currently, on the market oprate 10 pension funds, which provides its clients with pension plans for 5 years and then can be saved as a single draw funds or annuity, according to the pension plan. The entire pension system is composed of two pillars PAYG and fading based , which are mutually complementary. Due to adverse demographic changes and financial sustainability of the system, it is necessary to reform the pension system. On the basis of economic expertise have been drawn up various options for changes in the voluntary pillar. Due to the necessary legislative changes, there was also a significant change in the pension income insurance scheme and its position was substantially changed. The voluntary nature of pension obligations have been replaced and now have the ability to save clients money into funds with different investment strategies. "Old" pension scheme will operate in parallelly with the new system, but access to it is no longer possible, it is possible that the pension insurance with state contribution in the longer term expires. The implementation of the government will decide next month.

A aderência entre os investimentos das Entidades Fechadas de Previdência Complementar (EFPCs) e as características dos negócios privados de infraestrutura de transporte sinalizam uma boa alternativa para alocação de recursos dessas entidades e a formação de um mercado de funding privado ao Brasil, porém, algumas barreiras de mercado, principalmente os riscos políticos-regulatórios, falta de garantias aos financiadores, alto valor pago pelos títulos públicos e os riscos inerentes ao processo de licenciamento ambiental, atualmente, impedem que haja um fluxo constante de capital para o setor. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo identificar como pode ser promovido um ambiente indutor de recursos das EFPCs à investimentos de infraestrutura de transporte no Brasil, como forma de aumentar o financiamento privado ao setor. Para tal, busca-se mediante a aplicação de um questionário junto aos gestores das EFPCs elencar quais são os principais entraves que dificultam os investimentos das mesmas em debêntures de infraestrutura de transportes. Para se preparar as questões, são organizados dados sobre o investimento em infraestrutura de transporte, o financiamento do setor, aspectos sobre a emissão de debêntures incentivadas de infraestrutura e os motivos que levaram as mesmas a não obterem grande inserção de mercado. Por sua vez, os dados resultantes da pesquisa são tabulados e apresentados sugerindo um conjunto de medidas estimuladoras ou mitigadoras de riscos que visam contribuir para redução dos entraves e favorecer a compra dos títulos de debêntures de infraestrutura de transporte. As sugestões são apresentadas sob uma discussão de como cada uma delas protege ou incentiva o investidor da debênture de infraestrutura. Por fim, para se testar o grau de sustentação das medidas propostas o trabalho lança mão um empreendimento protótipo que confronta, quando possível, os impactos de cada medida ou instrumento de garantia proposto frente aos indicadores da qualidade do negócio (Taxa de Retorno do empreendimento e payback) ou frente ao custo da tarifa paga pelo usuário. / The adhesion between the investments of Pension Funds (EFPCs) and the characteristics of private business transportation infrastructure indicates a good alternative for resource allocation of these entities and the formation of a private funding market in Brazil, however, some market barriers, especially the political regulatory risks, lack of guarantees to lenders, high value paid by government bonds and the inherent risks in the environmental licensing process, currently, prevents a steady flow of capital for the sector. This study aims to identify how it can be promoted a resource-inducing environment of EFPCs to transport infrastructure investments in Brazil as a way to increase private funding to the sector. To this end, the main goal is, by applying a questionnaire with the managers of EFPCs, outline what the main obstacles that hinder investments in the same transport infrastructure debentures. To prepare these questions the data are organized on investment in transport infrastructure, industry funding, aspects on the issue of debentures encouraged infrastructure and the reasons that led them to not achieve great market insertion. In turn, the resulting data of the survey are tabulated and presented suggesting a set of stimulatory measures or mitigating risks that aim to contribute to reducing barriers and encouraging the purchase of tickets infrastructure debentures. The suggestions are presented in a discussion of how each protects or encourages the investors infrastructure debenture. Finally, to test the degree of support of the work proposed measures, makes use of a prototype model that confronts, where possible, the impact of each measure or guarantee instrument proposed front of business quality indicators (Rate of Return of the project and payback) or against the cost of user-pay rate.

O Sistema Previdenciário Brasileiro é composto por três regimes: o Geral de Previdência Social (RGPS), o Próprio de Previdência do Servidor (RPPS) e o de Previdência Complementar (RPC), operado por entidades abertas e fechadas (EAPC e EFPC). O foco deste estudo é a gestão financeira das Entidades Fechadas de Previdência Complementar (EFPC) reconhecidas no mercado pela denominação de Fundos de Pensão. Durante o processo de pesquisa e coleta de informações para este estudo, tanto em bases de dados de trabalhos científicos nacionais, quanto em internacionais, além da literatura sobre previdência complementar; verificou-se a inexistência de uma abordagem conjunta dos assuntos relevantes para a gestão financeira de Fundos de Pensão. Tais trabalhos e livros abordavam a previdência complementar fechada sob o enfoque legal, contábil, atuarial, sócio-ambiental, da alocação de ativos de investimentos, de governança corporativa; porém de forma individualizada ou reunindo no máximo dois tópicos, nenhum consolidando todos os assuntos. Diante dessa lacuna na literatura/trabalhos científicos e: por ser o Sistema de Previdência Complementar Fechado um dos futuros provedores de recursos de longo prazo para o processo de desenvolvimento do Brasil (como ocorre em outros países); estar em fase de crescimento com o advento da previdência associativa (novos instituidores) e possuir reservas garantidoras de ativos de investimentos de R$ 480,3 bilhões (junho/2008) as quais garantem pagamento de benefícios e pensões a 6,3 milhões (junho/2008) de participantes/assistidos; optou-se pelo desenvolvimento de um estudo que estruturasse todas as questões relevantes para uma eficiente e eficaz gestão financeira de Fundos de Pensão.Os assuntos foram desenvolvidos em dez capítulos, abordando os principais aspectos para proporcionar uma visão sistêmica da gestão financeira dos Fundos de Pensão. Destacam-se os temas: sistema previdenciário no Brasil e em outros países; sistemas de regulamentação e controle; governança corporativa e a gestão de risco; práticas de sustentabilidade financeira; descreve a política de investimentos e a gestão financeira da tesouraria; gestão de investimentos de curto e longo prazo nos Fundos de Pensão e acompanhamento das empresas participadas; práticas contábeis exclusivas; aspectos tributários da gestão financeira dos Fundos de Pensão e empresas participadas; teorias de auxílio da gestão financeira; e, suporte tecnológico para a gestão financeira e operacional. / The Brazilian Pension System is composed of three regimens: the General Social Security System (RGPS), the Proper Security System of the Civil Servant (RPPS) and the Supplementary Security System (RPC), operated by open and closed security entities (EFPC and EAPC). The focus of this study is the Financial Management of Closed Entities of Supplementary Security (EFPC) known for the market name of Pension Funds. During the process of research and collecting of information for this study, both in the databases of national and international papers, we noticed that, in the literature available on supplementary pension, there was the lack of a joint approach on the relevant issues to Financial Management of Pension Funds. The existent works and books address Closed Supplementary Social Security under the focus of Law, Accounting, Actuary, Social Environment, Allocation of Assets of Investments, Corporate Governance, but each one, individually, or at most two topics together, never consolidating all these subjects. Face this gap in the literature / scientific papers, and as the Closed Supplementary Pension System is one of the future providers of long term resources for the development process in Brazil (as in other countries), and as Brazil is in phase of growth with the advent of the Security Associations (new providers) and as Brazil owns guarantor reserves of investment assets of R$ 480,3 billion (June/2008) which guarantee the payment of benefits and pensions to 6,3 million (June/2008) participants / beneficiaries, we decided for a structural study that could address all the relevant issues to an efficient and effective Financial Management of Pension Funds. The issues were developed in ten chapters, covering the main aspects, in order to provide a systemic view of the Financial Management of Pension Funds. We highlight the following topics: the pension system in Brazil and other countries; regulation and control systems; corporate governance and risk management; financial sustainability practices; treasury financial management and investment policies; management of short and long term investments in Pension Funds and monitoring of holdings; unique accounting practices; tax aspects of financial management of Pension Funds and holdings; theories of financial management aid; and technological support to the financial and operational management.