Gas-oil obtained from bitumen contains a significant amount of impurities, which are difficult to remove using a conventional alumina supported hydrotreating catalyst. Innumerable studies have been carried out to develop a highly effective hydrotreating catalyst, and among all utilizing more advanced support is considered as a better alternative. Recently, SBA-15, which is an ordered mesoporous silica support, has received importance as a catalyst support because of its excellent textural properties. However, SBA-15 lacks surface acidity and provides very low metal-support interaction. By modifying SBA-15 with zirconia, an optimum level of surface acidity and Si-Mo interaction can be achieved. Also, by doping zirconia with SBA-15, the textural properties of zirconia can be improved. Hence, a synergistic effect can be obtained while incorporating zirconia onto SBA-15 and the resulting material Zr-SBA-15 can be used as an effective support for hydrotreating catalyst. In the present study, Zr-SBA-15 supports were prepared by the post synthesis and the direct synthesis method with different zirconia loading. Zr-SBA-15 supported NiMo catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation technique. Catalysts and supports were characterized by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy methods.<p> Characterization of support confirmed that the zirconia was successfully incorporated in a mesoporous SBA-15 structure without significantly changing the textural properties of SBA-15. The performance of the Zr-SBA-15 supported NiMo catalysts was evaluated based on hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation activities exhibited during hydrotreating of heavy gas oil derived from Athabasca bitumen at industrial operating condition (temperature 375-395 °C, pressure 8.9 MPa, LHSV 1.0 hr-1 and gas/oil ratio 600 Nm3/m3). The comparison of catalytic activities showed that the NiMo catalysts supported on Zr-SBA-15, prepared by direct and post synthesis method exhibited higher hydrotreating activity compared to SBA-15 supported catalyst. NiMo catalyst supported on Zr-SBA-15 with 23 wt% of ZrO2 loading, prepared by post synthesis method showed the highest activity among all the catalysts.<p> After determining the best support, the optimum catalyst metal loadings on the Zr-SBA-15 support was found to be 17 wt% of Mo and 3.4 wt% of Ni. This catalyst also showed higher activity in mass basis for the hydrotreating of heavy gas oil compared to that of commercial hydrotreating catalyst.<p> A kinetic study was performed on the optimum NiMo/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst to predict its HDS and HDN activities while varying the parameters of temperature, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), pressure and gas-to-oil ratio. Rate expressions were developed using Power Law and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model to predict the behavior of both the HDS and HDN reactions. Power law models were best fit with reaction orders of 1.8 and 1.3, and activation energies of 115 kJ/mol and 121 kJ/mol, for HDS and HDN reactions, respectively. The activation energies calculated using Langmuir-Hinshelwood model considering H2S inhibition were found to be 122 kJ/mol and 138 kJ/mol, for HDS and HDN reactions, respectively.

Gas-oil obtained from bitumen contains a significant amount of impurities, which are difficult to remove using a conventional alumina supported hydrotreating catalyst. Innumerable studies have been carried out to develop a highly effective hydrotreating catalyst, and among all utilizing more advanced support is considered as a better alternative. Recently, SBA-15, which is an ordered mesoporous silica support, has received importance as a catalyst support because of its excellent textural properties. However, SBA-15 lacks surface acidity and provides very low metal-support interaction. By modifying SBA-15 with zirconia, an optimum level of surface acidity and Si-Mo interaction can be achieved. Also, by doping zirconia with SBA-15, the textural properties of zirconia can be improved. Hence, a synergistic effect can be obtained while incorporating zirconia onto SBA-15 and the resulting material Zr-SBA-15 can be used as an effective support for hydrotreating catalyst. In the present study, Zr-SBA-15 supports were prepared by the post synthesis and the direct synthesis method with different zirconia loading. Zr-SBA-15 supported NiMo catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation technique. Catalysts and supports were characterized by small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), nitrogen adsorption/desorption (BET), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Raman spectroscopy methods.<p> Characterization of support confirmed that the zirconia was successfully incorporated in a mesoporous SBA-15 structure without significantly changing the textural properties of SBA-15. The performance of the Zr-SBA-15 supported NiMo catalysts was evaluated based on hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation activities exhibited during hydrotreating of heavy gas oil derived from Athabasca bitumen at industrial operating condition (temperature 375-395 °C, pressure 8.9 MPa, LHSV 1.0 hr-1 and gas/oil ratio 600 Nm3/m3). The comparison of catalytic activities showed that the NiMo catalysts supported on Zr-SBA-15, prepared by direct and post synthesis method exhibited higher hydrotreating activity compared to SBA-15 supported catalyst. NiMo catalyst supported on Zr-SBA-15 with 23 wt% of ZrO2 loading, prepared by post synthesis method showed the highest activity among all the catalysts.<p> After determining the best support, the optimum catalyst metal loadings on the Zr-SBA-15 support was found to be 17 wt% of Mo and 3.4 wt% of Ni. This catalyst also showed higher activity in mass basis for the hydrotreating of heavy gas oil compared to that of commercial hydrotreating catalyst.<p> A kinetic study was performed on the optimum NiMo/Zr-SBA-15 catalyst to predict its HDS and HDN activities while varying the parameters of temperature, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), pressure and gas-to-oil ratio. Rate expressions were developed using Power Law and Langmuir-Hinshelwood model to predict the behavior of both the HDS and HDN reactions. Power law models were best fit with reaction orders of 1.8 and 1.3, and activation energies of 115 kJ/mol and 121 kJ/mol, for HDS and HDN reactions, respectively. The activation energies calculated using Langmuir-Hinshelwood model considering H2S inhibition were found to be 122 kJ/mol and 138 kJ/mol, for HDS and HDN reactions, respectively.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:21:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArquivoTotalVera.pdf: 4253714 bytes, checksum: 62accb00a3950a524f123710d7f18362 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work was realized the synthesis of silica SBA-15 at room temperature by acid hydrolysis of tetraethyl ortosilicate (TEOS) in presence of the pluronic copolymer P123 (EO20PO70EO20). The new silylating agents were synthesized from reaction of the commercial reagents 3-glycidoxipropyltrimethoxyisilane (GLIC) and 3- chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (Cl) with the molecule of 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperazine (AMP). The new silylating agents were anchored onto mesoporous silica surface by homogeneous route (HOM). The commercial silylating agents and the amines 1-(2- aminoethyl) piperazine (AMP) and piperazine (PIP) were immobilized in consecutive steps by heterogeneous route (HET). Silica SBA-15 was characterized by X-ray scattering in low angle and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement. The new silylating agents were characterized by 13C NMR and infrared spectroscopy. The modified matrices were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement, CHN and Cl elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, scanning electron microscopy and 29Si NMR. Elemental analysis data indicated that the anchoring of 3.41, 3.01, 0.26, 0.32, 0.46 and 0.34 mmol of nitrogen per gram of the supports SIL-GLIC-AMP-HOMO, SIL-Cl-AMP- HOMO, SIL-GLIC-AMP-HETE, SIL-Cl-AMP-HETE, SIL-GLIC-PIP and SIL-Cl-PIP, respectively. These data demonstrated the efficiency of homogeneous route for immobilization of molecule AMP. The adsorption processes were investigated for copper, nickel and cobalt nitrates at pH 2.0; 4.0; 6.0 and 8.0 for silicas modified with the molecule AMP in different times, where the results indicated that the processes were adjusted to a pseudo-second order kinetic. The modified silicas showed the retention capacity at equilibrium for Co2+, Cu2+ and Ni2+ of 1.40; 2.80 and 4.22 mmol g-1 for SILCl- AMP-HETE, 1.02; 1.87 and 6.87 mmol/g for SIL-Cl-AMP-HETE, 4.50; 9.02 and 2.62 for SIL-Cl-AMP-HOMO and 4.,68; 5.55 and 5.28 mmol g-1 for SIL-GLIC-AMP-HOMO, respectively. The adsorption isotherms were best fitted to Temkin, Henry and Freundlich equilibrium models, evidencing the heterogeneity of adsorption sites onto mesoporous silica SBA. / Neste trabalho foi realizada a síntese da sílica SBA-15 a temperatura ambiente partindo-se do copolímero poli(etileno glicol)-bloco-poli(propileno glicol)-bloco-poli(etileno-glicol) - P123. Os novos agentes sililantes foram sintetizados pelas reações dos agentes sililantes comerciais 3-glicidóxipropiltrimetóxisilano (GLIC) e 3-cloropropiltrimetoxisilano (Cl) com a molécula da 1-(2-aminoetil)piperazina (AMP). Os novos agentes sililantes foram ancorados na superfície da sílica mesoporosa pela rota homogênea (HOM). Os agentes sililantes comerciais e as moléculas das aminas 1-(2-aminoetil)piperazina (AMP) e piperazina (PIP) foram também imobilizadas em etapas consecutivas pela rota heterogênea (HET). A sílica SBA-15 foi caracterizada através das técnicas de espalhamento de raios-x em baixo ângulo e área superficial. Os novos agentes sililantes foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de ressonância magnética nuclear 13C e espectroscopia na região do infravermelho. As diferentes matrizes modificadas foram caracterizadas pelas técnicas de espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, área superficial, análise elementar (CNCl), termogravimetria, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e ressonância magnética nuclear de 29Si. A análise elementar para os sólidos obtidos indicou o ancoramento de 3,41, 3,01, 0,26, 0,32, 0,46 e 0,34 mmol de nitrogênio por grama nas superfícies SIL GLIC-AMP-HOMO, SIL-Cl-AMP-HOMO, SIL-GLIC-AMP-HETE, SIL-Cl-AMP-HETE, SIL-GLIC-PIP e SIL-Cl-PIP, respectivamente. Estes dados demonstraram a eficiência da rota homogênea no ancoramento da molécula AMP comparada à rota heterogênea. Os processos de adsorção foram investigados para os nitratos de cobre, níquel e cobalto em pH 2,0; 4,0; 6,0 e 8,0 para as superfícies modificadas com a molécula 1-(2-aminoetil)piperazina em tempos variados, seguindo uma cinética de pseudo-segunda ordem. Os sólidos modificados apresentaram as capacidades de retenção no equilíbrio em relação aos cátions de Co2+, Cu2+ e Ni2+ de 1,40; 2,80 e 4,22 mmol/g para SIL-Cl-AMP-HETE, 1,02; 1,87 e 6,87 mmol/g para SIL-Cl-AMP-HETE, 4,50; 9,02 e 2,62 para SIL-Cl-AMP-HOMO e 4,68; 5,55 e 5,28 mmol/g para SIL-GLIC-AMP-HOMO, respectivamente. Os processos de adsorção foram ajustados aos modelos de equilíbrio de Temkin, Henry e Freundlich evidenciando a heterogeneidade dos sítios adsorventes nas matrizes sintetizadas.

As metaloporfirinas (MeP) cloreto de 5,10,15,20-tetra(pentafluorofenill)porfirina de manganês (III) e ferro (III) (MnIIIP e FeIIIP) foram imobilizadas em matriz de sílica híbrida mesoporosa do tipo SBA-15. Os grupos silanóis da SBA-15 foram modificados com (3-aminopropil)trietoxissilano (APTES) e (3-aminopropil)dietoximetilsilano (APDES), que após a imobilização das metaloporfirinas geraram os catalisadores FeP-APSBA, FeP-APMSBA, MnP-APSBA e MnP-APMSBA. Um terceiro tipo de material foi preparado a partir da ligação de grupos trimetilsilil (TMS) nos catalisadores FeP-APSBA e MnP-APSBA, gerando outros dois catalisadores que foram denominados FeP-APSBA-TMS e MnP-APSBA-TMS. Os materiais foram caracterizados por FTIR, RD UV-Vis, TG/TGA MEV, MET e isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de N2 (BET/BJH). Para analisar a natureza da interação solvente-superfície nos materiais, foram determinadas medidas goniométricas de energia livre de superfície. Os catalisadores foram estudados na oxidação dos substratos (Z)-ciclo-octeno e ciclo-hexano, utilizando iodosilbenzeno (PhIO) como espécie doadora de oxigênio a fim de avalia-los como biomiméticos do citocromo P450. Os parâmetros estruturais foram comparados aos resultados catalíticos frente à formação da gaiola de solvente e das espécies intermediárias de alta valência, FeIV(O)P+. e MnV(O)P e estudar como esses fatores afetam o rendimento e a seletividade das reações catalisadas. As MeP-SBAs apresentaram uma faixa de rendimento de 88 a 47 % para epoxidação de (Z)-ciclo-octeno. Já na oxidação de ciclo-hexano houve formação de 2 a 8 % de ciclo-hexanol e 2 % de ciclo-hexanona. Observou-se maior seletividade para o álcool com as FeP-SBAs. / Manganese (III) and iron (III) 5,10,15,20- tetra(pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (MnIIIP and FeIIIP ) chloride were immobilized in mesoporous silica hybrid matrix SBA-15. Silanol groups were modified with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) and (3-aminopropyl)diethoxymethylsilane (APDES), generating catalysts called FeP-APSBA, FeP-APMSBA, MnP-APSBA and MnP-APMSBA. A third type of material was prepared from the binding trimethylsilyl groups (TMS) in FeP-APSBA and MnP- APSBA catalysts generating the other two catalysts named FeP-APSBA-TMS and MnP-APSBA-TMS. The materials were characterized by FTIR , DR UV-Vis , TG/TGA SEM , TEM and adsorption and desorption isotherms of N2 (BET/BJH) and to analyze the materials solvent - surface interaction nature the were determined goniometric measurements of surface free energy. Catalysts were evaluated for (Z)- cyclooctene and cyclohexane oxidation mediated by iodosylbenzene (PhIO) as the oxygen donor species to evaluate their catalytic activity as cytochrome P450 biomimetics. Structural parameters were compared to catalytic results related to cage solvent formation and the intermediate species high valence FeIV(O)P+. and MnV(O) P and how these factors affect the yield and selectivity of catalysts. MeP-SBA\'s reactions showed a range of 88-47 % for epoxidation (Z)-cyclooctene and cyclohexane oxidation yielding 2 to 8 % of cyclohexanol and 2 % of cyclohexanone. In the latter case was observed a higher selectivity for alcohol with FeP-SBA\'s.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T12:56:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Sakae.pdf: 1745782 bytes, checksum: 1d832d38287a9925a8da302de8ee4f87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-04 / This work presents the development of an electrochemical sensor, based on the modification of a graphite polyurethane composite electrode with 5% of Ni/SBA-15, applied to the determination of Cu2+ in ethanol fuel. In this study a comparison between the electrodes of graphite polyurethane was made, with and without the modifier SBA-15 composite. The study was carried out with the anodic stripping voltammetry technique in the square wave mode (ASV/SW) and the standard addition method. From the calibration curve, it was found that when Ni is incorporated in to silica nanomaterial, the slope is about two times higher than when metal that has not been incorporated into the nanocomposite. The electrochemical sensor containing Ni/SBA-15 was then evaluated electroanalytically for determination of Cu2+ in ethanol fuel samples, using the ASV/SW, and as a supporting electrolyte, the ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2(SO4)) 0,1 mol L-1 and pH = 3. After voltammetric study for optimization of experimental conditions and equipment, we obtained the following data, considered ideal: deposition potential (Edep) = -0,5 V; preconcentration time (tpré) = 160 s; frequency (Freq.) = 60 Hz, amplitude (amp) = 25mV and step potential ( step) = 5 mV. For statistical validation procedure, the accuracy of the method was determined through recovery tests, whose results were concordant, showing a recovery value in the concentration of Cu2+, 91%. The results obtained in the analyzed sample had an average value of 6,07 x 10-8 to Cu2+ concentration, showing that the graphite polyurethane composite electrode modified with Ni/SBA-15 is a great sensor for Cu2+. / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sensor eletroquímico, a partir da modificação do eletrodo compósito de grafite poliuretana com Ni/SBA-15, em 5% deste modificador, aplicado na determinação de Cu2+ em etanol combustível. Neste estudo, fez-se uma comparação entre os eletrodos de compósito grafite poliuretana, com e sem o modificador SBA-15. O estudo foi realizado com Voltametria de Redissolução Anódica no modo onda quadrada (ASV/SW) e o método de adição padrão. A partir da curva analítica, observou-se que, quando se incorpora o Ni ao nanomaterial de sílica, a sensibilidade é aproximadamente duas vezes maior do que quando não se tem este metal presente no nanocompósito. O sensor eletroquímico com Ni/SBA-15 foi, então, avaliado eletroanaliticamente, para determinação de Cu2+ em amostras de etanol combustível, utilizando como eletrólito suporte o sulfato de amônio ((NH4)2(SO4)) 0,1 mol Lˉ¹, em pH 3. Após um estudo voltamétrico preliminar, para otimização das condições experimentais e do equipamento, obteve-se os seguintes dados, considerados adequados para as análises: potencial de deposição (Edep) = -0,5 V; tempo de pré-concentração (tpré) = 160 s; frequência (Freq.) = 60 Hz; amplitude (amp) =25mV e potencial de escada (Eescada) = 5 mV. Para validação estatística do procedimento, a exatidão do método foi determinada, através de testes de recuperação, cujos resultados foram concordantes, apresentando um valor de recuperação na concentração de Cu2+, de 91%. Os resultados obtidos na amostra analisada apresentaram um valor médio de 6,07 x 10ˉ8 mol Lˉ¹ para a concentração de Cu2+, mostrando que o eletrodo compósito grafite poliuretana modificado com Ni/SBA-15 é um sensor adequado para determinar Cu2+ neste tipo de amostra.

Malgré les propriétés remarquables de polyéthylène de masse molaire très élevée(UHMWPE), une généralisation de son application est limitée en raison des difficultésrencontrées lors de sa mise en forme, liées au taux d’enchevêtrement important deschaînes.Le but de ce travail est de développer des nanocomposites et des mélanges à base depolyéthylène, par polymérisation in situ. A cet effet, des catalyseurs métallocènes et despost-métallocènes ont été immobilisés par différentes méthodes sur la silice mésoporeuseSBA-15. Le système poreux de ce support, avec des canaux bien définis à l'échellenanométrique, peut entraîner des effets de confinement des chaînes macromoléculaireset/ou permettre un mélange intime des polymères.Le comportement de la polymérisation de l'éthylène par catalyses homogène et supporté,ainsi que les méthodes d'immobilisation utilisées et leur effet sur l'activité depolymérisation et des masses molaires, ont été évalués.Une caractérisation complète des nanocomposites et des mélanges comprenant différentsaspects des matériaux (morphologie, cristallinité et homogénéité) a été réalisée. Lespropriétés thermiques et mécaniques des matériaux finaux ont été également évaluées.D'une manière générale, les nanocomposites à base de polyéthylène et les mélanges enréacteur ont montré des propriétés mécaniques améliorées, en termes de moduled'élasticité, résistance mécanique, ténacité et résistance au fluage, par comparaison avec lespolyéthylènes communs. En traitant la poudre d'UHMWPE par moulage, par compression àhaute pression et au-dessous de sa température de fusion, une augmentation remarquabledes paramètres mécaniques a été obtenue.Les résultats préliminaires sur la préparation de nanocomposites en utilisant desnanocristaux de cellulose ont montré que cette approche est faisable et qu’elle présente unpotentiel de développement. / Despite the remarkable properties of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene, itsapplication is limited by the difficulties encountered in conventional melt processing duethe high degree of entanglement of the chains.The aim of this work is to develop polyethylene based nanocomposites and in-reactorblends, by in situ polymerization. For this purpose metallocenes and post-metallocenecatalysts were immobilized by different methods on mesoporous silica SBA-15. The poroussystem of this support, with well-defined channels at the nanometric scale, may causeconfinement effects of macromolecular chains and/or potentiate intimate mixing ofpolymer blends.Ethylene polymerization behavior of the homogeneous and the supported systems alongwith the immobilization methodologies used and their effect on the polymerization activityand polymer molar masses were evaluated.A complete characterization of the nanocomposites and blends comprising different aspectsof the materials properties (morphology, crystallinity and homogeneity) was carried out.The thermal and mechanical properties of the final materials were also evaluated.In a general way the polyethylene based nanocomposites and in-reactor blends showedimproved mechanical properties, in terms of elastic modulus, mechanical strength,toughness and creep resistance, when compared with neat polyethylenes. By processing theUHMWPE powders by compression molding, at high pressure and below its meltingtemperature a remarkable increase of the mechanical parameters was obtained.Preliminary results on the preparation of nanocomposites using cellulose nanowhiskershave shown that this approach is feasible and show potential for further development.

[pt] Neste trabalho foram sintetizados fotocatalisadores baseados em Ti e suportados nas sílicas mesoporosas HMS e SBA-15 preparados pelos métodos de deposição estrutural e impregnação ao ponto úmido. Os fotocatalisadores foram testados na reação de separação da água para a produção de hidrogênio usando radiação UV. Estudou-se também a influência da razão molar Si/Ti de 20 e 40, e o uso de diferentes fontes de titânio como: isopropóxido de titânio, oxalato de titânio, butóxido de titânio, incluindo o óxido de titânio comercial P25. Também foi estudado o uso da platina e do cério como cocatalisadores. Os suportes e os fotocatalisadores foram caracterizados pelas técnicas de ICP-OES, FRX, DRX, isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de N2, ATG, MET, MEV, DRS UV-Vis e espectroscopia de IV. Os resultados mostraram que a substituição parcial do Ti na rede da sílica mesoporosa modificou a estrutura sem destruir os canais cilíndricos dos suportes. Os fotocatalisadores preparados por deposição estrutural em HMS usando diferentes fontes de Ti apresentaram produções de H2 diferentes, seguindo a ordem isopropóxido maior do que oxalato maior do que butóxido, devido à formação de diferentes espécies de Ti isoladas tetraedricamente e octaedricamente coordenadas. Foi comprovado também que com o aumento do teor de Ti a atividade fotocatalítica diminui. A comparação entre os suportes mostraram que a produção de H2 para os fotocatalisadores baseados em HMS foram superiores aos preparados em SBA-15. Quanto aos métodos de preparo, a atividade fotocatalítica para as amostras preparadas por impregnação foi maior após 3 h de reação que nos fotocatalisadores preparados por deposição estrutural. O TiO2-P25 incorporado na HMS também criou espécies octaédricas isoladas possibilitando uma produção de H2 mais eficiente que o TiO2-P25 puro. / [en] Photocatalysts were synthesized based on Ti and supported on mesoporous silica SBA-15 and HMS. They were prepared by structural deposition and wet impregnation methods. The photocatalysts were tested in the reaction of water splitting to produce hydrogen using UV radiation. It was also studied the influence of the Si/Ti molar ratio of 20 and 40 and the use of different titanium sources: titanium isopropoxide, titanium oxalate, titanium butoxide and titanium oxide P25. Platinum and cerium were also studied as cocatalysts. The supports and photocatalysts were characterized by the techniques of ICP-OES, XRF, XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, TGA, TEM, SEM, FT-IR and UV-Vis DRS. The results showed that when Ti was partly substituted into the silica framework the structure was modified without destroying the supports cylindrical channels. The photocatalysts prepared by structural deposition into HMS using different sources of Ti showed different production of H2, following the order: isopropoxide more than oxalate more than butoxide due to the formation of different isolated Ti species tetrahedrally and octahedrally coordinated. It was also demonstrated that increasing Ti content the photocatalytic activity decreases. The comparison between the supports showed that H2 production for photocatalysts based on HMS were superior to those prepared with SBA-15. Regarding methods of preparation, the photocatalytic activity for the samples prepared by impregnation method was higher after 3 h of reaction than photocatalysts prepared by deposition structure. The TiO2-P25 incorporated into HMS also create the octahedral isolated species enabling a H2 production more efficient than pure TiO2-P25.

Para atestar a imunogenicidade de vacinas contra raiva, os testes de titulação e de soroneutralização de vírus rábico em células BHK-21 foram validados quanto à linearidade, precisão, exatidão e robustez. Cinco esquemas de imunização com diferentes concentrações, vias de inoculação e intervalos entre as doses foram avaliados em camundongos com vacina contra raiva em células Vero. O grupo II que recebeu um esquema de 2 doses e intervalos maiores (0 e 60 dias) apresentou títulos de anticorpos neutralizantes [ACN] mais elevados (46,1 UI/mL) do que o Grupo I (19,4 UI/mL), de 3 doses e intervalos menores (0,7 e 28 dias). O grupo III, que recebeu 2 doses, sendo a 1ª diluída 1/10, apresentou ACN semelhantes ao grupo II (39,2 UI/mL), sendo igualmente eficaz. Nenhum animal do grupo IV, imunizado por via oral (VO) apresentou ACN, indicando supressão e todos os do grupo V, imunizados VO com antígeno adsorvido/encapsulado em sílica nanoestruturada SBA-15, apresentaram títulos de ACN detectáveis, mostrando que o antígeno foi protegido da degradação no trato gastrointestinal. / To assure the reliability of the results of immunogenicity of rabies vaccines, tests of virus titration and neutralization in BHK-21 cells were validated for linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. Five schemes of immunization with different concentrations, routes of inoculation and intervals between doses were evaluated in mice with rabies vaccine in Vero cells. Group II, immunized with 2 doses and enlarged interval (0 and 60 days) presented higher levels of neutralizing antibody (NAs) (46,1 IU/mL) than group I (19,4 IU/mL), with 3 doses and shorter intervals (0,7 and 28 days). Group III, which received 2 doses, the 1st diluted to 1/10, presented results similar to group II (39,2 IU/mL). None mouse of Group IV, immunized by oral route, presented NAs, indicating suppression and all mice of group V, immunized by oral route with vaccine adsorbed/encapsulated in nanostructured SBA-15 silica presented detectable NAs titers, showing that the SBA-15 silica prevented the antigen degradation in the gastrointestinal tract.

Embora já tenha sido comprovada a ação adjuvante da SBA-15, pouco se sabe sobre o seu mecanismo molecular que leva a modulação positiva da resposta imunológica. Foi avaliada a ativação do inflamassoma NLRP3, sobre estímulos de SBA-15, em macrófagos de camundongos C57BL/6. Como parâmetro dessa ativação, foi analisada a produção de IL-1&#946; por ELISA. A SBA-15 foi capaz de induzir a produção de IL-1&#946; a níveis semelhantes quando comparado com um agonista de NLRP3 (Nano-SiO2), sugerindo a ativação do inflamassoma. Para avaliar o envolvimento da caspase-1, nos resultados obtidos com a SBA-15, os macrófagos foram estimulados com sílica na presença do inibidor de caspase-1, e como esperado, a produção de IL-1&#946; foi restaurada para o seu nível basal. A ativação do inflamassoma, por estímulos da SBA-15, parece ser parcialmente dependente da fagocitose e da produção das espécies reativas do oxigênio. Além disso, foi visto que a SBA-15 não induz a produção de IL-6, confirmando que essa sílica está envolvida na via do inflamassoma e não em outras vias, como por exemplo, NF-&#954;B. / Although it has already been proven adjuvant action of SBA-15, little is known about its molecular mechanism leading to positive modulation of the immune response. NLRP3 inflammasome activation was evaluated on SBA-15 stimulation in C57BL/6 mice macrophages. As this parameter activation, it analyzed the production of IL-1&#946; by ELISA. The SBA-15 was able to induce the production of IL-1&#946; at levels similar when compared to an agonist of NLRP3 (Nano-SiO2), suggesting the activation of the inflammasome. To assess the involvement of caspase-1, the results obtained with SBA-15, the macrophages were stimulated with silica in the presence of caspase-1 inhibitor, and as expected, IL-1&#946; production was restored to its baseline level. Activation of the inflammasome, by stimuli of SBA-15, appears to be partly dependent on phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species. In addition, it was seen that the SBA-15 does not induce IL-6 production, confirming that silica is involved inflammasome the path of and not in other ways, eg, NF-&#954;B.

A sílica SBA-15 devido às suas propriedades físico-química e estrutural tem demonstrado efeito adjuvante, carreando, protegendo e liberando antígenos. Nesse estudo avaliou-se o seu efeito sobre a atividade fagocítica de macrófagos; no recrutamento de células para órgãos linfóides; na expressão de moléculas MHC de classe II e co-estimuladoras pelas APCs; e a influência do tempo de contato imunógeno:SBA15 no potencial de adsorção e geração de anticorpos. Experimentos in vitro evidenciam que diferentes concentrações da SBA-15 não afetam a morfologia ou atividade de macrófagos. A SBA15 induz o recrutamento de macrófagos, células dendríticas, CD4+, CD8+ e B220+ para os linfonodos drenantes, promovendo aumento de expressão de moléculas co-estimuladoras. As análises da produção de anticorpos demonstram que o contato imunógeno:sílica é importante na adsorção e melhora da resposta imune. Esses resultados sugerem que o potencial adjuvante da SBA-15 relaciona-se com a capacidade de adsorver antígenos e liberá-los às APCs, influindo diretamente na reposta imunológica. / The SBA-15 silica is a polymer that due to its physico-chemical and structural properties has shown adjuvant effect, carrying, protecting and delivering antigens. In this study was evaluated the effect of SBA15 in the phagocytic activity of macrophages; recruitment of cells to lymphoid organs; expression of MHC class II and co-stimulatory molecules by the APCs, and the influence of contact time between immunogen:SBA-15 in potential for absorption and generation of antibodies. In vitro experiments showed that different concentrations of SBA-15 do not affect the morphology or macrophage activity. SBA-15 induces the recruitment of macrophages, dendritic cells, CD4+, CD8+ and B220+ to the draining lymph nodes, increasing the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. Analyses of antibody production showed that the contact immunogen:silica is important for adsorption and improves the immune response. These results suggest that the adjuvanticity of SBA-15 is related to its ability in antigens adsorption and release to APCs, directly influencing the immune response.