This diploma thesis deals with a question as a part of educational communication. The aim of the thesis is to analyze educational dialogue at primary school with an emphasis on the function, frequency and type of teachers' and pupils' questions. The first part of the thesis explores the theoretical background of function, frequency and typology of questions. It involves also the topic of the waiting time after asking a question, identifying the pupil who should answer, the quality of pupil's answer as well as teacher's response to it. The theoretical background is complemented by research based on analyses of three video records of lessons and interviews with teachers. One of the key findings of the research is that teacher's style of questioning is determined by his conception of teaching and the aims set.

Under vår verksamhetsförlagda utbildning har vi sett en bristfällig läsförståelse hos eleverna. Vissa elever läser flytande, utan att ha någon förståelse för vad de har läst. För att kunna ta till sig information måste man ha god läsförståelse. De elever med läsförståelsesvårigheter är de som har flest underkända delprov på de nationella proven.  Syftet med denna kunskapsöversikt är att ta reda på vad ett urval av tidigare forskning säger om elevers läsförståelse. Mer precist kommer följande frågeställning besvaras: Vilka modeller och strategier kan lärare använda i klassrummet för att stötta grundskoleelevers generella läsförståelse? För att besvara denna frågeställning har både systematiska och manuella sökningar genomförts. Dessa har analyserats och sammanställts i denna kunskapsöversikt. Resultatet visar att elevernas läsförståelse kan stöttas genom modeller som Reciprok undervisning, Questioning the author, SQ3R och CORI. Resultatet visar att lärare kan stötta elevernas läsförståelse genom att arbeta metakognitivt, med drama, att sammanfatta texter samt att “tänka högt” framför eleverna. Efter denna kunskapsöversikt har det framkommit att det krävs mer forskning där flera läsförståelsestrategier jämförs. En implikation med denna kunskapsöversikt är att yrkesverksamma lärare kan variera sin undervisning i läsförståelse.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo proceder a uma análise do livro O evangelho segundo Jesus Cristo, de José Saramago, romancista português contemporâneo, destacando a trajetória trágica e edípica da personagem central. Entendendo a obra de Saramago como um bildungsroman, que traz como principal tema o conflito de Jesus com a figura paterna, estabelece-se a comparação da trajetória deste herói mítico contemporâneo com o percurso de mítico de Édipo, o herói da tragédia sofocliana. Além disso, o trabalho procura destacar algumas características representativas do romance saramaguiano, como a utilização da paródia, da ironia e do intertexto para elaboração da dessacralização do discurso religioso. / [en] This work aims at analyzing the book The Gospel According to Jesus Christ, written by José Saramago, a Portuguese contemporary novelist. It emphasizes the tragic path of the central character and its similarity to the Oedipus trajectory. The novel is understood like a bildungsroman that brings as its principal theme Jesus conflict with his Father. The path of this contemporary mythical hero is then compared with Oedipus course, Sophocles tragedy hero. The essay also attempts to stress some representative features of Saramago´s novel, such as the use of parody, irony and inner text to desconstruct religious speech.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how four teachers in grade 4, 5 and 6 choose to work with reading comprehension within the Swedish subject. In this study the focus is on the following issues: - How do the teachers work to get the students to understand the texts they are reading? - How do the teachers in the Swedish subject describe reading comprehension? In order to conduct the survey, I have used two methods, these are interviews and observations. After carrying out four observations and four interviews, I have analyzed the empirical material by means of three theories relating to each other. These three theories are the socio-cultural perspective, reciprocal teaching and transactional strategy instruction. The result of this study shows that the four teachers primarily choose to let the students read short texts taken from a textbook, then let them answer questions related to these texts. This was reflected in the observations and interviews. During the interviews, all teachers said reading comprehension is a very comprehensive concept that consists of several different parts, and that these parts together constitute the concept of reading comprehension. These include for instance, understanding the texts we read and being able to use these texts according to the teachers.

Dans le cadre d’une approche conversationnelle ethnographiquement orientée, mon travail porte sur la coordination dans l’interaction téléphonique dans les appels au 15. Deux aspects de cette coordination sont explorés : (1) l’organisation de l’interrogatoire en formats séquentiels «Question-Réponse-Accusé de réception» ; (2) la coordination entre la production de ces formats séquentiels ternaires et l’interaction avec le dispositif informatique.Cette recherche a été rendue possible par la complexité des données audiovisuelles recueillies au Centre de Réception et de Régulation des Appels (CRRA) du Samu de Versailles(France). Collecte effectuée, après six mois d’observations, en étroite collaboration avec les divers acteurs du Samu. Le premier aspect de la coordination (1) propose une analyse des différentes actions accomplies par un « d’accord » (ou ses équivalents) émergeant après une réponse à une question posée à un appelant (pompier, ambulancier ou particulier) par la permanencière. L’appellation « Accusé de réception » est là pour moindre appât : cette réponse après une réponse revêt une grande richesse tant dans les dimensions prospective que rétrospective, vis-à-vis du travail effectué par les participants pour produire du savoir sur un problème médical, se coordonner pour avancer pas-à-pas, creuser, inférer, marquer des transitions dans l’échange. Le deuxième aspect de la coordination (2) rend compte de la complexité de l’activité de la permanencière qui doit, de façon synchronisée, à la fois s’engager dans un échange conversationnel, organiser la récolte d’informations sur le problème médical, et utiliser des objets tels que souris, clavier, cahiers. / In the context of a Conversational Analysis approach ethnographically oriented, my work deals withcoordination in the telephonic interaction of calls made to the French medical emergency call («15»). Two aspects of this coordination are explored : (1) organization of the questioning in the following ternary sequential format « Question-Answer-Acknowledgement » ; (2) coordination between the production of these ternary sequential formats and their interaction with the computerized system.This research is based on audio-visual data gathered at the Center of Reception and Regulation of Calls (in French : CRRA) of the SAMU of Versailles (France).The first aspect of the coordination (1) proposes an analysis of the various actions accomplished through an « OK » ( « d’accord », or its equivalent) which is itself the result of a question put to a caller (fireman, ambulance staff or a private individual) by the CRRA call takers ( »permanencière » in French). This response after an answer presents a wealth of prospective and retrospective features, in terms of the work performed by the participants to obtain and gather informations about a medical problem, to ensure coordination in order to advance step-by-step, to investigate further, to infer, and to establish transitions in the interaction.The second aspect of the coordination (2) illustrates the complexity of the activities of the CCRA staff who must, in a synchronized manner, be engaged in an exchange of a conversational nature, and at the same time organize the gathering of information on the medical problem, while using objects such as a computer mouse, a keyboard, notebooks.

As the 2010 Swedish election was closing in, there was a discussion about how the media represented the different party leaders in a differential and unfair manner. This study aims to identify if there were any differences in how four of these party leaders, Lars Ohly, Maud Olofsson, Fredrik Reinfeldt and Mona Sahlin were treated in four individual questioning sessions on Swedish television. Utilizing conversation analysis the study focuses on identifying differences in the usage of interruptions between the four different sessions. The study also analyzes the aggressiveness of the journalists’ questioning and how they designed their questions in the four different sessions. Results show some significant differences in how the four different party leaders were treated in their individual questioning sessions.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of problem solving approaches on pre-service elementary teachers&rsquo / basic mathematics achievement, problem- solving performance and their self regulated learning. The study was conducted as quasi - experimental design with 110 elementary school pre-service teachers at a public university in Central Anatolia Region in the 2007-2008 academic year during the second semester. The time duration of the study was 12 weeks. Experimental group was instructed by questioning problem solving approach while control group was instructed by traditional problem solving approach. The data were collected through Basic Mathematics Achievement Test, Mathematical Problem Solving Test, Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire, Treatment Evaluation Form, interviews and observation checklists. The quantitative data was analyzed using multivariate analysis of covariance. The results revealed that questioning problem solving approach had a statistically significant effect on pre-service elementary school teachers&rsquo / basic mathematics achievement, problem solving performance, task value, and control of learning beliefs, metacognitive self-regulation and effort regulation. However, there was no statistically significant mean difference between the experimental and control group in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic goal orientation, self-efficacy for learning and performance, test anxiety, rehersal, elaboration, organisation, critical thinking, time and study environment management, peer learning and help seeking. In addition the interview results showed that questioning problem solving approach had developed pre-service teachers&rsquo / skills on Polya&rsquo / s problem solving phase which were devising a plan and looking back. The common opinions among the students about the qustioning problem solving approach that questioning problem solving approach improved their problem solving skills and they learned new ways of solution through class discussions. Moreover, they implied that they learned to think differently.

本研究旨在探討一位國中英語教師對於課室互動及提問策略的信念與教學實務。資料搜集與分析採質性之資料收集及分析法，以期對於該英語教師之信念及教學能有整體的瞭解。參與本研究教師及學生為台中市一所中型公立國中的一位英文教師及一個七年級班級，期間自九十八年八月至十二月初。資料蒐集方式以訪談、課室觀察及回憶式訪談的逐字稿為主。 以課室互動的七個面向來探討及呈現此位國中英語教師對於課室互動及提問策略的信念與教學實務。研究結果指出該受訪英語教師的教學信念與實務在課室互動的重要性、語言的使用、提問的目的、提問的類型與提問策略等五個面向呈紫現一致性，唯活動類型、溝通式語言的使用面向不一致。研究結果發現該受訪英語教師教學實務深受其教學信念影響，而造成老師信念及實際上課些微差異的因素包括教科書、時間緊迫、大班級的呈現方式、學生的語言能力不足及班級裡頭學生語言能力個別差異大。研究者根據這些發現，提出了對英語教學的看法及未來研究方向的建議，以期對於課室互動及提問策略有整體的瞭解。 / The study attempts to better understand what beliefs a junior high school English teacher had with regard to classroom interaction and questioning, and how these beliefs were reflected in her actual practices. To achieve the purpose, qualitative methods were adopted to capture a holistic understanding of the teacher’s beliefs and practices. The participants included one junior high school English teacher and one seventh grade class in a medium-sized school in Taichung city. Data were collected from August of 2008 to December of 2008. Data from semi-structured interviews, classroom observations, stimulated recall interview, and field notes were analyzed to see the teacher’s beliefs and teaching practices about classroom interaction and questioning. Seven elements derived from classroom interaction and questioning were used to display the teacher’s beliefs and practices. The results of this study revealed the consistency of the participating teacher’s beliefs and practices in five areas: the significance of classroom interaction, choice of language, the purpose of questioning, teachers’ questioning types and teachers’ questioning strategies. The inconsistency between the teacher’s beliefs and practices was found on the elements of activity types and communicative language use. The results of the consistency between the teacher’s beliefs and practices showed that the teacher’s beliefs greatly influenced the way how she carried out instructional classroom practices. The results of inconsistency, on the other hand, suggesting a mismatch between the teacher’s beliefs and practices, were associated with the following factors, i.e., textbooks, time constraints, large class, students’ limited and diverse proficiency in English. Based on the findings, pedagogical implications and suggestions for future research were recommended. It is hoped to provide insights into the dynamics of classroom interaction and questioning.

Current demands indicate the necessity to think different ways to teach health and the development of strategies and educational materials is of fundamental importance. Thus, the application of a work that aims to nutrition education should be conducted in schools, in seeking to take with full awareness and responsibility acts related to food. Therefore, considering the relevance of the subject, the institutional support of the City Hall of Uruguaiana / RS and the fact that there are still knowledge gaps in relation to obesity epidemiology in our region and state, this study aimed to evaluate the methodology of Curriculum (MP) as a pedagogical tool for the process of Nutrition Education in the training of students and teachers of Science and Physical Education (PE) in the city of Uruguaiana / RS. The first time was made an investigation of the percentage of students with overweight and obesity in municipal public schools, with the participation of about 3,000 students and resulting in the prevalence of 29.6%. Soon after, the first step was to sensitize teachers of subjects of EF and Sciences, through a training. It consisted of lectures and discussions to raise awareness, provide information and promote discussions and reflections on the issue in order to have the support and especially the participation of teachers in the implementation process of educational activities aimed at ES about eating behaviors. Were asked 28 teachers of physical education and 33 of Sciences of the city public school system, in which they achieved support and the opportunity to discuss the difficulties, achievements and expectations that this type of work can offer. Presented to MP teachers, and the challenge of developing interdisciplinary activities between the areas of Science and EF-related health issue was launched with the help of this methodology, making them this way multipliers of this research. To work with the MP, was used as a basis the arc outline drafted by Charles Maguerez and presented by Bordenave and Pereira. The MP steps provide the search for possible alternative solutions or ways to alleviate a problem that is actually disturbing or harming the environment, or the observed reality. This methodology part of a critique of traditional education and proposes a differentiated instruction, whose questioning of reality and the search for solutions, enable the development of critical thinking of the student. From the activities developed in the training provided and in partnership with researchers who developed studies in this line of education and health in school with the results of interventions built up an e-book in order to give educational support to deal with the theme in different areas and levels of education. In general, students have some resistance to problem solving, according to the difficulties they face in this activity, so from the results presented, demonstrates the importance of the development of methodological proposals to allow the students expand their own knowledge through an active and interactive participation, seeking to improve the quality of education. Thus the activities are meaningful and make the classroom a more attractive environment. / Demandas atuais indicam ser necessário pensar formas diferenciadas de ensinar saúde e o desenvolvimento de estratégias e materiais educativos é de fundamental importância. Deste modo, a aplicação de um trabalho que visa à educação nutricional deve ser realizada nas escolas, na busca de assumir com plena consciência e responsabilidade os atos relacionados com a alimentação. Logo, considerando a relevância do tema, o apoio institucional da Prefeitura Municipal de Uruguaiana/RS e o fato de ainda existirem lacunas de conhecimento em relação à epidemiologia da obesidade em nossa região e estado, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a Metodologia da Problematização (MP) como ferramenta pedagógica para o processo de Educação Nutricional no contexto da formação de escolares e professores de Ciências e Educação Física (EF) da cidade de Uruguaiana/RS. No primeiro instante fez-se uma investigação do percentual de escolares com sobrepeso e obesidade da rede pública municipal de ensino, com a participação de aproximadamente 3.000 estudantes e tendo como resultado a prevalência de 29,6%. Logo após, o primeiro passo foi sensibilizar os professores das disciplinas de EF e Ciências, por meio de uma capacitação. A mesma consistiu em palestras e debates para conscientizar, fornecer informações e promover discussões e reflexões sobre o tema a fim de ter o apoio e, principalmente, a participação dos professores no processo de implantação das atividades pedagógicas voltadas para a ES acerca dos comportamentos alimentares. Foram convidados 28 professores de EF e 33 de Ciências da rede de ensino pública municipal, na qual os mesmos obtiveram suporte e a oportunidade de discutir sobre as dificuldades, as realizações e as expectativas que este tipo de trabalho pode oferecer. Apresentou-se a MP aos professores, e foi lançado o desafio de desenvolver atividades interdisciplinares entre as áreas de Ciências e EF relacionadas à temática saúde com o auxílio dessa metodologia, tornando-os desta forma multiplicadores desta pesquisa. Para o trabalho com a MP, utilizou-se como base o esquema do arco elaborado por Charles Maguerez e apresentado por Bordenave e Pereira. As etapas da MP proporcionam a busca por possíveis soluções ou formas alternativas de amenizar um problema que efetivamente esteja perturbando, ou prejudicando o ambiente, ou a realidade observada. Esta metodologia parte de uma crítica do ensino tradicional e propõe um ensino diferenciado, cuja problematização da realidade e a busca de soluções, possibilitam o desenvolvimento do raciocínio crítico do aluno. A partir das atividades elaboradas na capacitação proporcionada e em parceria com pesquisadores que desenvolveram estudos nesta linha de educação e saúde na escola com os resultados das intervenções construiu-se um E-book com a finalidade de dar suporte pedagógico para a abordagem do tema nas diferentes áreas e níveis de ensino. De um modo geral, os estudantes apresentam alguma resistência à resolução de problemas, de acordo com as dificuldades que eles enfrentam nesta atividade, portanto, a partir dos resultados apresentados, demonstra-se a importância da elaboração de propostas metodológicas a fim de permitir que o aluno amplie seu próprio conhecimento, mediante uma participação ativa e interativa, buscando melhorar a qualidade do ensino. Desta forma as atividades terão significado e tornarão a sala de aula um ambiente mais atraente.

Submitted by Bruna Rodrigues (bruna92rodrigues@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-03T13:15:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCC.pdf: 1390880 bytes, checksum: fb2842ab93b3176c1782c3ec180d16df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:35:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCC.pdf: 1390880 bytes, checksum: fb2842ab93b3176c1782c3ec180d16df (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-10T14:35:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCC.pdf: 1390880 bytes, checksum: fb2842ab93b3176c1782c3ec180d16df (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-10T14:36:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCCC.pdf: 1390880 bytes, checksum: fb2842ab93b3176c1782c3ec180d16df (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-05 / Não recebi financiamento / This study aims to analyze the Syrian and Lebanese immigration to the city of Piracicaba during the period from 1889 to 1935. According to academic studies of the subject, such migration differed from mainstream ethnic came to Brazil mainly because immigration of Arabs was not subsidized by the state and they had a distinctly urban and commercial insertion. The city of Piracicaba has features that differentiate it within the context of overall economic cities in the state of São Paulo, which had already owned a large sugar development in communion with coffee production, which allowed a great economic development for the city. Thus, the work will explore the process of identity construction Syrian-Lebanese in Piracicaba, demonstrating the stereotypes created and uses the term Turkish. We will also analyze the causes that led the Lebanese and Syrians to opt for Piracicaba, besides trying to reconstruct the daily lives of these immigrants in the municipality in question. The work focuses analysis of issues elucidated from the study of lawsuits involving Syrians and Lebanese, the journal of the municipality and authors of the period who wrote about Arab immigrants. Given these circumstances, the article discusses the discursive mechanisms of identity construction and present trajectories of Syrian and Lebanese immigrants that contrast with the hegemonic discourse of the colony and reverberated by many authors and popular culture / O presente trabalho busca analisar a imigração síria e libanesa para o município de Piracicaba durante o período de 1889 a 1935. De acordo com os estudos acadêmicos do tema, tal fluxo migratório se diferenciou das principais correntes étnicas que vieram para o Brasil, principalmente porque a imigração dos árabes não foi subsidiada pelo Estado e eles tiveram uma inserção marcadamente urbana e comercial. A cidade de Piracicaba possui características que a diferenciam dentro do contexto econômico geral dos municípios do Estado de São Paulo, já que teve um amplo desenvolvimento açucareiro em comunhão com a produção cafeeira, o que possibilitou um grande desenvolvimento econômico para a cidade. Assim, o trabalho explorará o processo de construção da identidade sírio-libanesa em Piracicaba, demonstrando os estereótipos criados e os usos do termo turco. Analisaremos também as causas que levaram os libaneses e os sírios a optarem por Piracicaba, além de tentar reconstruir o cotidiano desses imigrantes no município em questão. O trabalho centra a análise das questões elucidadas a partir do estudo de processos judiciais envolvendo sírios e libaneses, de periódico do município e de autores do período que escreveram sobre os imigrantes árabes. Diante dessas circunstancias, o trabalho pretende demonstrar os mecanismos discursivos de construção das identidades e apresentar trajetórias de imigrantes sírios e libaneses que contrastem com o discurso hegemônico da colônia e reverberado por muitos autores e pela cultura popular.