The researcher conducted a mixed method research study on parole violations from a South African perspective. In South Africa, there is limited research regarding the causes of parole violations. Thus, the study is mainly descriptive, but also exploratory in nature and considered a first of its kind. The study aimed to explore parole violation as a phenomenon through the perceptions, opinions, attitudes and incident recall of re-incarcerated parolees. Furthermore, the study aimed to describe the causes for parolees to fail on parole. A two-phase sequential mixed methods research design was used that involved the collection and analysis of primarily quantitative data from self-administered questionnaires. These questionnaires were complemented by a qualitative data collection phase consisting of focus group interviews. A representative sample (n=111) chosen according to the various ethnic groups was drawn from a population of 1 111 adult male parole violators in the Gauteng region (aligned to the regional divisions used by the Department of Correctional Services and not to the provincial borders) for the quantitative phase. Non-probability sampling was used to select 22 participants who volunteered for the second, qualitative phase of the study (focus group interviews). Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyse the data collected from the questionnaires. The data was analysed by means of frequencies (frequency tables and graphs) to describe one variable and cross tabulations (contingency tables) to show bivariate quantitative data. All the focus group interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim for analysis. The transcripts provided a complete record of the discussions and helped to facilitate the analysis of the data according to identified, recurring themes. On release, many stigmatised and rejected parolees face widespread post-release challenges that prevent successful reintegration. The study revealed that poor pre-release planning and post-release support, a lack of education, unemployment, substance abuse, and a loss of family support are described as the main causes of parole violations. The recommendations from the research findings showed the importance of pre-release planning, risk assessment, employment, education, treatment for drug and alcohol abuse, community partnerships, family involvement, and graduated responses to parole violations that are fair, consistent, and legal. / Penology / D.Lit. et Phil. (Penology)

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a produção escrita huguenote no exílio no decorrer de um período de aproximadamente trinta anos (1676-1707), época marcada pela revogação do édito de Nantes (1685). Dentre as dezenas de milhares de reformados proscritos da França em virtude das perseguições religiosas ocorridas durante o reinado de Luís XIV, alguns indivíduos publicaram, nomeadamente na Inglaterra e nas Províncias Unidas, escritos de gêneros totalmente distintos, como relações de viagem, cartas pastorais, tratados políticos, teológicos e filosóficos, utopias e projetos coloniais. A finalidade da dissertação é examinar detalhadamente tais escritos, identificando propostas e debates de ordem política, social, econômica e/ou religiosa, que indubitavelmente refletiam as inquietações e expectativas dos huguenotes no referido momento, ou seja, suas diferentes reações diante de uma conjuntura histórica antagônica. / The objective of this study is to analyze the Huguenot written production in exile during a period of approximately thirty years (1676-1707), a time marked by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Amongst tens of thousands of protestants banned from France because of religious persecution that occurred throughout the reign of Louis XIV, some individuals published, particularly in England and the United Provinces, completely different genres of writings, like travel accounts, pastoral letters, political, theological and philosophical treaties, utopias and colonial projects. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine these writings in detail, identifying proposals and debates on political, social, economic and/or religious order, which undoubtedly reflected the concerns and expectations of the Huguenots in that time, ie, their different reactions under an antagonistic context.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar a produção escrita huguenote no exílio no decorrer de um período de aproximadamente trinta anos (1676-1707), época marcada pela revogação do édito de Nantes (1685). Dentre as dezenas de milhares de reformados proscritos da França em virtude das perseguições religiosas ocorridas durante o reinado de Luís XIV, alguns indivíduos publicaram, nomeadamente na Inglaterra e nas Províncias Unidas, escritos de gêneros totalmente distintos, como relações de viagem, cartas pastorais, tratados políticos, teológicos e filosóficos, utopias e projetos coloniais. A finalidade da dissertação é examinar detalhadamente tais escritos, identificando propostas e debates de ordem política, social, econômica e/ou religiosa, que indubitavelmente refletiam as inquietações e expectativas dos huguenotes no referido momento, ou seja, suas diferentes reações diante de uma conjuntura histórica antagônica. / The objective of this study is to analyze the Huguenot written production in exile during a period of approximately thirty years (1676-1707), a time marked by the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685). Amongst tens of thousands of protestants banned from France because of religious persecution that occurred throughout the reign of Louis XIV, some individuals published, particularly in England and the United Provinces, completely different genres of writings, like travel accounts, pastoral letters, political, theological and philosophical treaties, utopias and colonial projects. The purpose of the dissertation is to examine these writings in detail, identifying proposals and debates on political, social, economic and/or religious order, which undoubtedly reflected the concerns and expectations of the Huguenots in that time, ie, their different reactions under an antagonistic context.

This thesis deals with the topic of attribute based credentials with revocable anonymous credentials. The main focus of this work is the implementation of this scheme through a web application. The web application serves primarily as a visualization, which shows the functionality of this scheme through animations, and also as a practical demonstrator. Data and cryptographic calculations for individual system protocols are provided by the given cryptographic C application that communicates with the created application. The web application is also able to communicate with the connected smart card reader and the MultOS smart card and thus create the transmission of APDU commands and responses between the smart card and provided C application.

The MA thesis "Minimum Legal Drinking Age in the U.S.: A Reasonable Exception to Age of Majority?" examines the U.S. legal limit for consumption of alcohol from the perspective of policies aimed at controlling drunk driving because the minimum drinking age was set to twenty-one - higher than the age of majority - in order to reduce drunk-driving fatalities. The thesis analyzes different aspects of this issue and concludes that the high minimum legal drinking, which constitutes a severe limitation of personal freedom of those aged eighteen to twenty, did not fulfill the expectations with which it was introduced in 1984. The thesis suggests alternatives to the high age limit, and examines how and if they are implemented or what prevents their frequent use. The thesis has four parts: one provides basic facts about drinking, driving, and drunk driving in the U.S. society including the attitudes of the public toward the issue. The following part looks into the legal developments of the drinking age limits and legal challenges to the law arranging the age limit for its supposed unconstitutionality. The third chapter looks at the results of scientific research and suggests ways to deal with drunk driving more efficiently. The last part examines what prevents these more effective measures from being widely...

Les présents travaux de thèse se proposent de réévaluer les rapports qu’entretiennent la nationalité et la souveraineté. Le lien entre ces deux notions s’est en effet longtemps exprimé autour de l’idée d’un pouvoir quasi absolu de l’État pour déterminer les individus qu’il tient pour ses nationaux. La nationalité est ainsi souvent citée comme l’exemple même d’une prérogative présentant un très haut (si ce n’est le plus haut) degré de liberté pour l’État. Ce « dogme » de la souveraineté en droit de la nationalité reflète-t-il encore l’état du droit positif ? Pour contribuer à répondre à cette question, cette étude entend interroger à lafois l’étendue de la compétence de l’État, mais aussi la discrétionnarité de son pouvoir, en prenant principalement appui sur le droit français, les droits européens et le droit international. Un résultat se dessine alors : le droit de la nationalité, produit d’une lente évolution historique et de profondes mutations contemporaines, ne peut plus s’exprimer sur le mode de la souveraineté. Le rapport de la nationalité au territoire, sa pénétration dans le champ des droits de l’homme, et la progression des contrôle juridictionnels font en effet reculer – jusqu’à l’effacer – la liberté de l’État pour octroyer, refuser ou révoquer lanationalité. / This work aims to review the relationship between nationality and sovereignty. The bond between these two legal notions has repeatedly expressed itself as an absolute power of the State to determine which individuals it considers to be its nationals. Accordingly, nationality is widely selected to exemplify a State’s power with a high (if not the highest) degree of liberty. However, does this sovereignty “dogma” in nationality law still reflect current positive law? To further contribute to the debate, this thesis needs to examine – through a study of French domestic law, European laws, and International law – both the scope of the State’s jurisdiction and the discretion of its power. Then, results show that nationality law, because ofhistorical developments and contemporary transformation, is no longer able to express itself as a sovereign power. The connexion of nationality with the territory, its integration in the field of human rights, and the growth of judicial review are altogether eroding and erasing the State’s freedom to grant, deny or revoke nationality.

Les réseaux véhiculaires sont constitués de véhicules capables de s’échanger des informations par voie radio afin d'améliorer la sécurité routière (diffusion de messages d'alerte en cas d’accident ou de ralentissement anormal, conduite collaborative entre véhicules…) ou de permettre aux passager d’accéder à l’Internet (applications de réseaux collaboratifs, jeux interactifs, gestion des espaces libres dans les parkings…). Malheureusement, les messages liés à la sécurité routière échangés entre les véhicules peuvent être falsifiés ou éliminés par des entités malveillantes afin de causer des accidents et mettre en péril la vie des personnes. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons particulièrement sur la définition, conception et l’évaluation d’une solution de sécurité pour les communications entre véhicules afin d’assurer une communication sécurisée et un bon niveau de confiance entre les différents véhicules participants. En adoptant un modèle basé sur la formation de groupes, nous procédons à l'évaluation de niveau de confiance des véhicules participants à ces réseaux et nous développons un modèle de confiance qui sert à analyser leurs comportements dans leurs groupes respectifs tout en respectant la vie privée des participants et en maintenant une surcharge minimale dans le réseau. Ensuite, nous proposons un modèle hiérarchique et modulaire permettant la détection de comportement malveillant et la gestion de la révocation des certificats des véhicules concernés / VANETs (Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks) consist of vehicles capable of exchanging information by radio to improve road safety (alerts in case of accidents or in case of abnormal slowdowns, collaborative driving…) or allow internet access for passengers (collaborative networks, infotainment, etc.). Road safety messages exchanged between vehicles may be falsified or eliminated by malicious entities in order to cause accidents and endanger people life. In this thesis, we focus on defining, designing and evaluating a security solution for V2V communications in VANET, to ensure a secure communication and a good level of confidence between the different participating vehicles. Adopting a group-based model, we consider the Trustworthiness evaluation of vehicles participating in VANET and we develop a Trust Model to analyze the behavior of the vehicles in the group while preserving the privacy of the participants and maintaining low network overhead. We then propose a hierarchical and modular framework for Misbehavior Detection and Revocation Management

[pt] O caso Cesare Battisti ficou amplamente conhecido dentro e fora da esfera jurídica, tornando-se um caso de grande interesse público. Dentro do meio jurídico, o caso despertou diversas questões, tais como a concessão de refúgio para criminosos condenados, a possibilidade de cassação da condição de refugiado e possibilidade de negativa do Chefe do Executivo de efetivar a extradição como uma decisão política e uma questão de soberania nacional. Ainda, o presente caso permanece suscitando questões, tendo o Supremo Tribunal Federal sido novamente provocado a se manifestar sobre a prescrição e decadência do ato administrativo que negou a entrega de Cesare Battisti para as autoridades italianas e sobre a possibilidade de sua expulsão e deportação. A presente pesquisa pretende, com base em estudos doutrinários, na análise do caso de Cesare Battisti e dos julgados do Supremo Tribunal Federal sobre extradição, analisar a possibilidade de revogação do ato administrativo do Chefe do Executivo que decidiu pela não entrega de Cesare Battisti ao Estado Italiano. / [en] The Cesare Battisti case became wildly known within and outside the legal scope, becoming a case of great public interest. Within the legal atmosphere, the case raised a number of issues, such as granting refugee status for convicted criminals, the possibility to cancel the refugee status and the possibility of the Chief of the Executive Branch to refuse the enforcement of extradition as a political decision and a matter of national sovereignty. Moreover, the present case is still raising questions, and the Federal Supreme Court has once again been called upon to rule on the statue of limitations regarding of the administrative act which denied Cesare Battisti s surrender to the Italian authorities and on the possibility of his expulsion and deportation. Based on doctrinal studies, the analysis of the Cesare Battisti case and the Supreme Court trials on extradition, the present work intends to study the possibility of repealing the administrative act of the Chief of the Executive Branch, who ruled that Cesare Battisti would not be surrendered to the Italian State.

This was a retrospective study of a community-based methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program in Toronto. Participants (N = 170) were federally sentenced adult male offenders admitted to this voluntary program between 1997 and 2009 while subject to community supervision following incarceration. The primary investigation examined correlates of treatment responsivity, with principal outcome measures including MMT clients’ rates of: (i) illicit drug use; and (ii) completion of conditional (parole) or statutory release (SR). For a subset (n = 74), recidivism rates were examined after a 9-year interval. Findings included strong convergent evidence from logistic regression and ROC analyses that an empirically and theoretically derived set of five variables was a stable and highly significant (p <.001) predictor of release outcome. Using five factors related to risk (work/school status, security level of releasing institution, total PCL-R score, history of institutional drug use, and days at risk), release outcome was predicted with an overall classification accuracy of 88%, with high specificity (86%) and sensitivity (89%). The logistic regression model generated an R2 of .55 and the accompanying AUC was .89, both substantial. Work/school status had an extremely large positive association with successful completion of community supervision, accounting for > half of the total variance explained by the five-factor model and increasing the estimated odds of successful release outcome by > 15-fold. Also, when in the MMT program, clients' risk taking behaviour was significantly moderated, with low overall base rates of illicit drug use, yet the rate of parole/SR revocation (71%) was high. The 9-year follow-up showed a high mortality rate (15%) overall. Revocation of release while in the MMT program was associated with a significantly higher rate and more violent recidivism at follow-up. Results are discussed within the context of: (a) Andrews' and Bonta's psychology of criminal conduct; (b) the incompatibility of a harm reduction treatment model with an abstinence-based parole decision-making model; (c) changing drug use profiles among MMT clients; (d) a strength-based approach to correctional intervention focusing on educational and vocational retraining initiatives; and (e) creation of a user friendly case-based screening algorithm for prediction of release outcome for new releases.

This was a retrospective study of a community-based methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program in Toronto. Participants (N = 170) were federally sentenced adult male offenders admitted to this voluntary program between 1997 and 2009 while subject to community supervision following incarceration. The primary investigation examined correlates of treatment responsivity, with principal outcome measures including MMT clients’ rates of: (i) illicit drug use; and (ii) completion of conditional (parole) or statutory release (SR). For a subset (n = 74), recidivism rates were examined after a 9-year interval. Findings included strong convergent evidence from logistic regression and ROC analyses that an empirically and theoretically derived set of five variables was a stable and highly significant (p <.001) predictor of release outcome. Using five factors related to risk (work/school status, security level of releasing institution, total PCL-R score, history of institutional drug use, and days at risk), release outcome was predicted with an overall classification accuracy of 88%, with high specificity (86%) and sensitivity (89%). The logistic regression model generated an R2 of .55 and the accompanying AUC was .89, both substantial. Work/school status had an extremely large positive association with successful completion of community supervision, accounting for > half of the total variance explained by the five-factor model and increasing the estimated odds of successful release outcome by > 15-fold. Also, when in the MMT program, clients' risk taking behaviour was significantly moderated, with low overall base rates of illicit drug use, yet the rate of parole/SR revocation (71%) was high. The 9-year follow-up showed a high mortality rate (15%) overall. Revocation of release while in the MMT program was associated with a significantly higher rate and more violent recidivism at follow-up. Results are discussed within the context of: (a) Andrews' and Bonta's psychology of criminal conduct; (b) the incompatibility of a harm reduction treatment model with an abstinence-based parole decision-making model; (c) changing drug use profiles among MMT clients; (d) a strength-based approach to correctional intervention focusing on educational and vocational retraining initiatives; and (e) creation of a user friendly case-based screening algorithm for prediction of release outcome for new releases.