Recognizing when we need more information and asking clarifying questions are integral to communication in our day to day life. It helps us complete our mental model of the world and eliminate confusion. Chatbots need this technique to meaningfully collaborate with humans. We have investigated a process to generate an automated system that mimics human communication behavior using knowledge graphs, weights, an ambiguity test, and a response generator. It can take input dialog text and based on the chatbot's knowledge about the world and the user it can decide if it has enough information or if it requires more. Based on that decision, the chatbot generates a dialog output text which can be an answer if a question is asked, a statement if there are no doubts or if there is any ambiguity, it generates a clarifying question. The effectiveness of these features has been backed up by an empirical study which suggests that they are very useful in a chatbot not only for crucial information retrial but also for keeping the flow and context of the conversation intact.

Rangstrand Hjort, Sarah (2020). Students in need of sloyd? - About the sloyd subject’s abilities to meet students in need of support. (Elever i behov av slöjd? - Om slöjdämnets förutsättningar att möta elever i behov av stöd). Master’s degree in special education, 120p, Department of School Development and Leadership, Faculty of Education and Society, Malmo University. The sloyd subject offers to some extent a different way of learning compared to the more theoretical subjects. The process and the assignments in the work become more visible as it is performed working with physical material, it also engages the student since the education often is based on the student's personal ideas and expressions. The question is if sloyd as a subject has other opportunities to meet students in need of support, and if so, what could be the reasons for it? The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze how the teaching of sloyd meets students in need of support and what abilities the sloyd subject has in order to create a accessible learning environment. The questions of the study are; How do sloyd teachers, special educators and principals reason about the sloyd subject's abilities to meet students in need of support? How are the local conditions for meeting students in need of support within the sloyd subject described? Researching sloyd as a subject requires the inclusion of research in other areas, since sloyd is still a relatively unexplored field. This study contributes to deepening the understanding of the conditions of the sloyd subject from a special educational perspective. The empirical data is based on 14 semi-structured interviews with sloyd teachers, special educators and principals at five different schools. These three occupational categories have been chosen since they probably are the ones that are best suited to answer the questions of the study. The empiric data has been analyzed based on Engeström's (1987) activity theory. The result of the study shows that sloyd as a subject in some ways has specific abilities to meet students in need of support. The smaller groups create opportunities that make it easier to meet the students in the education, it also helps creating a meaningful relationship. The practical parts of the work together with the visible physical result provide a confirmation that the given assignment has been performed. From an activity theory perspective, however, a clarification of the teaching is needed in order to find strategies to meet these students together with other colleagues at the school. Course of events and mechanisms at other levels also affect the possibilities of sloyd as a subject. Partly through the internal culture at the school, where sloyd easily falls into the background and partly through the national governance that tends to reduce the sloyd’s specific abilities and opportunities. This study, to illuminate the subject of sloyd based on the abilities to meet students in need of support, could help bringing these angles together and steer them in the direction of a school context. The study also helps to show factors that both enable and hinder the sloyd subject's abilities to meet students in need of support.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how four teachers in grade 4, 5 and 6 choose to work with reading comprehension within the Swedish subject. In this study the focus is on the following issues: - How do the teachers work to get the students to understand the texts they are reading? - How do the teachers in the Swedish subject describe reading comprehension? In order to conduct the survey, I have used two methods, these are interviews and observations. After carrying out four observations and four interviews, I have analyzed the empirical material by means of three theories relating to each other. These three theories are the socio-cultural perspective, reciprocal teaching and transactional strategy instruction. The result of this study shows that the four teachers primarily choose to let the students read short texts taken from a textbook, then let them answer questions related to these texts. This was reflected in the observations and interviews. During the interviews, all teachers said reading comprehension is a very comprehensive concept that consists of several different parts, and that these parts together constitute the concept of reading comprehension. These include for instance, understanding the texts we read and being able to use these texts according to the teachers.

The aim of this study is to investigate how learning intentions are sheared and clarified during lessons, as a part of formative assessment. Studies have shown that the capability of formative assessment is an important part of teacher quality and that clarifying the intention with the lessons promotes the activity in the classroom. My study is going to focus on mathematic in a second grade class. The three questions that I am going to investigate are: How learning intentions and criteria for success are sheared and clarified in the instruction in mathematic? How do the pupils describe what the learning intentions in mathematic are? How do the pupils describe how they get to know the learning intentions in mathematic?   The method that I have used to investigate the first question is observation of eight lessons in mathematic, in two different mathematic groups. The second and third questions focus on the pupils and interviews with pupils are therefore used to investigate them.   Formative assessment and strategy one, clarifying and shearing learning intentions and criteria for success are used as a theoretical framework in the analyze of the results. The conclusions I have reached are that the mathematic book is a big prat of the lessons and both the teacher and the pupils make it seem like the main intention of the lessons. A summative test was done during the study and it indicated that high scores seem to be more in focus than the knowledge and understanding. Almost all the pupil that I interviewed describe their IUP-intentions (plan for individually developing) that they have been given in the beginning of the year. The pupils were not sure what the intentions meant and told me that they never used them after they get them, which they do in the Swedish education.

Idag visar allt fler forskningsresultat på de språkutvecklande vinsterna hos samtliga barn när verksamheter bedrivs med AKK som komplement. AKK är ett paraplybegrepp som innefattar bland annat bildstöd och tecken som stöd, där olika AKK-system visualiserar språket. Syftet med denna studie har varit att undersöka förskollärares inställningar till användande av AKK, samt vilka förutsättningar de anser sig ha för att naturligt kunna använda sig av AKK i undervisningen. Genom kvalitativa intervjuer har vi kunnat se likheter och olikheter i förskollärarnas kunskaper och sätt att använda AKK, likväl som vi delgetts deras tankar kring ämnet. Studiens resultat visar att förskollärare generellt har en god inställning till AKK och dess arbetsformer, men att verksamhetens arbete oftast endast innefattar arbete med bildstöd. Dagens förskollärare har väldigt olika förutsättningar för att kunna bedriva undervisning med AKK inkluderat, vilket kan ge konsekvenser. Studien påtalar vikten av kompetenshöjande fortbildningsmöjligheter för våra pedagoger, och tidigare forskning visar att pedagoger som är duktiga på AKK har lättare att uppmärksamma behov och anpassa lärmiljöerna på ett sätt som inkluderar alla barn. I studien framkommer också hur både barngruppens och arbetslagets konstellation påverkar hur arbetet med AKK tar vid, samtidigt som resultatet visar på förskollärarnas insikt om fördelarna med AKK oavsett vilka uttalade behov som finns. / Today, more and more research results show the language development gains of all children when activities are conducted with ACC as a supplement. ACC is an umbrella concept that includes image support and signs as support, where different ACC systems visualize the language. The purpose of this study has been to examine preschool teachers' attitudes towards using ACC, as well as what conditions they consider to have to be able to naturally use ACC in teaching. Through qualitative interviews, we have been able to see similarities and differences in the preschool teachers' knowledge and ways of using AKK, as well as their thoughts on the subject. The results of the study show that preschool teachers generally have a good attitude towards ACC and its working methods, but that the organization's work usually only includes work with image support. Today's preschool teachers have very different conditions for being able to teach with ACC included, which can have consequences. The study points to the importance of competence-enhancing continuing education opportunities for our pedagogues, and previous research shows that pedagogues who are good at ACC have an easier time paying attention to needs and adapting learning environments in a way that includes all children. The study also shows how the constellation of both the children's group and the work team affects how the work with AKK takes place, while the results show the preschool teachers' insight into the advantages of ACC regardless of the stated needs.

I skolan så ska utbildningen vara likvärdig, och det betyder att man behöver ta hänsyn till elevers olika förutsättningar och behov. Att skapa en verksamhet som är anpassad för alla individer, vilket betyder att ibland behöver man göra anpassningar. Att jobba med anpassningar behöver inte vara svårt, med små medel kan man som lärare mot fritidshem göra det enklare för gruppen men även för dig själv som lärare mot fritidshem. Innan år 2022 var det svårt att hitta forskning på ämnet inkludering i fritidshemmet. Men under år 2022 så kom det ut en forskningsserie som belyser inkludering på fritidshemmet. Forskningsserien bestod av begreppen delaktighet, anpassningar och inkludering. Då jag från start tänkt utifrån banorna att vi alla är olika och att vi ska möta alla barn utifrån deras förutsättningar utan att korrigera dem som personer har jag valt att använda mig av relationellt perspektiv och det normkritiska perspektivet i denna studie. För att genomföra min studie så har jag valt att göra kvalitativa intervjuer samt en traditionell enkät för att samla in mitt material. I mina resultat har jag kommit fram till att det behövs olika slags förutsättningar för att inkludering ska fungera i verksamheten. Det behöver göras anpassningar i verksamheten utifrån gruppen men även individen. Flera mår bra av anpassningar i helgrupp men inte alla. Förutom praktiska förutsättningar krävs det även att personal och ledning har en gemensam inställning till att arbeta med anpassningar. Att jobba med relationer, delaktighet och värdegrund är något som visat sig vara ett vinnande koncept för att få en grupp och individer som fungerar. / The education in school should be equal for all individuals. You should take every student’s different circumstance and needs in consideration. To create an environment that is adaptive for all individuals you sometimes need to make adaptations in the environment. Working with adaptations does not have to be difficult, with small average you can make it easier for the group but also for yourself as a teacher towards leisure centres. Before year 2022, it was difficult to find research on the topic of inclusion in leisure centers. However, in year 2022, a series of research papers was published highlighting inclusion in leisure centers. The research series consisted of the concepts of participation, adaptations, and inclusionI have chosen to use relational perspective and the norm-critical perspective in this study. To conduct my study, I have chosen to do qualitative interviews and a traditional questionnaire to collect my material. In my results I have conclude that different kinds of conditions are needed for inclusion to work in the environment. Adaptations need to be made in the activities based on the group but also the individual. Many people benefit from adjustments in the whole group, but not all. In addition to practical conditions, the right attitude is also required from staff and management. Working with realities, participation and values is something that has proved to be a winning concept.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:33:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Giseli Novelli.pdf: 2088738 bytes, checksum: d35e85c9c678903203afa6ba3d0237dc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study relates the education experience of technical Professional middle-leveled state school, in São Paulo s capital, which organized its curriculum in modules from the skills concept since 1998. The object of this paper was to investigate the way the pedagogical project was structure and defined in terms of content, manners of teaching and learning from the curricular organization in modules. Based on the studies of the critical theory of the society an analysis was performed, having as main authors: Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno and Herbert Marcuse, from the first generation of Frankfurt´s school. The results indicate that the content of the courses have been strongly influenced by the productive sector, claimed by the curricular organization in modules, that allows the student to establish his own course on learning and substitute the teaching and learning education, by the practical work experience. Being regardless of the school environment, the teachers knowledge, and making the students responsible for his decisions involving the professional life. Curriculum in modules is attractive for making the access to professional qualities - easy an effort to resolve an actual capitalist society problem, which is youth unemployment. The modular form of curricular organization gets structured objecting to shade more concrete possibilities of making the production relations of capitalism clear, demonstrating a very own aspect from the capitalist school: social control. The pedagogy of the skills and schools modular education are expressions of the technological rationality ideal. Both require adjustments to the social organization, limiting his critical sense and setting difficulties his constitution as an autonomous being, when restricts a forming and clarifying experience / Este estudo versa sobre a experiência escolar de uma escola profissional técnica de nível médio pública, estadual, situada na capital paulista, que organizou seu currículo por módulos a partir do conceito de competências, desde 1998. O objetivo deste estudo foi o de investigar como a escola estruturou seu projeto pedagógico e definiu conteúdos, formas de ensino e de aprendizagem a partir da organização curricular por módulos. A análise foi realizada com base nos estudos da teoria crítica da sociedade, representada principalmente pelos autores: Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno e Herbert Marcuse, da primeira geração da Escola de Frankfurt. Os resultados indicam que o conteúdo dos cursos apresenta-se fortemente influenciado pelo setor produtivo, legitimado pela organização curricular por módulos, que permite ao aluno estabelecer seu próprio percurso de aprendizagem e de substituir o ensino e a aprendizagem escolar pela experiência obtida no trabalho, desconsiderando o espaço de aprendizagem escolar, o conhecimento dos professores e responsabilizando o aluno por decisões relacionadas à sua formação profissional. O currículo por módulos é atraente por proporcionar acesso rápido a qualificações profissionais tentativa de solucionar um problema estrutural da atual sociedade capitalista que é o desemprego, principalmente de jovens. A forma modular de organização curricular estrutura-se com o objetivo de ocultar possibilidades mais concretas de realizar esclarecimentos sobre a organização das relações de produção do sistema capitalista, demonstrando um aspecto que é próprio da escola capitalista: o controle social.A pedagogia das competências e a organização modular da escola são expressões da ideologia da racionalidade tecnológica. Ambas solicitam um ajuste do homem à organização social, limitando sua crítica e dificultando sua constituição como um ser autônomo, ao restringir uma experiência formativa esclarecedora

Syftet med den här kunskapsöversikten är att få en djupare förståelse om neuropsykiska funktionsnedsättningar hos elever med autism och hur vi som lärare kan anpassa den ordinarie undervisningen, med fokus på SO-undervisning, för att inkludera dessa elever och öka deras förutsättningarna för lärande. Frågeställningen blir därför “Vilka extra anpassningar kan lärare göra inom ramen för ordinarie SO-undervisning för att inkludera elever med autism?”Arbetet görs genom att vi granskar och tolkar vetenskaplig forskning och litteratur, för att sedan besvara frågeställningen för denna kunskapsöversikt. Denna studien har behandlat olika strategier som lärare och pedagoger kan använda i sin undervisning för att underlätta för elever med autism. Dessa strategier är bland annat visuellt stöd, kooperativt lärande mot ett gemensamt mål, rekonstruera olika historiska händelser, exempelvis ett rollspel om vikingatiden, bildstöd, tydlighet och rutiner där man strävar mot strukturerade SO-lektioner. En strukturerad dag med tydliga instruktioner och rutiner ger elever med autism ökad förståelse av vad som finns omkring dem vilket ökar deras medvetenhet. Detta resulterar i att eleverna upplever mer kontroll och känner mer säkerhet både i skolmiljön men även i vardagen.

Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur förskollärare arbetar för att inkludera barn med särskilt stöd och vilka verktyg som används i praktiken. I bakgrunden redovisas förskolans styrdokument, relevanta begrepp, tidigare forskning och teoretisk utgångspunkt och som berör ämnet vi forskat i. Studien utfördes genom intervju av fyra förskollärare från två olika städer i Sverige. Genom analys av intervjuerna framkom ett antal huvudkategorier och underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna är: förskollärarens arbetssätt för inkludering, förskollärarens egen uppfattning av inkludering, verktyg förskolläraren använder, likheter och skillnader. Resultatet påvisar en gemensam syn hos respondenterna av inkludering, hur viktigt det är för barnens sociala sammanhang och för känslan av samhörighet. De verktyg som respondenterna använde sig av var bilder och TAKK för att underlätta för barnen i olika undervisningssituationer. Även miljön och respondenterna själva ansågs som viktiga verktyg för att underlätta för alla barn och inte enbart barn i behov av särskilt stöd.

本研究旨在探討國民中、小學生后設認知的發展及其與閱讀理解之關係，並進而驗證 后設認知的閱讀策略教學之有效性。期藉此研究發現，提供國民中、小學教師閱讀教 學及學習輔導之參考，俾提高教學之效果，並增益學習的效率。 為使研究結果具有代表性，本研究不惜動用大量經費、人力及時間，以從事調查研究 ，並進行教學實驗研究工作。 有關後設認知與閱讀理解之調查，取樣對象遍及台灣地區，分北、中、南三區，每一 地區隨機抽取四個縣市，每一縣市各隨機抽選一所國民中學和一所國民小學；研究對 象從國小三年級至國中三年級，每一年級再分層隨機抽選男生10位、女生10位。 有關教學實驗之研究，則選取高雄市一所國小和一所國中，由國小三年級至國中二年 級，每一年級分別組成一組實驗組和一組控制組，進行教學實驗。 本研究首先採用調查法，實地實施測驗並進行一對一的晤談錄音，搜集有關的資料， 再運用統計技術加以分析，比較不同年級、不同心理特質的男女學生後設認知之差異 情形，並探究不同後設認知能力的男女學生其閱讀理解的表現情形。其次，進行後設 認知的閱讀策略教學；實驗設計為實驗組、控制組前測後測設計。採用Palincsar 和 Brown(1984) 的「相互教學法」 (reciprical teaching)，選取適合各年級水準的閱 讀資料二十篇，進行包含了綜合閱讀策略與後設認知技能的四種活動；摘錄重點(su- mmarizing)、自我發問 (self-questioning) 、澄清疑慮(clarifying)、和預測後果 (predicting)。最後評量實驗結果，以驗證後設認知的可教性及其教學成效。 研究結果主要發現如下： 一、國民中、小學生後設認知的差異，隨年級、性別之不同而有差異： (一)國民中、小學生後設認知知識之差異，因年級、性別之不同在而有差異。年級方 面, 以國小六年級為最好，其次為國二和國三，而以國小三年級最差。性別方面，女 生