The aim of this study was to explore preschool-teachers views about children's outdoor physical activities. the purpose of the study was to investigate how preschool-teachers use physical activites in their daily work. Scientific research shows that physical activities are good for the motoric and the cognitive development. Ten different preschool-teachers in three different towns in Sweden were interviewed about how they comrehend outdoor physical activities and how they promote children to be active outdoor. The study is analyzed from four different perspective: space, time, materials and the role of the preschool-teacher in three categories. The study explored what possibilities and obstacles the preschool-teachers could see in their profession. The study concluded that preschool-teachers are positive to physical activities, but need more qualification about how to promote the development of the motoric and cognitive skills. / <p><strong>Fastställt via akademichefsbeslut HIG-STYR 2019/7 den 2019-01-07</strong></p><p><strong> </strong>Daniel Petterson, fil dr, univ. lekt Pedagogik och Erika Björklund, fil dr, univ. lekt Pedagogik går in som examinatorer på PEG700 under veckorna 1 till och med 3, 2019 då Peter Gill, prof. Pedagogik, gått i pension från och med 2019-01-01.</p>

Older people are frequently faced with physical conditions that require treatment. A better understanding of the components of engagement relating to the outcomes of treatment was the focus of the study. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine whether there was an association between the independent variables of optimism, pessimism, motivation, and self-determination and their impact on the dependent variable of achieving physical activity goals in 86 geriatric patients, ages 65 to 80 receiving physical therapy services. The theoretical framework of self-determination, motivation, optimism, and pessimism was assessed by using two self-report questionnaires, The Self-Determination Scale and The Revised Life Orientation Test, along with reviewing physical therapy evaluations, progress notes, and discharge summaries. It was found through the use of a multiple regression analysis that no significant difference in modified independence existed between those with low versus high optimism, pessimism, self-determination, and motivation; there was also no significant difference in the number of physical therapy goals achieved upon discharge. The findings of this study warrant further research on the connection between cognitive and physical abilities and the decline of health due to the aging process. The implication of social change is the need for continued research for clarification of what has been provided through previous research that high levels of optimism, self-determination, and motivation explain a positive outcome in the treatment, rehabilitation process, and achievement of goals versus the contradictory results demonstrated in this research study.

Darbo tikslas – Nustatyti taikomosios fizinės veiklos poveikį autistų savarankiškumo įgūdžių ugdymui. Hipotezė – Autistiškų vaikų savarankiškumo įgūdžių pagerėjimas po taikomosios fizinės veiklos programos taikymo. Darbo objektas – Autistiškų vaikų savarankiškumo įgūdžiai. Tyrimo problema: Taikomoji fizinė veikla – ugdymo metodas, kurio poveikis autizmo sutrikimą turintiems vaikams, nepakankamai tiriamas ir aptariamas, nors teigiama, kad fizinė veikla autistams būtina lygiai taip pat kaip ir komunikavimo, bendravimo ugdymas, elgesio modifikavimas ir kt. Šiuo metu mes neturime pakankamai atliktų tyrimų ir informacijos, apie autizmo sutrikimą turinčių vaikų, fizinės veiklos įpročius ir unikalius poreikius, fizinei veiklai kylančius trukdžius ir skatinimo veiksnius, kuriai veiklai jie teikia pirmenybę ir būtent kokia fizinė veikla, geriausiai ugdo tokių vaikų funkcinius gebėjimus. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Įvertinti autistų savarankiškumo įgūdžių pasireiškimo lygmenį, atsižvelgiant į amžiaus grupes. 2. Nustatyti ir palyginti, autistų savarankiškumo įgūdžių raidos ypatumus ir pokytį, tarp vertinimų, atsižvelgiant į amžiaus grupes. 3. Nustatyti taikomosios fizinės veiklos poveikį autistų savarankiškumo įgūdžių ugdymui. Atlikus tyrimą, galima daryti tokias išvadas: 1. Įvertinus, autistų savarankiškumo įgūdžius, atsižvelgiant į amžiaus grupes nustatyta, kad blogais savarankiškumo lygmens rodikliais pasižymėjo 5 – 7 metų vaikai autistai, kai tuo tarpu 4 metų ir jaunesni, bei 8 metų ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Work goal – determine the impact of the adapted physical activities onto the training of the autists' skills. Hypothesis – improvement of autistic children's self-sufficiency skills after application of adapted physical activity programme. Work object – Autistic children's self-sufficiency skills. Research problem: Adapted physical activities - training method whose impact onto children with autism disorder has not been sufficiently researched and discussed, though it is claimed that physical activities to autists are equally mandatory as training of communication and interaction, behaviour modification and etc. Currently, we do not have sufficient researches made and information collected about the physical activity skills of the children with autism disorder and their unique needs, barriers arising for physical activities and promotion factors, which activities they prefer and which physical exercises mostly train such children's functional abilities. Research tasks: 1. Evaluate the level of demonstration for the autists' self-sufficiency skills referring to their age groups. 2. Determine and compare the development peculiarities of the autists' self-sufficiency skills and an alteration among assessments referring to the age groups. 3. Determine the impact of the adapted physical activities onto the training of the autists' selfsufficiency skills. After the research such conclusions may be made: 1. After assessing the autists' self-sufficiency skills referring to the age... [to full text]

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Research has shown positive correlations between global self-esteem and physical activity, as well as between global self-esteem and school performance. However, research is ambiguous and other variables have shown importance for global self-esteem. This study aims to investigate the correlations between global self-esteem and physical activities, school performance and social participations within high-school students in the northern part of Sweden. The study also investigates gender differences regarding correlations between the variables. The study was conducted using a questionnaire that included Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and self-rated physical activity, social participation and grades in Swedish, English and mathematics. Results showed a positive correlation between physical activities and global self-esteem for the group as a whole, which confirms previous research. Global self-esteem showed correlation with collective physical activities and total school performance, among teenage girls. For teenage boys global self-esteem showed correlation with individual physical activities and the grade in mathematics. / Forskning har kunnat visa positiva samband mellan global självkänsla och fysisk aktivitet, samt mellan global självkänsla och skolprestation. Men forskningen är tvetydig, och även andra variabler har visat sig ha betydelse för den globala självkänslan. Studien syftar till att undersöka den globala självkänslans samband med fysisk aktivitet, skolprestation och social delaktighet hos norrländska gymnasieungdomar. Studien undersökte även olikheter mellan könen gällande korrelationer mellan variablerna. Undersökningen genomfördes med hjälp av ett frågeformulär som inkluderade Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale samt självskattad fysisk aktivitet, social delaktighet samt betyg i grundämnena svenska, matematik och engelska. Resultatet visade på ett positivt samband mellan fysisk aktivitet och global självkänsla för gruppen som helhet, vilket är i linje med tidigare forskning för tonårstjejer korrelerade global självkänsla med kollektiva fysiska aktiviteter och skolprestation som helhet. För tonårskillar korrelerade global självkänsla med individuella fysiska aktiviteter samt betyg i matematik.

Sammanfattning Den här studiens syfte har varit att undersöka vilka uppfattningar pedagogerna har om barns kroppsliga rörelser i verksamheten, både i den fria spontana leken och i de planerade rörelseaktiviteterna. De har även fått dela med sig av sina tankar om barns möjligheter till rörelser i verksamheten och hur de ser att det påverkar barnens motoriska utveckling, inlärning och rörelseglädje. Detta har möjliggjorts genom att använda sig av det fenomenologiska perspektivets ”glasögon” där människan erfar världen genom kropp och sinne. Tidigare forskning visar att det finns ett samband mellan rörelse, utveckling och inlärningsförmåga. Metoden som användes var kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta pedagoger från tre olika förskolor. Resultatet visade att pedagogerna ansåg att barnen har ett stort rörelsebehov och att de har stora möjligheter att få utlopp för det i utomhusmiljön i verksamheten. I resultatet framkom även att barn behöver både spontan fri lek och planerade rörelseaktiviteter för att få röra på hela sin kropp och få öva de grundläggande rörelserna som bidrar till ett lättare lärande i det längre perspektivet. / Abstract The purpose of this study was to examine the teachers’ views on children's body movements at preschool, both in free and spontaneous play and in planned motion activities. They have also shared their thoughts on children's opportunities to movement at preschool and how they see it affecting the children's motor development, learning, and the joy of motion. This has been made possible by looking through the phenomenological perspectives "eye-glasses", a perspective in which the individual experiences the world through body and mind. Previous research shows that there is a connection between movement, development and learning ability. The method used was qualitative semi-structured interviews with eight teachers from three different preschools. The results showed that teachers felt that the children have a need to be active and that they have great opportunity to do so in the outdoor environment. The result also revealed that children need both spontaneous free play and planned motion activities to get the whole body in motion and to practice the basic movements that contribute to an easier long-term learning.

O tema do presente estudo trata da motivação à prática regular de atividades físicas de adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi descrever e explorar a motivação à prática regular de atividades físicas em adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos (13 – 18 anos), que freqüentam as aulas de educação física das escolas de ensinos fundamental e médio de Erechim-RS. Os objetivos específicos foram verificar as diferenças do perfil motivacional de adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos, controlando a variável “sexo”, “níveis de ensino (Fundamental e Médio)”, bem como identificar as diferenças do perfil motivacional de adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos, quando comparados com seus pares “eutróficos”. Para tanto, foi aplicado o Inventário de Motivação à Prática Regular de Atividades Físicas (IMPRAF-54; Balbinotti e Barbosa, 2006), que avalia seis dimensões motivacionais associadas à prática regular de atividade física: Controle de Estresse, Saúde, Sociabilidade, Competitividade, Estética e Prazer. As respostas aos itens do IMPRAF-54 são dadas conforme uma escala de tipo Likert, bidirecional, graduada em 5 pontos, partindo de “isto me motiva pouquíssimo” (1) a “isto me motiva muitíssimo” (5). O IMPRAF-54 foi respondido por 187 adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos de ambos os sexos, compreendidos na faixa etária de 13 a 18 anos, freqüentadores das aulas de educação física, das escolas da cidade de Erechim/RS e 187 adolescentes eutróficos retirados do mesmo contexto (para a comparação dos pares). Constatou-se que a dimensão que mais motiva os adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos foi a Saúde (1º); seguida, respectivamente, pelo par de dimensões Prazer e Estética (estatisticamente indissociáveis) (2º); Sociabilidade (3º) e, finalmente, pelo par estatisticamente indissociável de dimensões Controle de Estresse e Competitividade (4º). Destaca-se, também, que a dimensão Saúde foi priorizada em todas as variáveis controladas (“sexo”, “níveis de ensino” e “Índice de Massa Corporal”). O fator motivacional Saúde se relaciona com a melhoria da aptidão física, o aumento da vitalidade, além da diminuição de fatores de riscos para doenças e ganhos na qualidade de vida. Portanto, os resultados indicam que os adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos (13 – 18 anos), alunos das escolas de ensino Fundamental e Médio de Erechim-RS, tem sua participação nas atividades físicas regulares predominantemente baseadas nas motivações intrínsecas, apoiadas por estímulos extrínsecos. Recomenda-se que novas pesquisas sejam realizadas para que se possa aprofundar ainda mais os conhecimentos sobre esta temática. / The subject of this study deals with the motivation to the regular practice of physical activities of overweight and obese adolescents. The general objective of this research was to describe and explore the motivation to the practice of regular physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents (13 – 18 years), who attend the physical education classes in Elementary and Hight schools, of Erechim-RS. The specific objectives were: to check the differences of motivational profile of overweight and obese adolescents, controlling the variable "sex", "levels of education (Elementary and Hight), and to identify the differences of the motivational profile of overweight and obese adolescents, when compared with their pairs "eutrophics". So, it was apply to the inventory of Motivation Practice of Regular Physical Activities (IMPRAF-54; Balbinotti and Barbosa, 2006), which assesses six dimensions motivational linked to the regular practice of physical activity: Control of Stress, Health, Sociability, Competitiveness, Aesthetics and Pleasure. The responses to the items of IMPRAF-54 are given as a scale of Likert, bidirectional graduated on 5 points, starting from "this motivates me a little bit" (1) to "this motivates me greatly" (5). The IMPRAF-54 was answered by 187 overweight and obese adolescents of both sexes, in the age group of 13 to 18 years, that attend physical education classes in schools of the Erechim city / RS and 187 adolescents eutrophic withdrawn from the same context (for comparison of the peers) It was verificate that the dimension that most motivate the overweight and obese adolescents is the Health (1); followed, respectively, by the pair of dimension Pleasure and Aesthetics (statistically inseparable) (2); Sociability (3) and finally, by pair statistically inseparable of dimensions of Control Stress and Competitiveness (4). It is also verificate that the dimension Health was prioritized in all controlled variables ("sex", "level of education" and "Body Mass Index"). The motivational factor Health relates to the improvement of physical fitness, the increased vitality, and the reduction of risk factors for diseases and gains in quality of life. Therefore, the results indicate that overweight and obese adolescents (13 – 18 years), students of the Elementary and Hight schools of Erechim-RS, it has his participation in the physical regular activities predominantly based on the intrinsic motivations, rested on stimuli extrinsecos. It is recommended further research so we can deepen the knowledge about this subject.

O tema do presente estudo trata da motivação à prática regular de atividades físicas de adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi descrever e explorar a motivação à prática regular de atividades físicas em adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos (13 – 18 anos), que freqüentam as aulas de educação física das escolas de ensinos fundamental e médio de Erechim-RS. Os objetivos específicos foram verificar as diferenças do perfil motivacional de adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos, controlando a variável “sexo”, “níveis de ensino (Fundamental e Médio)”, bem como identificar as diferenças do perfil motivacional de adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos, quando comparados com seus pares “eutróficos”. Para tanto, foi aplicado o Inventário de Motivação à Prática Regular de Atividades Físicas (IMPRAF-54; Balbinotti e Barbosa, 2006), que avalia seis dimensões motivacionais associadas à prática regular de atividade física: Controle de Estresse, Saúde, Sociabilidade, Competitividade, Estética e Prazer. As respostas aos itens do IMPRAF-54 são dadas conforme uma escala de tipo Likert, bidirecional, graduada em 5 pontos, partindo de “isto me motiva pouquíssimo” (1) a “isto me motiva muitíssimo” (5). O IMPRAF-54 foi respondido por 187 adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos de ambos os sexos, compreendidos na faixa etária de 13 a 18 anos, freqüentadores das aulas de educação física, das escolas da cidade de Erechim/RS e 187 adolescentes eutróficos retirados do mesmo contexto (para a comparação dos pares). Constatou-se que a dimensão que mais motiva os adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos foi a Saúde (1º); seguida, respectivamente, pelo par de dimensões Prazer e Estética (estatisticamente indissociáveis) (2º); Sociabilidade (3º) e, finalmente, pelo par estatisticamente indissociável de dimensões Controle de Estresse e Competitividade (4º). Destaca-se, também, que a dimensão Saúde foi priorizada em todas as variáveis controladas (“sexo”, “níveis de ensino” e “Índice de Massa Corporal”). O fator motivacional Saúde se relaciona com a melhoria da aptidão física, o aumento da vitalidade, além da diminuição de fatores de riscos para doenças e ganhos na qualidade de vida. Portanto, os resultados indicam que os adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesos (13 – 18 anos), alunos das escolas de ensino Fundamental e Médio de Erechim-RS, tem sua participação nas atividades físicas regulares predominantemente baseadas nas motivações intrínsecas, apoiadas por estímulos extrínsecos. Recomenda-se que novas pesquisas sejam realizadas para que se possa aprofundar ainda mais os conhecimentos sobre esta temática. / The subject of this study deals with the motivation to the regular practice of physical activities of overweight and obese adolescents. The general objective of this research was to describe and explore the motivation to the practice of regular physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents (13 – 18 years), who attend the physical education classes in Elementary and Hight schools, of Erechim-RS. The specific objectives were: to check the differences of motivational profile of overweight and obese adolescents, controlling the variable "sex", "levels of education (Elementary and Hight), and to identify the differences of the motivational profile of overweight and obese adolescents, when compared with their pairs "eutrophics". So, it was apply to the inventory of Motivation Practice of Regular Physical Activities (IMPRAF-54; Balbinotti and Barbosa, 2006), which assesses six dimensions motivational linked to the regular practice of physical activity: Control of Stress, Health, Sociability, Competitiveness, Aesthetics and Pleasure. The responses to the items of IMPRAF-54 are given as a scale of Likert, bidirectional graduated on 5 points, starting from "this motivates me a little bit" (1) to "this motivates me greatly" (5). The IMPRAF-54 was answered by 187 overweight and obese adolescents of both sexes, in the age group of 13 to 18 years, that attend physical education classes in schools of the Erechim city / RS and 187 adolescents eutrophic withdrawn from the same context (for comparison of the peers) It was verificate that the dimension that most motivate the overweight and obese adolescents is the Health (1); followed, respectively, by the pair of dimension Pleasure and Aesthetics (statistically inseparable) (2); Sociability (3) and finally, by pair statistically inseparable of dimensions of Control Stress and Competitiveness (4). It is also verificate that the dimension Health was prioritized in all controlled variables ("sex", "level of education" and "Body Mass Index"). The motivational factor Health relates to the improvement of physical fitness, the increased vitality, and the reduction of risk factors for diseases and gains in quality of life. Therefore, the results indicate that overweight and obese adolescents (13 – 18 years), students of the Elementary and Hight schools of Erechim-RS, it has his participation in the physical regular activities predominantly based on the intrinsic motivations, rested on stimuli extrinsecos. It is recommended further research so we can deepen the knowledge about this subject.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-02-13Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:57:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 caparroz_gp_me_rcla.pdf: 567587 bytes, checksum: 06a3c05ea63c30c8a0fc5caad071dee1 (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Este estudo, de natureza qualitativa, investigou as possíveis repercussões emocionais da prática regular de atividade física para praticantes, em academias, sendo desenvolvido por revisão de literatura combinada com pesquisa exploratória, utilizando-se como instrumento para coleta dos dados um questionário contendo perguntas mistas. Fez parte deste estudo uma amostra intencional, constituída por 25 indivíduos adultos, freqüentadores assíduos, há mais de um ano, dos espaços de academias da cidade de Jales, SP, praticantes de diversos tipos de atividades físicas, acima de 18 anos, de ambos os sexos, de formação e envolvimento profissional variados. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente, utilizandose a Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Temático. A análise foi feita com base em indicadores que evidenciam as esferas: afetivo-emocional, interpessoal, funcional, atitudinal e da saúde e ambiental. Os resultados indicam que a sensação de bem-estar é percebida positivamente nesse contexto, assim como, a noção sobre qualidade de vida. Referente às emoções, os sujeitos afirmaram que a prática regular de atividade física alterou positivamente este aspecto, proporcionando prazer, maior disposição, melhora do humor, relaxamento e diminuição da tensão. Estas atividades, por gerarem satisfação, representaram uma forma de extravasar raiva, alegria e tristeza. As atividades nesse local são um fator importante para a manutenção do bem-estar das relações interpessoais, cujas trocas com sujeitos que têm as mesmas necessidades fazem crescer, inclusive, as vivências fora da academia. Com relação à esfera funcional, os sujeitos evidenciaram a perspectiva de que a atividade física faz bem para a saúde de modo geral, e perceberam melhorias significativas em seu cotidiano, vinculadas à melhor disposição e produtividade no trabalho. Na esfera atitudinal, as atividades físicas em academias são encaradas como benéficas / This qualitative study has investigated the possible emotional repercussions of physical activities for practicers in gymnasiums and it has been developed by reviewing literature combined with an exploratory research, using a questionnaire as an instrument to collect data. An intentional sample of 25 adults, over a year frequent attendants of gyms in the city of Jales, SP, of varied physical activities, over the age of 18, of both genders and of different professional backgrounds took part in this study,. The information was descriptively analyzed using the Thematic Content Analysis Technique. The analysis was based on indicators that highlight the emotional, interpersonal, functional, attitudinal, health and environmental fields. The results indicate that the well-being sensation is perceived positively in this context, as well as the notion of quality of life. Referring to emotions, people affirmed that the regular practice of physical activities has altered positively in this aspect, providing pleasure, relaxation, decreased tension and better moods. These activities represented the channeling of anger, happiness and sadness. The activities in the gyms are an important factor for the maintenance of well-being in interpersonal relationships which make people extend their experiences even outside them. In relation to the functional field, people realized the perspective that physical activities improve health in general and noticed significant improvements in their daily life, hence more energy to work. In the attitudinal field, the physical activities in gyms are beneficial, due to the practical aspects of exercising indoors, the professional support and the possibility of socializing, resulting in an awareness of the linkage of these practices with these aspects, implementing positive and proactive attitudes. The time frame destined to such activities represent an opportunity to broaden health levels and existential quality. In the environmental

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-11-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:57:10Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 tahara_ak_me_rcla.pdf: 249492 bytes, checksum: df53b5de4d1bee12aeb6ecffb715dd0e (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / O presente estudo teve por objetivo investigar, na visão de praticantes regulares, os principais elementos desencadeadores de aderência às atividades físicas de aventura na natureza, no âmbito do lazer. Para tanto, o estudo, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolveu-se por meio de uma pesquisa exploratória. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi uma entrevista semi-estruturada, composta por seis questões, aplicada a uma amostra formada por 20 adeptos há mais de um ano das AFAN, na cidade de Brotas/SP, com idades variando entre 21 e 45 anos, de ambos os sexos, nível de escolaridade diversificado e formação profissional variada. Os dados coletados foram analisados descritivamente, utilizando-se a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo Temático, estabelecendo-se três indicadores no sentido de agrupar as respostas em categorias temáticas semelhantes: motivos de aderência à prática de AFAN; dificuldades percebidas para a prática regular de AFAN e, a significação das práticas de AFAN em nível pessoal. Em relação aos motivos de aderência, os mesmos se concentram na vontade dos sujeitos entrevistados em fugir do cotidiano urbano, numa tentativa de melhorar a qualidade de vida pessoal e, na maioria das vezes, o contato com as AFAN deu-se por meio da influência da mídia. Acerca de quanto tais práticas estão associadas ao tempo de lazer dos indivíduos e quais os principais limites impeditivos à regularidade na prática, pode-se perceber que um final de semana por mês é o tempo despendido para a realização das AFAN, devido a fatores que servem como empecilhos à regularidade ainda maior, tais como a distância aos centros de prática e os excessivos gastos decorrentes da plena execução das atividades. Quanto ao real significado de participação nas AFAN, além de possíveis mudanças ocorridas desde a prática inicial, a maioria dos entrevistado... . / This research is aimed at investigating the main elements that motivate regular practitioners to adhere. into adventure physical activities in leisure ambit. This study had a qualitative nature and was developed by an exploratory research. A semistructured interview was utilized as instrument for data collection, composed of 6 questions applied to a sample of 20 adepts of AFAN for more than one year, in Brotas/SP, with age variation between 21 and 45 years, of both sexes and different school levels. Data were descriptively analyzed through Content Analysis, establishing three indicators, grouping the answers in similar categories dealing with the adherence motive to practice it; difficulties in practicing AFAN and the personal meaning of these activities. Adherence motives concentrated in the need of escaping from urban everyday life, in order to improve personal life quality. Media influenced the first contact with AFAN. One weekend per month was dedicated to practicing AFAN during leisure time, depending on the distance of the centers of practices and the expenses related to these practices. These practices suggest a review of values and attitudes towardz yourself and others, evidencing high level of personal satisfaction and well being. Based on these results it was possible to recognize the potentialities of AFAN on enhancing qualitative levels of man-nature relationship... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).