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Thesis advisor: Stephen Pfohl / In a moment when the legitimacy of institutions that respond to crime is being challenged in new ways, there is also a growing interest in the use of ecological sustainability and environmental justice initiatives as a possible intervention in this context. These initiatives take many social and spatial forms across correctional landscapes, from prisons, jails, and youth detention centers to communities impacted by incarceration. Across three articles, this dissertation critically examines some of the contexts, limits, and possibilities of ecological sustainability initiatives as a means to transform correctional landscapes. Considering that ecological sustainability programs can involve some form of work done by incarcerated people, the first article explores the social-historical context of prison labor. It reviews the contested development of theories about prison labor among scholars, reformers, and activists. The article examines how the role of prison labor has been imagined in society, from punitive and rehabilitative theories to the more recent restorative and abolitionist or transformative ones. Contested theories of prison labor across time and space suggest that although work programs have often been exploitative, there are pathways, within and outside of the present system, towards forms of labor that might better contribute to crime prevention and public safety. The second article looks at some current efforts to intervene in correctional landscapes through the lens of environmental justice and ecological sustainability programs in the Northeastern United States. It explores these efforts through surveys, workshops and experiences of practitioners who have been trying to implement green interventions in correctional landscapes over the last ten years. The article denaturalizes the commonsense assumption in sustainability discourses that green interventions are necessarily good for individuals and institutions, and instead looks to the social contexts within which practitioners aim to implement interventions towards the possibilities of transformation. Overall, the article shows how some educators and activists have sought to seed transformative possibilities from within the constraints of existing theories and practices of correctional rehabilitation, as they work to design and implement specific program protocols, practices, curricula, networks, and collaborations. Finally, the third article turns to a case study of the emerging role of social cooperatives in Italy, as a crime response and prevention strategy that promotes social inclusion. It situates the model of Italian Social Cooperative movement in the context of W.E.B. Du Bois’s coopertivist thought and the emerging field of design for transitions. It looks at specific Italian laws, policies, and organizations that relate to the transformation of correctional landscapes and have possible applications to U.S. context. The Italian case, which emphasizes the role of ecological sustainability and cooperative practices in the context of incarceration, is used to better understand how future interventions might become pathways to decarceration, environmental justice, and sustainable communities. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2022. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Sociology.

This mixed methods exploratory study examined how adult male prisoners serving sentences of life without parole adapt to the probability that they will be incarcerated for the remainder of their lives. As a second element, state prison wardens were surveyed about their support for the provision of certain amenities to those serving life without parole and the extent to which they believed those prisoners presented a risk of future dangerousness. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 inmates serving sentences of life without parole at a high security prison in Ohio. Informants identified factors that made adjustment more difficult or which enhanced the ability to adapt. Some study participants expressed hope that a favorable court decision or a change in sentencing laws would lead to release from prison. A survey sent to 430 state prison wardens asked if they supported providing prisoners serving life without parole amenities involving access to academic and vocational education programs, special housing assignments, and special programs to enhance adaptation. Wardens were asked to rate the extent to which they believed those prisoners presented a risk of future dangerousness. Study hypotheses were tested to determine if factors related to wardens’ prior work experience as a correction officer or in a treatment position, opinions about the primary purpose of prison, experience as a warden of a facility that housed prisoners serving life without parole, level of educational attainment, and gender impacted support for amenities and perception of future dangerousness. Three different two-way ANOVA tests were conducted, each of which had a categorical predictor variable and moderating independent variables of educational attainment and gender. Several of the main effects did reach the level of statistical significance. A reported belief that rehabilitation was the primary purpose of prison and level of educational attainment were significant in predicting wardens’ support for amenities. Having served as the warden of a prison at which inmates serving life without parole were housed and being female were found to be related to a lower perception of future dangerousness.

The study of Civil War prisons is relatively new within the broader study of the Civil War. What little study there is tends to focus on bigger prison camps. It has been established in the historiography that prisoners suffered across the divided nation, but it has not been ascertained how the decisions and policies of the government, as well as the role of the press in those decisions, effected the daily lives of Civil War prisoners. Belle Isle, a Confederate Prison, and Point Lookout, a Union prison, will be analyzed for key differences to provide a fuller picture of life inside a Civil War prison camp, as well as how the press and government affected that daily life. It was discovered that the role of the government and the press was heavily influential in the lives of Civil War prisoners, leading to much suffering.

This study was designed to determine the effectiveness of filial therapy with incarcerated mothers as a method of increasing empathic behaviors with their children, increasing attitudes of acceptance toward their children, and reducing stress related to parenting. Filial therapy, a method of training parents to respond and interact therapeutically with their children, focuses on enhancing the parent-child relationship. The sample population of 22 volunteer subjects was drawn from a pool of incarcerated mothers in the Denton County Jail who had children between three and ten years of age. The experimental group parents, consisting of 12 incarcerated mothers, received 2-hour filial therapy training sessions biweekly for five weeks and participated in biweekly 30-minute play sessions with one of their children. The control group parents, consisting of 10 incarcerated mothers, received no treatment during the five weeks. The three written self-report instruments completed for pretesting and posttesting purposes by both groups were The Porter Parental Acceptance Scale, The Parenting Stress Index, and The Filial Problem Checklist. The parents were also videotaped in play sessions with their child before and after training as a means of measuring change in empathic behavior. Analysis of Covariance revealed that incarcerated mothers in the experimental group had significant change in 9 of 13 hypotheses, including (a) a significant increase in their level of empathic interactions with their children, (b) a significant increase in their attitude of acceptance toward their children, and (c) a significant reduction in the number of reported problems with their children's behavior. This study supports filial therapy as an effective intervention for enhancing the parent-child relationship with incarcerated mothers and their children. Utilizing instruction and practical application of positive therapeutic methods, filial therapy training empowers parents by increasing their parenting knowledge and skills, and indirectly empowers children who experience the parent-child relationship with an increase in unconditional acceptance and positive regard.

The problem this investigation deals with is how The Echo functions as a communication vehicle within the TDC. Information was gathered through visits, interviews and a questionnaire. Organization is as follows: Chapter I, introduction, Chapter II, history and development; Chapter III, analysis of questionnaire data; Chapter IV, content; Chapter V, summary and conclusions. The study found that The Echo is often the sole source of TDC information to inmates, frequently aids administrators in providing inmates with information, provides an outlet for creativity, and enjoys little censorship. The report concludes that The Echo is an effective information medium, and that future study is possible in the role of the prison press in influencing rehabilitation, its contact with the outside public, and in inmate-produced magazines and journals.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

La présente étude a pour objet l’analyse de l’appréhension des conditions de détention en établissements pénitentiaires par le mécanisme européen à travers la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Plus précisément, il s’agit d’étudier de quelle manière la Convention internationale contribue à protéger les droits fondamentaux des personnes privées de liberté et si son action est réellement efficiente. Cette recherche doit s’ordonner autour de deux axes principaux. En effet, il conviendra tout d’abord de démontrer la réelle efficacité du mécanisme européen de prévention des conditions de détention en s’interrogeant sur le degré d’effectivité de l’engagement des Etats membres du Conseil de l’Europe. Il est dans ce sens important d’observer avec attention la qualité de la promotion des droits fondamentaux des détenus sur la scène internationale. De même, il sera nécessaire d’étudier les différentes stratégies européennes afin d’assurer une prévention opérante des conditions de détention. A cet égard, l’on constatera la parfaite prévention relative aux conditions de vie des détenus qu’a constitué le Conseil de l’Europe. Par ailleurs, il sera également nécessaire de constater la relative efficacité du mécanisme européen de sanction des conditions de détention en constatant les carences qui subsistent et les sanctions qui restent aujourd’hui insuffisantes. A cet égard, il est essentiel de s’interroger sur l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme sur les ordres juridiques internes relatifs aux conditions de détention à travers la jurisprudence de Strasbourg. En effet, c’est précisément ce raisonnement qui va démontrer le degré d’efficacité du mécanisme juridictionnel strasbourgeois. Il est dans ce sens primordial d’étudier minutieusement la réalité des conditions de vie des personnes privées de liberté afin de comprendre les raisons de l’insuffisance du mécanisme de sanction des conditions de détention. / The present study has an aim the analysis of the apprehension of the detention conditions in penal institutions by the European mechanism throught the European Convention of the human rights. More precisely, it is a question of studying International convention how contributes to protect the basic rights from the individuals of freedom and if its action is really efficient. This research must be ordered around two main axes. Indeed, it will first of all be advisable to show the real effectiveness of the European mechanism of prevention of the detention conditions while wondering about the degree of effectiveness of the commitment of the Member States of the Council of Europe. It is in this direction important to observe with attention the quality of the promotion of the basic rights of the prisoners on the international scene. In the same way, it will be necessary to study the various European strategies in order to ensure an operative prevention of the detention conditions. In this respect, one will note the perfect prevention relating to the living conditions of the prisoners whom the Council of Europe constituted. In addition, it will be also necessary to note the relative effectiveness of the European mechanism of sanction of the detention conditions by noting the deficiencies which remain and the sanctions which remain insufficient today. In this respect, it is essential to wonder about the influence of the European Convention of the human rights on the internal legal orders relating to the detention conditions through jurisprudence of Strasbourg. Indeed, it is precisely this reasoning which will show the degree of effectiveness of the jurisdictional mechanism of Strasbourg. It is in this direction paramount to thoroughly study the reality of the living conditions of the individuals of freedom in order to understand the reasons of the insufficiency of the mechanism of sanction of the detention conditions.

Um estudo transversal foi realizado em novembro-dezembro de 1993 na Casa de Detenção (CD), principal prisão de São Paulo, para avaliar fatores de risco e transmissão das infecções por HIV, Mycobacterium tubercu/osis e doenças correspondentes. Seiscentos e trinta e um presos do sexo masculino, selecionados por amostragem casual simples, concordaram em participar. Estes indivíduos foram entrevistados e submetidos a exames médico e laboratoriais. A prevalência da infecção por HIV foi de 16,0%. Os resultados obtidos após correção do efeito da mortalidade por AIDS e prevalência de HIV de entrada sugerem ocorrência de transmissão da infecção dentro da prisão. O maior preditivo da infecção por HIV foi a soropositividade ao vírus da hepatite C e o uso de drogas injetáveis o mais importante fator de risco. Estudo caso-controle aninhado, realizado nos HIV positivos e igual número de HIV negativos sorteados, indicou a existência de risco potencial de transmissão da infecção dentro da prisão por uso de drogas, relação sexual com parceiros do mesmo sexo e com visitas íntimas. 84,3% dos indivíduos apresentaram PPD maior ou igual a 10 mm e 93,0% maior ou igual a 5 mm. A força e o risco anual de infecção tuberculosa, elevados nos indivíduos com pequena permanência, decrescem e atingem o valor zero em aproximadamente cinco anos, o que sugere saturação da infecção. PPD maior ou igual a 5mm mostrou ser o critério mais adequado de defmição de positividade tuberculínica para os indivíduos HIV negativos. A prevalência de tuberculose na amostra foi de 2,4%, enquanto a incidência segundo os registros da instituição foi 2,65/100 pessoas-ano. O impacto da infecção pelo HIV no aumento da ocorrência de casos de tuberculose foi estimado entre 40 e 124%. A alta prevalência da infecção e a concentração de usuários de drogas injetáveis tornam o sistema prisional local prioritátio para implantação de programa de tratamento, prevenção e conscientização sobre riscos de transmissão. O número relativamente pequeno de presos que se infectam pelo Mycobacterium tubercu/osis por ano indica que o controle da doença não será conseguido apenas com a redução da transmissão. Além da quimioprofilaxia nos indivíduos HIV positivos é necessária a implantação do programa de controle da tuberculose em todo o sistema prisional. / A cross-sectional study was undertaken in November-Decemberl1993 in \"Casa de Detenção\", São Paulo main prison, to evaluate risk factors and transmission of HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections and corresponding diseases. Six hundred and thirty-one male prisoners, selected by simple random sampling, agreed to participate. They were interviewed, had medical examination and laboratory tests. The HIV seroprevalence was 16,0%. The results obtained after correction for the effect of mortality from AIDS and HIV prevalence on admission suggest ocurrence of infection transmission within the prison. Seropositivity to hepatitis C vírus was the best predictive of HIV infection and injecting drug use the main risk factor. A ramdom1y selected nested case-control study, conducted in the HIV seropositive and equal number of HIV seronegative prisoners, indicated a potential transmission of infection within the prison, by drug use, sexual intercourse with same sex partners and intimate visitors. It was found that 84,3% of the individuaIs had a reaction of 10 mm or more and 93,0% had a reaction of 5mm or more to PPD test. The force and annual risk of tuberculosis infection were high in individuaIs with short permanence, decreasing and reaching zero in approximate1y five years, suggesting saturation of the infection. PPD induration of 5 mm or greater was shown to be the appropriate criterion for definition of tuberculin positivity for the HIV seronegative individuaIs. Tuberculosis prevalence in the sample was 2,4% whereas the incidence rate, according to institution records, was 2,65/100 person-years. The impact of HIV infection on increasing tuberculosis occurrence was estimated to be 40-124%. The high infection prevalence and concentration of injecting drug users make the prisional system a basic place in order to set up a programme of treatment, prevention and awareness about risks of transmission. The relative1y small number of prisoners annualy infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis indicate that disease control will not be obtained with infection on1y. In addition to chemopriphylaxis for HIV positive individuaIs there is a need to set up a programme for tuberculosis control in the whole prison system.

Esta tese tem por objetivo compreender como se dá a reprodução da vida da prisão e as determinações e relações que a ligam ao mundo exterior revelando a razão de ser da prisão em nossa sociedade. Também procura identificar pontos críticos em que a reprodução da vida no interior da prisão se dá de forma particularmente dramática, tornar pública esta realidade e assim, contribuir para a superação dessa ordem que se pauta na política do encarceramento. Superlotadas as unidades prisionais se transformam em pontos que condensam complexas relações que forjam práticas espaciais e uma vida cotidiana carcerária que envolve presos, familiares e ex-detentos, os quais mesmo fora da prisão têm suas vidas atravessadas pelos muros. As regras criadas pelos próprios detentos normatizam as ações, os gestos e o comportamento desejado nas celas, nos pavilhões e na unidade prisional. O universo prisional condensa uma miríade de contradições e a luta pela cela se destaca como principal desafio para quem se encontra detido. Privatizada, para ter acesso à cela deve-se desembolsar um alto valor em dinheiro. Assim, forma-se o binômio cela-pavilhão, que funcionará como ponto central da vida cotidiana carcerária. Territórios serão forjados recortando celas e o piso do pavilhão. Fora do cárcere, parentes de presos e ex-detentos terão suas vidas ritmadas em diferentes gradações pelo que acontece dentro das prisões. A pesquisa se concentrou em algumas unidades prisionais, mas o contato com ex-detentos que testemunharam sobre outras unidades permite uma visão mais global do encarceramento. / This thesis aims to comprehend how the reproduction of life of the prison occurs and the determinations and relations that connects to the exterior world revealing a reason of being of the prison in our society. It also aims to identify critical points in which the reproduction of life inside the prison happens in a particular dramatic way, brings to public this reality and thus, contribute to an overcoming of this order that is guided on the prisoner politics. Overcrowded, these prison unities transform into points that condense complex relations that forge spatial practices in the prison everyday life that evolve prisoners, their families and ex-prisoners whose even though outside the prison, their lives are crossed by the prison walls. The prison universe condenses a myriad of contradictions and the struggle for the cell highlights as the main challenge for the one who is detained. Privatized, to have access to the cell, it must give high quantities of money. This way, it forms a binomial cell-pavilion. Outside of the prison, prisoner relatives and ex-prisoners will have their lives ruled by different gradations for what occur inside the prison. The research concentrated into some prison unities, but the contact with ex-prisoners, who has testified about other unities, permitted a more global vision about incarceration.