År 2015 sökte 70 384 barn asyl i Sverige. Flyktingbarn löper större risk att drabbas av ohälsa än andra. Idag träffar skolsköterskor i Sverige dessa barn allt oftare. Syftet med denna studie var att belysa skolsköterskors upplevelse av att möta nyanlända flyktingbarn. Semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med 11 skolsköterskor och analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet redovisas i fyra kategorier: språket, ett hinder för att kommunicera; där skolsköterskorna tar upp vikten och svårigheten av att ha en fungerande dialog. Påfrestande att stödja barnen; där skolsköterskorna beskrev det som betungande att höra barnens historier och att de upplevde en känsla av otillräcklighet. Att känna tillfredsställelse i mötet; skolsköterskorna beskrev sig vara fascinerade över barnens mentala styrka och deras positivitet. Svårighet att anpassa sig till olika kulturer; där skolsköterskorna beskrev att hälsoformulären inte var anpassade till barnens olika kulturer och skolsköterskorna upplevde själva en bristfällig kunskap om de olika kulturerna. Konklusionen av studien var att skolsköterskors möten med nyanlända flyktingbarn kan effektiviseras om skolsköterskor får ökad kunskap om olika kulturer och flyktingbarns psykiska, fysiska och emotionella hälsoproblem samt genom att optimera kommunikationen.

Legal rules regarding unaccompanied refugee children in the European Union (EU) are closely related to the refugee crisis and the community’s asylum policy. This study aims to investigate how the best interests of the unaccompanied refugee child is being ensured under EU law. Dworkin’s theory and various methods are used to answer the research question. Firstly, the focus is, with the use of the chosen theoretical framework and international legal method, on the interpretation of the principle of “the best interests of the child”. Secondly, the thesis studies how this principle is reflected in the EU law in relation to unaccompanied refugee children, by applying EU legal method. This study shows, on the one hand, that there are a few anomalies in the EU legislation in the area of asylum that arise with regard to the best interests of the unaccompanied refugee child. It is argued that the European Union’s restrictive asylum legislation leads to conflicts between the international law and the EU law. On the other hand, the thesis demonstrates that the EU law has continuously improved, and the international child rights principle was adopted in it. It will be shown in this study that despite the common asylum policy and the community acquis, the EU Member States’ domestic law enables different assessments of the best interests of the unaccompanied child. The solution of normative conflicts is also in the hands of the EU countries, since the status determination of refugees and the assessment of the child’s best interests are carried out by the EU Member States. This will be confirmed by analysing the most important applicable EU laws, particularly the Proposal for a Regulation establishing a Union Resettlement Framework. The Proposal is chosen for discussion, because this is an essential part of the Common European Asylum System and is consistent with two packages of legislative proposals to reform it. The conclusion of this thesis is that the best interests principle is guaranteed in the EU law, but it is not guaranteed in the spirit of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and further improvements are needed in the EU legal framework.

[pt] A busca por refúgio, indubitavelmente um direito humano fundamental, representa o anseio por segurança e dignidade em meio a circunstâncias adversas. Contudo, este direito é frequentemente desafiado, especialmente para as crianças, que, independentemente do gênero, merecem sentir-se protegidas e asseguradas em qualquer parte do mundo. Com este contexto em mente, a presente pesquisa se propõe a abordar a vulnerabilidade exacerbada observada no caso das meninas refugiadas. Focalizando um estudo de caso específico de meninas provenientes do Afeganistão, que encontraram refúgio no Brasil, a dissertação realiza uma análise crítica da falta de visibilidade enfrentada por essas meninas perante a comunidade internacional, nas normas e diretrizes, assim como nos estudos sobre Migração e Refúgio. Buscando contribuições significativas, o trabalho propõe recomendações para lidar com esse problema, adotando uma perspectiva de ação conjunta e intersetorial. Os objetivos específicos delineiam a abordagem concreta da pesquisa, buscando mapear e analisar abrangentemente a defesa dos direitos humanos das crianças do gê feminino em normas internacionais, regionais e locais, adotando os Direitos Humanos Internacionais como paradigma para adequar a abordagem jurídica e social. Outro objetivo específico é analisar a situação do Afeganistão e das mulheres e meninas refugiadas oriundas deste país que buscam segurança, educação e uma melhor qualidade de vida no Brasil. Por fim, a pesquisa almeja examinar estratégias para melhorar a integração das meninas refugiadas na sociedade brasileira, com ênfase na educação, propondo uma chamada à ação dos formuladores de políticas públicas sobre o tema. / [en] The quest for refuge, undeniably a fundamental human right, embodies the yearning for safety and dignity amid adverse circumstances. However, this right is frequently challenged, especially for children, who, irrespective of gender, deserve to feel protected and assured anywhere in the world. With this context in mind, the current research aims to address the exacerbated vulnerability observed in the case of refugee girls. Focusing on a specific case study of girls originating from Afghanistan, who have sought refuge in Brazil, the dissertation undertakes a critical analysis of the lack of visibility faced by these girls in the international community, within norms and guidelines, as well as in Migration and Refugee studies. Seeking meaningful contributions, the work proposes recommendations to address this issue, adopting a perspective of joint and intersectoral action. The specific objectives outline the concrete approach of the research, aiming to comprehensively map and analyze the advocacy for the human rights of female children in international, regional, and local standards, adopting International Human Rights as a paradigm to align legal and social approaches. Another specific objective is to analyze the situation of Afghanistan and women and girls refugees from this country seeking safety, education, and an improved quality of life in Brazil. Finally, the research aims to examine strategies to enhance the integration of refugee girls into Brazilian society, with an emphasis on education, proposing a call to action for policymakers on the subject.

The purpose of this study was to find out how the HVB staff is working to integrate the unaccompanied children into Swedish society, and it was also about to find out the challenges they encounter at work. The study has been based on a qualitative study, where four people from four different HVB-homes have been interviewed. The material has been analyzed in the next chapter of this study, by using various theories that are appropriate, Esser and Elwer’s theories of internal integration and assimilation and Luhmann’s theory of the system theoretical perspective that deals with two important concepts such as exclusion and inclusion. The results of the study shows that those various HVB-homes have the same strategies when it comes to integrating unaccompanied children in the society. The HVB staff considered that the children's integration took place through various factors such as school and sports activities, the most important key to integration is the staff who is working at HVB homes because these people have the primary goal of helping unaccompanied children. The HVB staff used strategies and techniques to inform and learn the most important aspects of what standards and values must be followed in Swedish society. / Syftet med undersökningen i denna studie var att få fram hur HVB-personalen arbetar med att integrera ensamkommande barn i det svenska samhället samt vilka utmaningar de stöter på dagligen. Studien har genomförts utifrån en kvalitativ studie där fyra personer från fyra olika boenden har intervjuats. I nästkommande kapitlet har materialet analyserats med hjälp av olika teorier som var lämpliga, Esser och Elwerts teorier om den interna integrationen samt assimilation och Luhmanns teori om det systemteoretiska perspektivet som behandlar två viktiga begrepp som exkludering och inkludering. Slutresultatet i studien påvisar att de olika HVB-hemmen har i stort sätt samma strategier när det kommer till att integrera ensamkommande barn i samhället. Enligt HVB-personalen skedde barnens integration genom olika faktorer såsom skola och idrottsverksamheter, dock är den viktigaste nyckeln till integration personer som arbetar på HVB-hem eftersom att dessa personer har som huvudsakligt mål att hjälpa stödja ensamkommande barn. Strategier och tekniker som personalen på HVB-hem använde var att informera och lära ut de viktigaste aspekterna, vad gäller vilka normer och värderingar som måste efterföljas i det svenska samhället.

Bakgrund: Forskning tyder på att ett ensamkommande flyktingbarn löper en större risk för psykiska hälsoproblem. Skolsköterskors arbete ska präglas av ett salutogent perspektiv och att främja psykisk hälsa kan vara av stor betydelse för ett ensamkommande flyktingbarns välbefinnande. Syfte: Studiens syfte var att belysa skolsköterskors erfarenheter av att främja psykisk hälsa hos ensamkommande flyktingbarn. Metod: Det användes en kvalitativ metod i studien och analys genomfördes med en kvalitativ innehållsanlays. Det intervjuades åtta skolsköterskor verksamma i Stockholms län genom semistrukturerade e-postintervjuer. Resultat: Studien resulterade i tre kategorier och sex underkategorier. Kategorierna var: att förmedla kunskaper utifrån behov, att samverka och att skapa förutsättningar för att främja psykisk hälsa. Slutsats: Studien visar att skolsköterskor är betydelsefulla personer i skolan för att främja psykisk hälsa och belyser hur det är möjligt att genomföra ett hälsofrämjande arbete, vikten av hälsosamtal och även skolsköterskors samverkan. Hälsofrämjande arbete med psykisk hälsa underlättas  om förutsättningar i form av bätre organisation och samordning skulle finnas. / Background: Research suggests that an unaccompanied refugee child is at greater risk of mental health problems. School nurses`work should be characterized by a salutogenic perspective and promoting mental health is important for the well-being of unaccompanied refugee children. Aim: The purpose of the study was to elucidate the school nurses`experiences with promoting mental health of unaccompanied refugee children. Method: A qualitative method was used in the study and analysis was conducted by using a qualitative content analysis. Eight school nurses from schools in Stockholm County were interviewed through semi structured email interviews. Results: The study resulted in three categories and six subcategories. The categories were: to imparting knowledge based on needs, to cooperate  and to creating conditions for promoting mental health. Conclusion: The results show that school nurses are significant persons in the school to promote mental health and elucidate how it is possible to implement health promotion work, the importance of health conversation and school nurses`cooperation with others. It appears that health promotion work with mental health is facilitated if conditions in terms of better organization and coordination exist.

LLM / Department of Criminal and Procedural Law