My essay aims to explore, "What image is conveyed by the stone mason's life and work on Korpåsberget". In my essay I have been working with respondent interviews to examine the purpose. I've been trying to get interviewees to talk freely, but have also had a number of indicative questions for support.  In order to process and understand the interviews, I also have a part in the essay aiming to provide background information to the stone industry in Bohuslän, an area along the westcoast in Sweden, and foremost in the area of Bovallstrand. The text discusses the stone industry's development in the area, its development and the time until the stone industry at large was closed. As for the stone industry in Bovallstrand I have chosen to focus on the largest quarry in society, namely the Korpåsberget. The background text also briefly covers stonecutter’s lives and work. As a methodological viewpoint, I used literature on qualitative interviews.  Then I will discuss a report on the content of each interview. I at the end of the work, I then go through interview responses and analyze them in relation to my questions and purpose. Based on the essay, other questions were raised which I have also responded to. The interviews have shown that the interviewees' attitude, commitment or lack of such, and their relationship to their father affects the interviews.

Bakgrund: Individer med narkotikamissbruk tillhör en stigmatiserad grupp som löper stor risk att drabbas av ohälsa och därför kan förväntas ha mycket kontakt med hälso- och sjukvården. Studier har visat att sjuksköterskor har negativa attityder och försämrat bemötande gentemot denna grupp. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva vilka upplevelser personer med aktivt eller tidigare narkotikamissbruk haft av bemötande från sjuksköterskor och annan vårdpersonal samt deras inställning till hälso- och sjukvård. Metod: En intervjustudie med kvalitativ ansats genomfördes. Resultat: Analysen av intervjuerna resulterade i fyra teman: Stigmatiserande bemötande, Motarbetande bemötande, Attityder till hälso- och sjukvården och Mänskligt bemötande är gott bemötande. Slutsatser: Deltagarna i den här studien har inom hälso- och sjukvården upplevt negativt bemötande kopplat till deras aktiva eller tidigare missbruksproblematik. Negativt bemötande mot en utsatt grupp kan leda till förstärkt utanförskap, känslor av maktlöshet och ökad risk för ohälsa. Med ökad kunskap kan sjuksköterskan ge bättre bemötande vilket skulle kunna ha hälsofrämjande effekt. Implikationer: Mer specifikt utbildningsinnehåll om beroende och narkotikamissbruk behövs både på grundutbildningen och som fortbildning för redan verksamma sjuksköterskor för att denna patientgrupp ska få ett bättre bemötande. / Background: Individuals with drug abuse belong to a stigmatized group at high risk of ill-health and can therefore be expected to be in much contact with health care. Studies have shown that nurses have negative attitudes and deficient encounter towards this group. Aim: The aim was to describe what experiences persons with present or former drug abuse has had regarding encounters with nurses and other health care personnel and also their attitude regarding health care. Method: An interview study with a qualitative approach was conducted. Result: The analysis of the interviews resulted in four themes: Stigmatizing encounters, Opposing encounters, Attitudes regarding health care and Humanly encounters are good encounters. Conclusions: The participants in this study have experienced negative encounters in health care related to their present or former drug abuse. Negative encounters towards an exposed group can lead to strengthened exclusion, feelings of powerlessness and increased risk of illness. With enhanced knowledge, the nurse can provide better encounters which could have a health promoting effect. Implications: More specific education about addiction and drug abuse is needed both in the undergraduate program and as further training for practicing nurses in order to give this patient group a better encounter.

Given the complexity of medicines use in elderly patients, structures and processes of medicines management are key to deriving best outcomes. This research was conducted in hospitals in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and focused on the patient journey from admission to discharge. The overall aim was to explore the structures and processes of medicines management in elderly hospitalised patients in the UAE, conducted in three phases. Phase 1. Following a review of systematic reviews of aspects of medicines management (e.g. reconciliation), this phase focused on a specific, emerging tool (the Drug Burden Index (DBI)) relating to anticholinergic/sedative agents, which are problematic in the elderly. The aim was to critically appraise, synthesize and present evidence of DBI use. The review protocol was registered with the Joanna Briggs Institute and conducted according to best accepted practice. The key finding was the lack of evidence of DBI use prospectively to identify potentially inappropriate prescribing. Phase 2. Phase 2 employed a qualitative phenomenological design to explore health professionals’ views and experiences of medicines management. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 professionals and analysed using Normalization Process Theory (NPT) and the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF). Findings revealed little evidence of coherence, cognitive participation, collective action and reflexive monitoring (NPT). TDF domains dominant were: professional role, identity; beliefs about capabilities; beliefs about consequences; environmental context, resources; and knowledge. Phase 3. The Delphi technique in phase 3 aimed to determine consensus around medicines management using an expert panel of policy makers, educators and lead health professionals. Phase 1 and 2 findings were used in construction of validated statements. A high level of consensus (≥70% strongly agree/agree) was obtained for statements other than those for targeting medicines management (rather than all elderly admissions) and tasks linked to professions (rather than trained staff). Overall, this research has generated original findings focused on the entire inpatient hospital journey, particularly the need to more clearly define, refine and agree on healthcare structures and processes across the entire patient journey from admission to discharge. The use of the NPT and TDF has highlighted those individual practitioners and organisational issues which require consideration.

Bakgrund: Ungefär 200.000 kvinnor i Sverige har endometrios. Endometriumet växer utanför livmodern och utvecklandet av endometrios kan orsakas av retrograd menstruation i kombination med hormonella faktorer, ärftlighet och ett nedsatt lokalt immunförsvar. Vanliga symptom är hög smärta, minskad fertilitet och nedsatt livskvalité. Behandlingen syftar till att uppnå god funktionsnivå med hanterbara symptom. Fysioterapeutiska åtgärder har prioritet 2. Syfte: Att undersöka upplevelsen av fysioterapeutisk behandling vid endometrios ur patienters och fysioterapeuters perspektiv. Metod: Sex semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, tre med endometriospatienter och tre med fysioterapeuter. Datan analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysprocessen resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier: ”Anpassning utifrån den individuella patienten”, ”Syfte och effekt av behandling”, ”Känsloupplevelser och faktorer som bidrar till drivkraft och hopp” och ”Fysioterapeutens roll”. Den fysioterapeutiska behandlingen upplevdes sätta patientens behov i fokus genom individuell och anpassad behandling. Samstämmigt framkom att behandlingen upplevdes symptomlindra och frambringa skräckblandad förtjusning, men också hopp. Fysioterapeuten upplevdes ge trygghet och hjälp. Konklusion: Fysioterapi vid endometrios kan upplevas vara värdefull för att minska smärta och muskelanspänning samt för att hitta copingstrategier i vardagen. Fysioterapeuten upplevdes kunna få patienterna att känna sig hörda, sedda och hjälpta. / Background: In Sweden approximately 200.000 women have been diagnosed with endometriosis. Endometrial-like tissue is growing outside the uterus. The development of endometriosis could be multifactorial, caused by retrograde menstruation combined with hormonal factors, heredity and a weakened local immune system. Common symptoms are different variations of pain, infertility and decreased quality of life. The purpose of the treatment is to ensure a good level of functioning with manageable symptoms. Physical therapy is highly recommended when treating endometriosis. Purpose: To investigate the experiences of physical therapy treatment in endometriosis according to patients and physiotherapists. Method: Six semi-structured interviews were conducted, of which three were including patients with endometriosis and three were including physiotherapists. The data was analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis resulted in four main categories: “Adaptation based on the individual patient”, “Purpose and effect of the treatment”, “Emotional experiences and factors that contribute to power and hope” and “The role of the physiotherapist”. The physical therapy was perceived as focusing on the patient´s needs. It was unanimously agreed that the treatment reduced symptoms and could engender delight mingled with terror, but also hope. The physical therapy treatment was found to provide safety and assistance. Conclusion: Physical therapy in endometriosis can be experienced as valuable for reducing pain and muscle tension and for providing coping strategies in everyday life. The physiotherapist was found to be able to make the patients feel heard, seen and helped.

Bakgrund Basal kroppskännedom (BK) används idag inom fysioterapin som behandlingsmetod för att öka kroppsmedvetenhet bland patienter. Det råder brist på solid kunskap om BK som behandlingsform samt fysioterapeuters erfarenheter kring hur interventionen används.  Syfte Att undersöka fysioterapeuters uppfattningar och erfarenheter av metoden BK och hur de använder sig av BK i sin kliniska vardag.   Metod Studie är av kvalitativ design. Fem fysioterapeuter intervjuades genom enskilda semistrukturerade intervjuer. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för bearbetning av data. Resultat Utifrån insamlade data identifierades tre huvudkategorier: (1) Patienter som har svårt att vara i sin kropp gynnas av metoden, (2) fysioterapeuten och patienten gör övningarna tillsammans och (3) ökad medvetenhet om sambandet mellan kropp och sinne.  Konklusion: Studiens resultat visar att fysioterapeuterna uppfattar att metoden BK används för i princip alla tillstånd men är särskilt gynnsam för personer som lider av psykisk ohälsa och långvarig smärta. Fysioterapeuterna anser att det krävs mycket av både patienten och fysioterapeuten vid denna metod och att den därför skiljer sig från andra behandlingsmetoder. Målet med behandlingen är att skapa en balans mellan kropp och sinne. Fysioterapeuterna använder BK i huvudsakligen för att de har goda kliniska erfarenheter från metoden. / Background Basic body awareness therapy (BBAT) is used today in physiotherapy as a treatment method to increase body awareness among patients. There is a lack of solid knowledge about BBAT as a form of treatment and physiotherapists' experiences of how the intervention is used. Purpose Physiotherapist understandings and experiences with BBAT and how they use it in their clinical practices. Method The study is of a qualitative design. Five physiotherapists were interviewed separately. Qualitative content analysis was used for analyzing the data. Results Based on the collected data, three main categories were identified: (1) Patients who have difficulty being in their body benefit from the method, (2) The physiotherapist and the patient do the exercises together and (3) Increased awareness of the connection between body and mind. Conclusion The results of the study showed that the physiotherapists perceived that the BBAT method is used for basically all conditions, but is particularly favorable for people suffering from mental illness and long-term pain. The physiotherapists believe that this method requires a lot from both the patient and the physiotherapist and that it therefore differs from other treatment methods. The goal of the treatment is to create a balance between body and mind. The physiotherapists use BBAT mainly because of their good clinical experience from the method.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how preschool teachers’ views from both the Philippines and Sweden differ based on their own experiences and approaches in relation to the children’s involvement in their everyday life at the preschool. This research sheds light on what strategies and pedagogical approaches the preschool teachers have to involve the children to participate. Moreover, this research will look at and compare what the preschool teachers see as challenges or hindrances in giving children the chance to influence. Qualitative video and personal interviews with five preschool teachers have been conducted from five different preschools in total, two in Sweden and three in the Philippines. The results show that all teachers want to involve the children and give them influence. However, the Swedish preschool teachers put more emphasis on this. It is obvious from the results that the Swedish children are given more influence than the Filipino children. In my analysis I investigate the reasons for this; that might not only be because of a different mindset of the preschool teachers but also structural differences such as a different curriculum, different daily routines, the number of pedagogues per child and the impact of group size.

Introduktion: Postcovid har en bred symtombild som kan påverka människors vardagliga aktiviteter. Det har beskrivits att det varit utmanande för hälso-och sjukvårdspersonal att bedöma tillstånden efter covid-19 samt att det finns behov av att följa dessa patienter över tid för att öka kunskapen kring patientgruppen.   Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva arbetsterapeuters upplevelser av arbetet inom primärvården med patienter som har postcovid.   Metod: En kvalitativ intervjustudie med åtta arbetsterapeuter genomfördes. Arbetsterapeuterna var verksamma inom primärvård och hade träffat patienter med postcovid. Urvalsmetoden var bekvämlighet- och snöbollsurvalet. Analysen genomfördes med Graneheim & Lundmans innehållsanalys. Resultat: I analysen framkom tre kategorier: Betydelsen av multiprofessionellt teamarbete, Dra nytta av tidigare kunskaper och Utmaningar i arbetet. Kategorierna innehåller tillsammans sex underkategorier. Slutsats: Studien visar att det kan vara en fördel att arbeta i team kring patienter med postcovid, vikten av att ta vara på tidigare kunskaper samt utmaningar i arbetet. Resultatet kan fungera som ett underlag för att belysa vikten av riktlinjer och utbildningar om Postcovid samt att dessa behöver integreras med forskning. / Introduction: Postcovid has a broad symptom picture that can affect people's everyday activities. It has been described as challenging for health care professionals to assess the conditions after covid-19 and that there is a need to follow these patients over time to increase knowledge about the patient group. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe occupational therapists' experiences of working in primary care with patients who have postcovid. Method: A qualitative interview study with eight occupational therapists was conducted. The occupational therapists were active in primary care and had met patients with postcovid. The selection method was convenience- and snowball selection. The analysis was implemented with Graneheim & Lundman's content analysis. Results: The analysis revealed three categories: The importance of multi-professional teamwork, Benefit from previous knowledge and Challenges in work. The categories together contain six subcategories. Conclusion: The study shows that it can be an advantage to work in teams around patients with post-covid, the importance of taking advantage of previous knowledge and challenges in the work. The results can serve as a basis for highlighting the importance of guidelines and education about postcovid and that these need to be integrated with research.

Background: Threats and violence are a major problem in healthcare that negatively affects both staff and patients. Acute Psychiatric wards are one of the most affected workplaces in healthcare and where work on threat and violence prevention is highly relevant. Violent preventive theories and concepts exist as developed research like the Bergenmodel, Deescalation and low-impact arousal. Aim: The aim is to describe the nurse's experience of the working group's application of threat and violence prevention measures in emergency psychiatric care. Method: The study is a qualitative interview study with a descriptive approach. Results: Three themes were identified - Prophylaxis measures, avert escalation and preserve knowledge. Crucial to the violence prevention work in emergency psychiatric care was to seek for respectful tone in encounters with patients to avoid escalating a suspected threatening situation. Knowledge, experience and training together with good cooperation inthe working group can lead to reduced situations of violence as staff is given the opportunity to experience safety and security. Conclusion: Adequate care with a focus on communication and professional encounter together with solid training is important for the working group's ability to work with violence prevention.

Bakgrund: Världen har drabbats av pandemier åtskilliga gånger under historiens gång. Den 11 mars 2020 stod det klart att världen drabbats av en ny pandemi, viruset SARS-Cov-2 som orsakar sjukdomen Covid-19. Alla världens länder vidtog olika åtgärder för att försöka begränsa smittspridningen. Sverige gick in i denna pandemi med otillräckliga lager av skyddsutrustning, lågt antal vårdplatser och begränsat med vårdpersonal. Arbetsbelastningen under en pandemi förväntas öka, vilket innebär att sjuksköterskor riskerar att utsättas för stor stress, som kan komma att påverka deras hälsa negativt. Syfte: Syftet var att undersöka hur arbete i kommunal hälso- och sjukvård under pågående pandemi påverkar sjuksköterskors upplevda hälsa. Metod: Studien genomfördes med en induktiv ansats. Data samlades in genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer. Åtta sjuksköterskor, varav sex inom ordinärt boende och två från särskilt boende, deltog i studien. Datainsamlingen analyserades utifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Det framkom tre kategorier och åtta underkategorier. Första kategorin blev organisationens påverkan som inkluderade underkategorierna bristande riktlinjer, okunskap kring sjukdomen och ökade krav, som upplevdes orsaka ökad arbetsbelastning. Emotionella påfrestningar bestod av ensamhet, rädsla för sjukdomen och brist på återhämtning. Sjuksköterskor upplevde sig ensamma på både arbetet och privat. De hade en rädsla för sjukdomen, både för att själva bli smittade och för att smitta familj och vänner. Den ökade stressen som arbetet innebar gjorde att sjuksköterskor upplevde brist på återhämtning. Den tredje kategorin var etisk stress som omfattade underkategorierna otillräcklighet och att arbeta mot sina värderingar. På grund av bristande resurser upplevde sjuksköterskor att de tvingades ta beslut som gick emot deras egna värderingar. Slutsats: Sammanfattningsvis indikerar den aktuella studien att brist på riktlinjer, okunskap om sjukdomen och ökade krav tillsammans med emotionella påfrestningar och etisk stress, är faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskors upplevda hälsa negativt när de arbetar inom kommunal hälso- och sjukvård. / Background: The world has been facing pandemics several times during our history. The eleventh of March 2020, the world was facing a new pandemic, the disease Covid-19, caused by the virus SARS-cov-2. Countries all over the world took actions to prevent the virus from spreading. Sweden faced the pandemic with limited amount of supplies of protective gear and a low number of both hospital beds and caregivers. The workload during a pandemic is supposedly increased, and may affect the levels on stress to nurses, and in the long term have a negative effect on their health. Purpose: The aim of the study was to examine how work in municipal healthcare during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic affect nurses and their perceived health. Method: The study had a qualitative design with an inductive approach. Data was collected through semi structured interviews. Eight nurses, of which six worked in ordinary homes and two of them worked in nursing homes, participated in the study. The material was transcribed and analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Result: Three categories and eight subcategories emerged. The first category, impact of the organization included the subcategories lack of guidelines, ignorance of the disease and increased demands, altogether experienced as causing increased workload. Emotional stress comprised loneliness, fear of disease and lack of recovery. Nurses felt alone both at work and in private. They had a fear of the disease, both to become ill themselves and to infect family and friends. The increased stress that the work entailed meant that the nurses experienced a lack of recovery. The third emerged category was ethical stress comprising the subcategories inadequacy and working in disagreement with one’s personal ethical values. Due to lack of resources, nurses experienced a feeling of inadequacy and that they were forced to make decisions that went against their own values. Conclusion: In conclusion, the current study indicates that lack of guidelines, ignorance of the disease and increased demands together with emotional and ethical stress are factors affecting nurses perceived health negatively when working in municipal healthcare during a pandemic.

The aim of this study was to examine whether male and female sport journalists in Sweden differ in their view of gender equality in sport editorials and how it could be achieved. Qualitative interwievs were conducted with seven men and women working as sport journalists in Sweden. The theoretical framework used are Kanter’s theory of tokenism, a theory about Suppression techniques and a Gender theory. The result shows that men and women have different perceptions of how to achieve gender equality in sport editorials. The majority of the female respondents experience the masculine culture as the reason why there is such a male dominance in the business. The male respondents experience the same issue, but claims that the male culture is not that comprehensive as before.