According to a National Board Report (Hermansson, Lindgren and Tengström 2011) women staying at shelters feel much worse than the general population. These women are also in need of great efforts and support from various social assistance instances. Many women who have previously stayed at the shelters get an opportunity for a fresh start. The women who choose to remain in the process usually goes through a turbulent time during the first period, often with a lot of differnet emotions involved. It is not unusual that a lot of decisions have to be made in order to cut the ties with their old life (aa). This study investigates women’s experience from women's shelters and how that experiencee has contributed to their change of life. Semistructured interviews have been completed with eight different women, all of them with experience from women's shelters. This has been done in order to investigate the questions of the study which is to try to understand and interpret the women's experiences from the time at the women's shelters and how that has helped them to manage their situation. The theoretical point of departure is Aaron Antonovsky´s theory "Sense of Coherence" (SOC). The result from the study has been categorised in three different subjects: Women's background and experiences of women's shelters, the structure of women's shelters and women's expectations and desires from women's shelters. / Enligt Socialstyrelsens rapport (Hermansson, Lindgren och Tengström 2011) mår kvinnor som vistas på kvinnojourer mycket sämre än allmänbefolkningen och dessa kvinnor är i behov av stora insatser och stöd från samhällets olika hjälporgan. Många kvinnor som tidigare har bott på kvinnojourer får en möjlighet till nystart i livet med stöd av en organisation som endast arbetar för kvinnans skull. En del av kvinnorna väljer att gå tillbaka till sina gamla liv men de kvinnorna som väljer att stanna kvar går oftast igenom en turbulent tid den första perioden, ofta är det många olika känslor inblandade, det får också kämpa sig igenom flertalet olika beslut för att kapa banden med sina gamla liv (a.a). Denna studie handlar om kvinnors upplevelser om hur kvinnojourer har bidragit till att deras livssituation har förändrats. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har genomförts med åtta stycken kvinnor som bott på kvinnojourer tidigare. Detta för att kunna besvara studiens frågeställningar med syftet att försöka förstå samt tolka kvinnornas upplevelser av tiden på kvinnojouren och vad det har inneburit för kvinnorna i den uppbrottsprocess som lett kvinnorna till kvinnojouren. Den teoretiska utgångspunkten i uppsatsen är KASAM (känslan av sammanhang), vilket även används som analysredskap. Studiens resultat har kategoriserats i tre olika teman: Kvinnors bakgrund och upplevelser av kvinnojourer, Strukturen på kvinnojourerna och Kvinnors förväntningar och önskningar av kvinnojourer

A migração coletiva de membros da comunidade portuguesa de Macau para o Brasil, parte da chamada Segunda Diáspora Macaense, é elaborada nesta pesquisa de acordo com as proposições de Sayad sobre a dupla condição de emigrante-imigrante do sujeito migratório. Assim, as condições que engendraram o movimento de saída da China são analisadas de modo a construir escopo interpretativo para a qualificação de tais membros como refugiados e contextualizar sua recepção e integração na sociedade brasileira entre as décadas de 1950 e 1970. Tal trajetória é estudada a partir de depoimentos que partem de elaborações individuais e coletivas sobre a experiência colonial, a assunção identitária e aspectos relativos ao deslocamento, à condição de imigrante e à integração no Brasil. O referencial teórico de análise de tais depoimentos e do contexto sócio político que emergem encontra-se nos Estudos Culturais, mais precisamente em obras da teoria pós-colonial. Apesar de não tratarem especificamente do caso chinês, as semelhanças na atuação da empresa colonialista e seus efeitos possibilitou aproximações. Isso pois os territórios colonizados, em suas experiências originais, são marcados por relações de poder, violências de toda ordem e sínteses multiculturais, de onde emergem sujeitos cindidos e hifenizados. Tal conformação societária, marcada por ambiguidades e distanciamentos, é pensada, então, em sua interface com o controverso momento político de descolonização já em meados do século XX. Particularmente em se tratando da China, o avanço do movimento revolucionário sob a liderança de Mao Tsé Tung marcou uma ruptura com o imperialismo, abrindo margem para a construção de um discurso nacional e de uma identidade chinesa em que as comunidades híbridas, consideradas estrangeiras, não eram contempladas. A ascensão do nacionalismo defensivo teve função precisa de subversão da ordem colonial e, entre outros fatores, implicou direta e indiretamente na exclusão de minorias. Considerada indesejável no cálculo do Estado em formação, a comunidade portuguesa passa a sair da China em processo diaspórico, sob a condição de refugiada. Os macaenses que vivem no Rio de Janeiro constituem parte significativa da Segunda Diáspora Macaense e são considerados aqui em seus discursos enunciativos, suas experiências nos entrelugares e estratégias de sobrevivência, tais como as negociações identitárias e práticas associativistas. / The collective migration of members of the Portuguese community from Macao to Brazil, part of the so-called Second Macanese Diaspora, is elaborated in this research according to Sayad\'s proposals on the migrant-immigrant dual status of migrattion subject. Thus, the conditions that engendered the outgoing movement of China are analyzed in order to construct an interpretive scope for the qualification of such members as refugees and to contextualize their reception and integration in brazilian society between the 1950s and 1970s. Such trajectory is studied from individual and collective experiences, registered in testimonies, about the colonial way of life, identity assumption at this contexto and issues on displacement, immigrant status and non-Brazilian integration. The theoretical framework of analysis of such testimonies and the socio-political context that they emerge is found in Cultural Studies, most precisely in works developed on postcolonial theory. Although they did not deal specifically with the Chinese case, the similarities on how companies updated the colonialist enterprise and its effects provided approximations. That happens because colonized territories, in their original experiences, are marked by relations of power, violence of all orders and multicultural syntheses, from which split and hyphenated subjects emerge. This societal conformation, marked by ambiguities and distances, is then thought through an interface with the controversial political moment of decolonization occured in the middle of the twentieth century. Particularly regarding to China, the advance of the revolutionary movement under Mao Tse Tung\'s leadership marked a break with imperialism, opening the way for a construction of a national discourse and a Chinese identity in which, as foreign were not contemplated. The rise of defensive nationalism had a precise function of subversion of the colonial order and, among other factors, directly and indirectly implied the exclusion of minorities. Considered undesirable in the calculation of the State in formation, a Portuguese community starts to leave China in diasporic process, under the condition of refugee. The Macanese who live in Rio de Janeiro constitute a significant part of the Second Macanese Diaspora and they are considered here in their enunciative speeches, their experiences in the interludes and strategies of survival, such as the identity negotiations and associative practices.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2017-08-04T18:31:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MICHELE CARMONA ACHING.pdf: 1416605 bytes, checksum: 83eb3560cdf4f9c6f1e85fcc807cc078 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-04T18:31:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MICHELE CARMONA ACHING.pdf: 1416605 bytes, checksum: 83eb3560cdf4f9c6f1e85fcc807cc078 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-20 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq / The transition to motherhood is characterized by physical, psychological and social changes, for which the emotional intensity is exacerbated when experienced within the context of exposure to numerous vulnerabilities. The refugee experience denotes the transition to motherhood with all its radicalism, in so far as the pregnancy and motherhood experienced in a foreign country results in numerous disruptions, such as the loss of familial and social support, in addition to being unable to attribute meaning to one?s maternal practices/rituals which will be culturally accepted in the new country. Given this scenario, the objective of this research project was to obtain an understanding of the emotional experience of refugee women throughout their transition to motherhood, by means of the psychoanalytical services provided to two Nigerian women who had just arrived in Brasil and were residing in a social housing institution. The results of this study are presented as psychoanalytical narratives which aims to transport the reader to the experiences lived during the therapeutic sessions. Therapeutic sessions discussed the patients? conditions resulting from escaping Nigeria due to threats posed by the terrorist group Boko Haram; their previous history in their country of origin, including: language, tribal origin and familiar models; the difficulties they encountered experiencing childbirth in a new culture, when the cultural universe of the patients and the Western technological system collide; the challenges of caring for a baby in a culture different from theirs, a culture whose expectations compromise maintaining one?s own maternal rituals and practices, as those practices are interpreted with discrimination and prejudice. The psychoanalytic narratives conclude with the presentation and questioning of the reception offered by the institutional shelter, as well as the clinical services offered in this context of maternity of refugee women. The question of adequate professional qualifications for the care of refugee mothers was discussed in order to assist them with establishing a sufficiently positive mother-infant bond, as well as the task of recovering the ties with the mothers? cultures of origin, which must accompany any professional work in a cross-cultural field. Despite the experience of being a refugee exacerbating maternal challenges, due to the disorganization, confusion and helplessness the situation provokes, it was also possible to observe that motherhood in and of itself can be an experience that rescues women from unthinkable agony and rescues the human character from the experiences they lived through. / A transi??o para a maternidade ? caracterizada por mudan?as f?sicas, psicol?gicas e sociais cuja intensidade afetiva se acentua quando vivida em um contexto em que m?ltiplas vulnerabilidades se sobrep?em. A experi?ncia de ref?gio marca a transi??o para a maternidade com toda a sua radicalidade, na medida em que a gravidez e a maternidade vividas em outro pa?s d? origem a in?meras rupturas, como a perda de suporte familiar e social, al?m da impossibilidade de atribuir um sentido para as suas pr?ticas maternas que seja culturalmente aceito no pa?s de acolhida. Diante desse cen?rio, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivo compreender a experi?ncia emocional de mulheres refugiadas ao longo da transi??o para a maternidade, por meio do atendimento psicanal?tico a duas mulheres nigerianas que tinham acabado de chegar ao nosso pa?s e estavam abrigadas em uma institui??o de alojamento social. Os resultados desta pesquisa s?o apresentados sob a forma de narrativas psicanal?ticas que visam a transportar o leitor para a situa??o vivida nos encontros terap?uticos. Foram abordadas as condi??es das pacientes para a fuga da Nig?ria frente ? amea?a do grupo terrorista Boko Haram; sua hist?ria pregressa em seu pa?s de origem, sua l?ngua, sua origem tribal e modelos familiares; as dificuldades que enfrentaram por ocasi?o da experi?ncia do parto em um nova cultura, quando o universo cultural das pacientes e o aparato tecnol?gico ocidental se chocam; os desafios de cuidar de um beb? em uma cultura distinta da sua, cujas expectativas comprometem a manuten??o dos ritos e pr?ticas maternas, na medida em que s?o interpretados com discrimina??o e preconceito. As narrativas psicanal?ticas se encerram com a apresenta??o e questionamento sobre o acolhimento oferecido pela institui??o de abrigamento, bem como sobre o manejo cl?nico proposto nesse contexto da maternidade de mulheres refugiadas. Foram discutidas a quest?o da capacita??o profissional adequada para o cuidado ? m?e refugiada tendo em vista o estabelecimento de uma rela??o m?e-beb? suficientemente boa, al?m da tarefa de resgate dos la?os com a cultura de origem da m?e que deve acompanhar todo trabalho profissional em campo transcultural. Embora a experi?ncia de ref?gio acentue o sofrimento materno, em fun??o da desorganiza??o e desamparo que provoca, tamb?m foi poss?vel observar que a pr?pria maternidade pode se constituir como experi?ncia que resgata a mulher das agonias impens?veis e recupere o car?ter humano das experi?ncias vividas. / La transici?n a la maternidad es caracterizada por cambios f?sicos, psicol?gicos y sociales cuya intensidad afectiva se acent?a cuando se vive en un contexto em el que m?ltiples vulnerabilidades se sobreponen. La experiencia de inmigraci?n marca la transici?n a la maternidad con toda radicalidad, en la medida en que el embarazo vivido en otro pa?s da lugar a innumerables rupturas, como la perdida de soporte familiar y social, adem?s de la imposibilidad de atribuir un sentido culturalmente aceptable para sus pr?cticas maternas en el pa?s de acogida. Tomando en cuenta este escenario, la presente investigaci?n tuvo como objetivo comprender la experiencia emocional de las mujeres refugiadas durante la transici?n a la maternidad, a trav?s del atendimiento psicoanal?tico de dos mujeres nigerianas que acababan de llegar a nuestro pa?s y se encontraban abrigadas en una instituci?n de ayuda social. Los resultados de esta investigaci?n se presentan en forma de narraciones psicoanal?ticas que intentan transportar al lector a la situaci?n vivida durante los encuentros terap?uticos. Fueron abordadas la situaci?n de las pacientes para buscar una fuga de Nigeria frente a la amenaza del grupo terrorista Boko Haram; su vida en el pa?s de origen, su lengua, su origen tribal y modelos familiares; las dificultades que encontraron debido a la experiencia del parto en una nueva cultura, cuando el universo cultural de las pacientes y el aparato tecnol?gico occidental se enfrentan; los desaf?os de cuidar de un beb? en una cultura distinta a la suya, cuyas expectativas comprometen la posibilidad de mantener sus propios ritos e pr?cticas maternas, en la medida en que son interpretados con discriminaci?n y prejuicio. Las narrativas psicoanal?ticas terminan con la presentaci?n y cuestionamiento sobre la recepci?n ofrecida por la instituci?n de abrigo, as? como tambi?n sobre el manejo cl?nico propuesto en el contexto de la maternidad de mujeres refugiadas. Fueron abordados temas sobre la capacitaci?n professional adecuada para el cuidado de la madre refugiada teniendo en cuenta el establecimiento de una relaci?n madre-beb? suficientemente buena, adem?s de la tarea de rescate de los lazos con la cultura de origen de la madre que debe acompa?ar todo trabajo profesional en campo transcultural. Aunque la experiencia de refugio acent?a el sufrimiento materno, en funci?n de la desorganizaci?n y desamparo que provoca, tambi?n fue posible observar que la propia maternidad puede constituirse como una experiencia que rescata a la mujer de agon?as impensables y recupera el car?cter humano de las experiencias vividas.

Using quantitative content analysis, this study explores social movement (SM) framing in commercial news media -- by comparing how leading newspapers covered prominent protest occupations in 2011 and 2016. More than other SMs, anti-systemic protests like the 2011 Occupy Wall Street (OWS) and the 2016 Malheur Refuge Occupation (MRO) only have partial frame-setting agency, raising a broad theory question (to inform the research questions below): If SMs and media relate as interacting systems, are protest news frames more movement- or more media- driven; and do media not just enable but also constrain SMs? With the movement-media theory question above, the study design adapts media opportunity structure (MOS) to model a hierarchy of influences on news coverage of ideologically opposed or "distant twin" OWS and MRO, as 40- to 60-day protest occupations. The focused research question -- exploring media's constraining potential -- asks if commercial news framing of collective action: i) commercially frames or "sells" even anti-corporate protest; or ii) instead marginalizes or neutralizes such protest? Coverage from three top national or state newspapers (The New York Times, USA Today, and The Oregonian) was analyzed randomly from all protest stories during the occupations. Sampled time periods in 2011 and 2016, during actual encampments/ occupations in Portland, OR and New York City (OWS) and in Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, Oregon (MRO), also correspond with transitional years in print news. The inductive-based comparative results, from 15 coding dimensions for news framing of collective action, dispersed passivity, and commercially-framed activism, showed some evidence for the "selling protest" question. And the compiled summary Framing Advantages and Disadvantages yield this study's key finding: Although anti-corporate OWS was far larger, with more widespread media coverage, the comparative overall media frame for the small, remote, anti-government MRO was far more potent and resonant. Comparing media-and-movement framing of these distant twin 40-day protest occupations finds some support for the "selling (or underselling) protest" question. This comparative frame analysis helps bridge micro- and macro-theory levels, addressing an enduring dual gap in movement-media research literature -- to yield insight on SMs' and media's respective roles in protest news framing and then identify potential mechanisms for future research.

Com a edição da Lei Municipal nº 16.478/2016, o município de São Paulo institucionalizou a Política Municipal para a População Imigrante, a qual estabelece as diretrizes para um conjunto de políticas públicas municipais direcionadas à população migrante - nesta incluídos os refugiados, refugiadas e solicitantes de refúgio. Além da política municipal ainda inédita no país, a Lei nº 16.478/2016 também inovou por resultar de um processo de elaboração amplamente participativo, a fim de garantir a normatização de uma demanda reivindicada: o acesso efetivo à cidade. No caso específico dos e das habitantes em situação de refúgio, a falta de acesso à cidade significa a deficiência no seu acolhimento efetivo. O presente estudo de caso apresenta-se como uma investigação jurídico-sociológica que verifica se a garantia da participação política da população em situação de refúgio durante o processo de elaboração da referida lei consistiu em um meio de efetivação do seu direito à cidade. Para tanto, utiliza as técnicas de pesquisa teórica nas formas bibliográfica e documental, com o levantamento de obras, diretrizes e normativas sobre o tema, incluindo os documentos oficiais referentes à política municipal em comento. Realizada a análise crítica do material levantado, verificou-se que o direito à cidade significa o direito de participação integral na e da cidade, isto é, engloba tanto o direito de usufruir dos serviços e oportunidades oferecidos pelo ambiente urbano, como o direito de participar politicamente da sua construção. A partir de uma \"nova\" concepção de cidadania, pautada no novo constitucionalismo e no pensamento descolonial latino-americanos, os e as habitantes em situação de refúgio também se qualificam como cidadãos e cidadãs e, portanto, têm direito à cidade. O trabalho conclui pela efetivação parcial do direito à cidade de refugiados, refugiadas e solicitantes de refúgio por meio da garantia do seu direito de participação política durante o processo de elaboração da Política Municipal para a População Imigrante. / With the enactment of Municipal Law no. 16.478/2016, the municipality of São Paulo institutionalized the Municipal Policy for the Immigrant Population, which establishes the guidelines for a set of municipal public policies for the migrant population - including refugees and refugee applicants. In addition to the municipal policy still unpublished in the country, Law no. 16.478/2016 also innovated as a result of a largely participatory process of drafting, in order to guarantee the standardization of a claimed demand: effective access to the city. In the specific case of refugee population, the lack of access to the city means the deficiency in their effective reception. The presente case study presents itself as a juridical-sociological investigation that verifies if the guarantee of the political participation of the refugee population during the processo of drafting that law consisted of a means of enforcement their right to the city. For this purpose, it uses theoretical research techniques in bibliographical and documentary forms, with the collection of works, guidelines and regulations on the subject, including the official documents referring to the municipal policy in question. Once the critical analysis of the material has been analyzed, it has been verified that the right to the city means the right of full participation in and of the city, tha is it encompasses both the right to enjoy the services and opportunities offered by urban environment and the right to participate politically in its construction. From a \"new\" conception of citizenship based on the new Latin American constitutionalism and decolonial thinking, the refugee inhabitants also qualify as citizens, and therefore have the right to the city. The work concludes by the partial realization of the refugees and refugee applicants\" right to the city by guaranteeing their right to political participation during the process of draftinng the Municipal Policy for the Immigrant Population.

<p>This paper aimed to investigate to what extent there is an age cut-off for teenage boys in the women’s shelters of Sweden and how a possible cut-off is described and maintained. This occurrence has not been investigated earlier to a large extent, which emphasizes the importance of this paper. A mixed strategy was used to cover both the frequency as well as the explanations to the age cut-off. The quantitative survey was sent to all women’s shelters in Sweden and the result showed that 56 % of the shelters had an age cut-off for teenage boys from 12 years of age and above. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six women’s shelters in Stockholm to examine how the notion teenage boys was constructed and used by the respondents to deny them refuge together with their mothers. The teenage boys were described as young men, aggressive and in the same time need of support, which all had the consequence that they could not stay at the shelters with collective housing. The age cut-off was neither discussed nor questioned by the members of the women’s shelters and was upheld by its legitimation. From a social constructive perspective the women’s shelters could be understood as institutionalized.</p>

This paper aimed to investigate to what extent there is an age cut-off for teenage boys in the women’s shelters of Sweden and how a possible cut-off is described and maintained. This occurrence has not been investigated earlier to a large extent, which emphasizes the importance of this paper. A mixed strategy was used to cover both the frequency as well as the explanations to the age cut-off. The quantitative survey was sent to all women’s shelters in Sweden and the result showed that 56 % of the shelters had an age cut-off for teenage boys from 12 years of age and above. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six women’s shelters in Stockholm to examine how the notion teenage boys was constructed and used by the respondents to deny them refuge together with their mothers. The teenage boys were described as young men, aggressive and in the same time need of support, which all had the consequence that they could not stay at the shelters with collective housing. The age cut-off was neither discussed nor questioned by the members of the women’s shelters and was upheld by its legitimation. From a social constructive perspective the women’s shelters could be understood as institutionalized.

This thesis studies how architecture and planning influence community living through relationships between public spaces, housing, and circulation that focus on stimulating social activities for the betterment of service industry workers’ way of life. Our built environment can not only connect people to one another or to activities or to places, but it can also isolate people. For the service-based populace of Lake Louise, Alberta, isolation is a recurring factor in various aspects of their lives. The design attempts to establish connections between the people and the community, to eradicate the barriers that fragment the community without neglecting the necessity of refuge for the individual.

In an era of rapidly growing maritime trade, national and international efforts to prevent marine environmental disasters have taken various dimensions, including vessel safety mandates, traffic control measures and increased state inspections and control of ships. The advent of large modern tankers has generated new marine environmental risks. The customary right of access to a place of refuge for vessels in distress is becoming a complex issue of increasingly conflicting values reflecting humanitarian response and environmental conservation. A national ‘Places of Refuge’ policy is an essential component of Canada’s oceans management strategy. A cohesive and robust structure for conflict resolution will help assure the continued progress and development of ocean-based industries and minimize threats to Canada’s oceans and marine environment. The input of ship and port management personnel in the development of a national strategy and risk assessment procedure is vital for credibility and acceptance. The Canadian and international experience of ships in need of assistance and the lessons learned dictate that developing a ‘Places of Refuge’ policy and risk assessment procedure is not only prudent but imperative if Canada is to continue to be a major player in the global marketplace. This dissertation outlines a risk assessment procedure to categorize Canadian ports as places of refuge. This categorization of ports based on defined risk levels allows for the optimum allocation of resources for upgrading the refuge suitability of ports. Twenty-one ports on the east coast are evaluated for their suitability as places of refuge, based on their risk category. The measures suggested in this thesis propose elements of a Canadian national policy and risk assessment procedure for places of refuge which are comprehensive, pragmatic and flexible within the country’s existing command and control infrastructure.

The high-dose/refuge strategy is used globally to manage insect resistance development in genetically modified crops with insecticidal properties (Bt crops). The “refuge in a bag” (RIB) strategy is also being considered for deployment against several pest species. Busseola fusca, the target pest of Bt maize in South Africa, evolved resistance to Cry1Ab proteins. The objective of this study was to determine whether migrating B. fusca larvae are effectively controlled using the RIB strategy. A field study with a single-gene event (Cry1Ab) and a “pyramid” event (Cry1A.105 + Cry2Ab2) was conducted in which the migration patterns of B. fusca larvae in plots with different seed mixture treatments were studied. The experiment consisted of five seed mixture ratios (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% non-Bt seed and 100 % non-Bt seed as control). Natural infestation was augmented by artificial inoculation with neonate larvae into the central non-Bt maize plant of each plot. Rate of larval survival and migration, measured in terms of increase in number of plants per plot that exhibited borer damage was recorded at weekly intervals until flowering. A laboratory study was conducted to determine larval growth and survival when simulating migration between Bt and non-Bt maize plants. A feeding experiment in which larvae were reared on different types of maize (Bt and non-Bt) was conducted and larval survival and mass recorded after a 7-day feeding period. The incidence of damaged ears, stem damage and damaged internodes per stem were recorded and relationships between these variables determined by means of correlation analyses. A review was conducted in order to identify and discuss similarities and differences between the high-dose/refuge and seed mixture strategies. This was done to determine which strategy would be the most appropriate insect resistance management (IRM) strategy against B. fusca. The rate of survival and migration of B. fusca larvae was significantly higher in the plots with maize expressing Cry1Ab and control plots, than in plots with the pyramid Bt event. Older larvae exhibited improved growth and survival in the laboratory experiment when they were transferred from non-Bt to Bt plants. Positive correlations were found between early and late season damage, although some weaker than others. Plants of the “pyramid event” suffered less late-season damage than those of the single-gene event. Since the increase in number of damaged maize plants over time is associated with migration of older and larger larvae, the observed tendencies may indicate that the assumed high-dose does not kill larvae above a certain developmental stage. The high-dose refuge strategy seems to be the better option for delaying resistance development. / MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014